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Locust

Page 34

by Jeffrey A. Lockwood


  Education of ordinary citizen about entomology of locusts

  Edwards, George

  Eggs

  and bounty payments

  counts of

  and flooding

  as key to controlling locusts

  laid only in well-drained sandy cradles

  and livestock tramping

  and practices to destroy

  Egypt

  Endangered Species Act

  Entomological Society of America

  Environmental Entomology (journal)

  Eskimo curlew

  Europe and control of locust outbreaks

  Evans, Edward

  Evans, Geoffrey

  Evolutionary theory

  and Agassiz

  and Lamarck

  and Riley

  and Thomas

  Exodus account of sixth plaque of Egypt

  Extinction

  of animal species

  of human beings

  and loss of biological diversity

  Extinction of Rocky Mountain locust

  effects on ecosystem of

  lessons to be learned from

  and possibility of finding living examples of

  Extinction of Rocky Mountain locust, habitat destruction theory of

  and agricultural cultivation and grazing of river valleys

  and alfalfa theory

  and farmers occupying river valleys in Permanent Zone

  and flooding

  gradual acceptance of

  and harrowing and plowing

  as inadvertent

  and livestock

  means for not sophisticated

  and motive as “hope” or “greed” of farmer/settlers

  Extinction of Rocky Mountain locust, past suggestions regarding

  and alfalfa theory

  American Indians

  continued lack of conclusive explanation as of late 1980s

  and degraded ecosystem theory

  and extinction of bison favorable for locusts

  and extinction of buffalo as detrimental to locust

  and lack of indications of prolonged decline

  and role of climate

  and role of fire

  and search for major ecological change

  Fabricus, Johann Christian

  Factories

  Faith and works

  Falk, Peter

  Fallows, strategically located

  Famine

  Farmers/settlers

  as agrarian missionaries

  great increase in between 1870

  and 1900

  “hope” or “greed” of and extinction of Rocky Mountain locust

  idealization of

  numbers who died en route

  and risks on the trail

  and river valleys

  in the Rockies

  and two million people migrating to western prairies and mountains in 1870s

  Farming practices, changing of in response to locusts

  Farnham, Thomas

  Faure, Jacobus

  Federal government public assistance

  of clothing and blankets

  and fears of abandonment of frontier

  of food and seed via Army

  and grasshopper invasions of twentieth and twenty-first centuries

  Female to male ratio

  Fighting