Crowland
The Crowland Abbey Chronicles 1459-86, ed. Pronay, N. and Cox, J.C. (Gloucester, 1986)
Hammond & Sutton
Richard III: The Road to Bosworth Field, ed. Hammond, P.W., and Sutton, A.F. (1985)
GEC
The Complete Peerage of England etc, ed. Gibbs, H.V. and others (13 vols. London, 1910-59)
Hanham
Hanham, A., Richard III and his earlier historians (Cambridge, 1975)
Harl.433
British Library Harleian Manuscript 433, ed. Hammond, P.W., and Horrox, R.E. (4 vols. Upminster, 1979–83)
Hicks, Clarence
Hicks, M.A., False, Fleeting, Perjur’d Clarence: George Duke of Clarence 1449–1478 (Gloucester, 1980)
Hicks, Richard III
Hicks, M.A., Richard III (Stroud, 2000)
Hicks, Rivals
Hicks, M.A., Richard III and his Rivals: Magnates and Their Motives during the Wars of the Roses (1991)
Hicks, Warwick
Hicks, M.A., Warwick the Kingmaker (Oxford, 1998)
Laynesmith
Laynesmith, J.L., The Last Medieval Queens (Oxford, 2004)
Oxford DNB
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (64 vols, Oxford, 2004)
RP
Rotuli Parliamentorum (6 vols. Record Commission, 1832), v and vi.
Ross, Richard III
Ross, C.D., Richard III (2nd edn. 1999)
Rows Rolls
The Rows Rolls, ed. Courthope, W.H. (1859)
TNA
The National Archives
Waurin
Waurin, J., Recueil des Croniques et Anchiennes Istories de la Grant Bretaigne, ed. Hardy, W. and E.L.C.P. (5 vols. Rolls Series, 1891)
Worcester
‘Annales Rerum Anglicarum’, Letters and Papers illustrative of the Wars of the English in France, ed. J. Stevenson (Rolls Series, 1864), ii (2).
Notes
1 WHY STUDY ANNE NEVILLE?
1 W. Shakespeare, Richard III, ed. E.A.J. Honigman, New Penguin Shakespeare (1995), Act 1 scene 2 ll.227–8.
2 Ibid. Act 2 scene 1 ll.1-239.
3 Ibid. Act 1 scene 4 ll. 1-62.
4 Ibid. Act 4 scene 2 ll. 59-431.
5 Hall’s Chronicle, ed. H. Ellis (1809), 301.
6 RP v.478; vi.193–5.
7 Laynesmith, 20.
8 Hicks, Richard III, 169–82.
9 Rows Rolls, no.62; The Beauchamp Pageant, ed. A. Sinclair (Richard III and Yorkist History Trust, 2003), pl. lv; A. Payne, ‘The Salisbury Roll of Arms, c.1463’, England in the Fifteenth Century, ed. D. Williams (Woodbridge, 1987), pl. viii; BL MS Egerton 3510 f.104.
10 Crowland, 174–5.
11 Laynesmith, 52 & n.
12 See below p.212
13 Crowland, 121–2, 132–3, 174–5; Rows Rolls, no.62.
14 E.g. P.J.P. Goldberg, ‘Women’, Fifteenth-Century Attitudes: Perceptions of Society in Late Medieval England, ed. R.E. Horrox (Cambridge, 1994), 112–31; Medieval London Widows 1300–1500, ed. C.M. Barron and A.F. Sutton (1994); P.R. Coss, The Lady in Medieval England 1000–1500 (Stroud, 1998); Young Medieval Women, ed. K.J. Lewis, N.J. Menuge, and K.M. Phillips, (Stroud, 1999); J.C. Ward, English Noblewomen in the Later Middle Ages (Harlow, 1992); F. Swabey, Medieval Gentlewoman. Life in a Woman’s Household in the Later Middle Ages (Stroud, 1999); Laynesmith.
15 Goldberg, ‘Women’, 112.
16 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 64 vols (2004), ii.180–1.
17 Lewis, Menuge and Phillips, xi.
18 Barron and Sutton, Medieval London Widows; Lewis, Menuge and Phillips; Ward, English Noblewomen; Laynesmith passim.
19 E.g. H. Maurer, Margaret of Anjou. Queenship and Power in Late Medieval England (Woodbridge, 2003); D. Baldwin, Elizabeth Woodville: Mother of the Princes in the Tower (Stroud, 2002); A. Okerlund, Elizabeth Wydeville: The Slandered Queen (Stroud, 2005); Laynesmith passim.
20 R.H. Helmholz, Marriage Litigation in Medieval England (Cambridge, 1974), 77–87; C. McCarthy, Marriage in Medieval England. Law, Literature and Practice (Woodbridge, 2004), 35, 140–1; H.A. Kelly, ‘Canonical Implications of Richard III’s Plan to Marry his Niece’, Traditio xxiii (1967), 270–311.
2 WHO WAS ANNE NEVILLE?
1 Unless otherwise stated, this section is based on GEC passim; Warwick, 7-28.
2 Warwick, 7, 16.
3 J.R. Lander, Crown and Nobility 1450–1509 (1976), 95–6.
4 J.M.W. Bean, The Estates of the Percy Family 1416–1537 (1958), 83.
5 Rows Rolls, no.50; Beauchamp Pageant, passim.
6 Rows Rolls, no.56.
7 Warwick, 26–8.
8 Ibid. 37–48.
9 C. Wood, ‘The Nature and Extent of the Royal Family 1399–1509’ (BA dissertation, King Alfred’s College, 2002).
10 Rows Rolls, no.62.
11 Rows Rolls; Beauchamp Pageant; A. Payne, ‘The Salisbury Roll of Arms, c.1463’, England in the Fifteenth Century, ed. D. Williams (Woodbridge, 1987). Coincidence of date, rather than anything explicit, links each to Anne as queen.
12 Richard: 2 daughters; Thomas: childless; John: 5 daughters, GEC ix.93n; xii.ii.393.
13 Lander, Crown & Nobility, 97.
14 An English Chronicle 1377–1461, ed. W.Marx (Woodbridge, 2003), 73.
15 Rows Rolls, nos 50, 57.
16 Hicks, Rivals, 342.
17 Bodleian Library MS Top.Glouc.d.2.
18 Warwick, 9–10.
19 Ibid. 17–18.
20 Thus Anne was depicted with Neville arms in a church window at Skipton (Yorks.), BL MS Egerton 3510 f. 104.
21 Hicks, Rivals, 324.
22 Rows Rolls, no.58.
23 Calendar of Papal Letters 1447–55, 151.
24 Rows Rolls, no.62.
25 Ibid. no.59.
26 The fullest account of the rule of the Nevilles is now Warwick, ch.8.
27 The Brut or the Chronicles of England, ed. F.W.D. Brie (Early English Text Society cxxxvi, 1908), 524; Chronicles of London, ed. C.L. Kingsford (Oxford, 1905), 167.
28 Brut, 529; Kingsford, London Chronicles, 170; ‘John Benet’s Chronicle 1400–62’, ed. G.L. and M.A. Harriss (Camden Miscellany xxiv 1972), 225; Worcester, 772.
29 Waurin, v. 305, 307–8.
30 Ibid. 310; Warwick, 185.
31 Warwick, 200.
32 Rows Rolls, nos 57, 58.
33 Ibid. no.56.
34 The Great Chronicle of London, ed. A.H. Thomas and I.D. Thornley (1938), 207.
35 M.A. Hicks, Edward V: The Prince in the Tower (Stroud, 2003), 35–6.
36 Issues of the Exchequer, ed. F. Devon (1837), 490.
37 Young Medieval Women, ed. K.J. Lewis, N.J. Menuge & K.M. Phillips (Stroud, 1999), esp. 1, 4, 7; N. Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry (1984), 27–31.
38 Rows Rolls, no.62.
39 Warwick County Record Office MS 26/4 f.69.
40 J. Leland, De Rebus Britannicis Collectanea, ed. T. Hearne (6 vols. Oxford, 1770), vi. 3–4.
41 Great Chronicle, 234.
42 Warwick, 233.
43 CPR 1461–7, 270.
44 Warwick, 234.
45 Hicks, Rivals, 324.
46 Ibid. 347. Lady Latimer’s son Henry Neville and son-in-law Oliver Dudley were interred in the Beauchamp Chapel.
47 Devon, Issues, 490.
48 Hicks, Rivals, 292.
49 Waurin, Recueil, v.458-9.
50 Worcester, 785.
51 Ibid. 786.
52 Ibid. 788
53 Clarence, 42.
3 HER FATHER’S DAUGHTER 1469–71
1 TNA PSO 1/64/61.
2 The Great Chronicle of London, ed. A.H. Thomas and I.D. Thornley (1938), 206.
3 Rows Rolls, no.59.
4 Crowland, 132–3.
5 Collection of Ordinances and Regulations for the Government of the Royal Household (Society of Antiquaries, 1790), 89–105.
6 Rows Rolls, no.59.
7 Collection of Ordinances, 98.
8 Clarence, 45.
9 Worcester, 788.
10 Clarence, 44.
11 Bodleian Library, MS Dugdale 15 p.75. Strangely this dispensation is not discussed by Clarke.
12 Registrum Thome Bourgchier Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi 1454–86, ed. F.R.H. Du Boulay (2 vols. Canterbury and York Soc. liv, 1957), 35–6.
13 Collection of Ordinances, 98; see also Chronicle of John Stone, ed. W.G. Searle, Cambridge Antiquarian Society octavo ser. 34 (1902), 109–11.
14 Collection of Ordinances, 98.
15 M.A. Hicks, Edward V: The Prince in the Tower (Stroud, 2003), 52–3; J. Calmette and G. Périnelle, Louis XI et L’Angleterre 1461–83 (Paris, 1930), 306–7.
16 Warwick, 286–7.
17 Crowland, 116–17.
18 Clarence, 55–61.
19 Waurin, v. 586.
20 Clarence, 69.
21 Ibid.
22 Warwick, 280–1.
23 Ibid. 286, 300.
24 P. de Commines, Mémoires, ed. J. Calmette and G. Durville (3 vols., Paris 1923–5), i. 194.
25 Warwick, 287.
26 Commines, i. 194.
27 P.M. Kendall, Louis XI (1971), 229.
28 Hicks, Warwick, 289.
29 CSPM i. 139.
30 Ibid. 138.
31 Ibid. 117.
32 Ibid. 140.
33 Laynesmith, 167.
34 Warwick, 289–99.
35 Crowland, 123.
36 The Politics of the Fifteenth Century: John Vale’s Book, ed. M.L. Kekewich, C. Richmond, A.F. Sutton, L. Visser-Fuchs, and J.L. Watts (Richard III and Yorkist Trust, Stroud, 1995), 217.
37 Ibid.; C.D. Ross, Edward IV (1974), 147; Calmette and Périnelle, 118.
38 CSPM i.140–1. Louis had decided to apply for a dispensation no later than 24 July, when payment of expenses was authorised; the decision could have been earlier, Clarke, 1021; Calmette and Périnelle, 118.
39 CSPM i.117.
40 Ross, Edward IV, 147.
41 CSPM i. 142.
42 Ibid. Pace Clarke, 1027, this explicit statement demonstrates that it was Warwick who postponed the marriage.
43 John Vale’s Bk. 218.
44 Ibid.
45 Clarence, 82; Calmette and Périnelle, 118 n.1; Clarke, 1021 & n. For what follows, see P. Erlanger, Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England (1970), 221.
46 Clarke, 1021n.
47 Calmette and Périnelle, 133.
48 Ibid. 133, 319.
49 Ibid. 133.
50 John Vale’s Bk. 222–5.
51 Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV, ed. J. Bruce (Camden Society i, 1838), 10.
52 Clarence, 93.
53 J. Fortescue, The Governance of England, ed. C. Plummer (1885), 348–53.
54 CPR 1467–77, 252.
55 Clarence, 93.
56 Ibid., 96-7.
57 Ibid., 104
58 Arrivall, 10.
59 Ibid. 22.
60 Ibid.
61 J. Gairdner, History of the Life and Times of Richard III (Cambridge, 1898), 22n.
62 Arrivall, 23.
63 Ibid.
64 Ibid.
65 Ibid., 11; Clarence, 105–6. The Arrivall was apparently wrong in attributing recruitment in the South-West to Warwick, Arrivall, 23.
66 Ibid., 23.
67 Ibid., 23–8.
68 Ibid., 31.
69 English Historical Documents, iv, 1327–1485, ed. A.R. Myers (1969), 315.
70 Ibid., 314–15.
71 A.F. Sutton and L. Visser-Fuchs, Richard III’s Books (Stroud, 1997), plate ix, from Besançon MS 1168.
72 Arrivall, 31.
73 C.L. Kingsford, English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century (London, 1913), 37.
74 Ibid.
75 Ibid.
76 N.J. Rogers, ‘The Cult of Prince Edward at Tewkesbury’, Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 101 (1984), 187–9.
4 BETWEEN PRINCES 1471–5
1 RP vi. 9-11.
2 J.T. Rosenthal, ‘Other Victims: Peeresses as War Widows 1450–1509’, History lxxii (1987), 213–30.
3 CPR 1477–85, 254.
4 Laynesmith, 44; P.W. Hammond, Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales (Cliftonville, 1973), 27-8.
5 Warwick, 29; CPR 1429-36, 598.
6 Hicks, Edward V, 31–5, 43–5.
7 Ibid. 31–5, 43–5.
8 BL MS Julius BXII ff.314-v; J.Gairdner, History of the Life and Times of Richard III (Cambridge, 1898), 22.
9 Hicks, Rivals, 327.
10 Gairdner, Richard III, 22n.
11 CSPM i. 177.
12 Crowland, 132–3.
13 GEC xii.i. 442–3.
14 E.g. Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, husband of Eleanor Bohun, wanted to prevent the marriage of her sister Mary.
15 Hicks, Rivals, 309.
16 Crowland, 132–3.
17 Ibid.
18 Paston Letters and Papers of the Fifteenth Century, ed. N. Davis (2 vols. Oxford, 1971–6), i. 447.
19 Arrivall, 39; ‘Richard of Gloucester visits Norwich, August 1471’, Ricardian 95(1986), 333.
20 TNA DL 29/648/10485.
21 CPR 1467–77, 297.
22 I. Wigram, ‘Clarence and Richard’, Ricardian 76 (1982), 17.
23 Paston L & P i. 447.
24 J.C. Ward, English Noblewomen in the Later Middle Ages (Harlow, 1992), 28.
25 Illustrations of Ancient State and Chivalry, ed. W.H. Black (Roxburghe Club, 1840), 30; see also the process regarding Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, related in the fourth degree of consanguinity, CPL xiv. 14–27.
26 E.g. J.J.N. Palmer, ‘England, France, the Papacy and the Flemish Succession, 1361-9’, Journal of Medieval History ii (1976), 339–64.
27 Clarke, 1021 & n., who wrongly supposes the dispensation to be sufficient.
28 Paston L & P i. 447.
29 Crowland, 132–3. Pace Clarke, 1023, ‘the only solution was’ not ‘for Edward to persuade Clarence to compromise’, still less on terms that satisfied none of the principal parties.
30 Rows Rolls, no.62.
31 BL MS Julius B XII f.314v partly printed in Gairdner, Richard III, 22.
32 Clarence, 117; Hanham, 121.
33 Gairdner, Richard III, 22.
34 Clarence, 122–3; Crowland,142–3.
35 RP vi. 100–1, 124–5; TNA DL 26/29.
36 Rows Rolls, no.56 note (Latin version).
37 Crowland, 132–3.
38 Ibid.
39 Rows Rolls, no.56.
40 Ibid. no.57, note (Latin version); Hanham, 121.
41 J.R. Lander, Crown and Nobility 1450–1509 (1976), 139n.
42 Ibid.
43 RP vi. 391–2.
44 RP v. 100–1.
45 Gairdner, Richard III, 22.
46 RP v. 124–5; Hicks, Rivals, 273–6, 295–6.
47 Clarence, 150–1.
48 Hicks, Rivals, 276.
49 Rows Rolls, no.56, note (Latin version); Hanham, 121.
50 RP vi. 391–2.
51 CPR 1467–77, 455.
52 County History of Glamorgan, iii, The Middle Ages, ed. T.B. Pugh (Cardiff, 1971), 613; GEC v.741.
53 See below p.152.
54 Hammond, Edward of Middleham, 11.
55 Clarke, 1023.
56 RP vi. 101. Strangely, Clarke, 1023, does not query this.
57 See above p.66.
58 H.A. Kelly, ‘Canonical Implications of Richard III’s Plan to Marry his Niece’, Traditio xxiii (1967), esp. 269, 290–1, 306.
59 Rows Rolls, no.63.
60 Ibid. 64.
61 W.H. Prescott, History of the Reigns of Ferdinand and Isabella, 2 vols (3rd edn. 1851), i. 164–5, 195, 208–9, 214; F. Fernandez-Armesto, Ferdinand and Isabella, London (1975), 44; H. Kamen, Spain 1469–1714: A Society in Conflict (2nd edn 1991), 1.
62 Crowland, 174–5; see below chapter 7.
5 HER HUSBAND’S WIFE 1475-83
1 See above pp.88-9.
2 Rows Rolls, no.64.
3 Hanham, 122; Three Books of Polydore Vergil’s English History, ed. H. Ellis, Camden Society xxix (1844), 190; G. Smith, ‘One Prince or Two?’ Ricardian 149 (1999), 467–8.
4 TNA DL 29/648/10485 m.6d.
5 W.G. Searle, History of the Queens’ College of St Margaret and St Bernard in the University of Cambridge 1446–1560, Cambridge Antiquarian Society 9 (1867), 90; CPR 1476–85, 34. The use of the Salisbury title certainly indicates the Gloucester’s dissatisfaction with the 1474–5 settlement. Does it also indicate that Clarence’s forfeiture was intended, that Gloucester was already committed to it, and that the title was the first fruit of his support seven months before his brother Clarence’s destruction?
6 CPR 1476–85, 34.
7 M.A. Hicks, ‘One Prince or Two? The Family of Richard III’, Ricardian 122 (1993), 467–8.
8 CPR 1476–85, 512.
9 Stonor Letters and Papers of the Fifteenth Century, ed. C.L. Kingsford, Camden 3rd series xxx (1919), ii. 81.
10 A.F. Sutton, ‘Anne and Peter Idley’, Ricardian 74 (1981), 402–3.
11 Crowland, 174–5.
12 Ibid. 170–1.
13 T. More, History of King Richard III, ed. R.S. Sylvester (New Haven, Conn., 1963), 44.
14 P. Hammond, ‘The Illegitimate Children of Richard III’, Richard III: Crown and People, ed. J.Petre (Gloucester, 1985), 18.
15 Ibid. 19–23.
16 Ibid. 20-23.
17 C.A. Halsted, Richard III as Duke of Gloucester and King of England, 2 vols. (1844), ii.569–70.
18 CPR 1476-85, 538; Harl.MS 433, i. 271; ii. 211.
19 TNA DL 29/637/10360A mm.2–2d.
20 R.E. Horrox, Richard III: A Study of Service (Cambridge, 1989), 81.
21 Harl MS 433 i.191; ii.185–6.
22 TNA DL 29/648/10485 m.6d.
23 Ibid.
24 Harl MS 433 i.191; ii.185–6.
25 CPR 1476-85, 512; Harl MS 433 i.197.
26 Halsted, Richard III, ii.570.
27 E.g. the bastards of Clarence, Exeter and Fauconberg.
28 Warwick, 234, 237. This was the Margaret Huddleston who was among Anne Neville’s ladies at her coronation, The Coronation of Richard III. The Extant Documents, ed. P.W. Hammond and A.F. Sutton (Gloucester, 1983), 168, 170, 360,
29 Rows Rolls, no.62 note (Latin version).
30 P.J.P. Goldberg, ‘Women’, Fifteenth-Century Attitudes: Perceptions of Society in Late Medieval England, ed. R.E. Horrox (Cambridge, 1994), 115
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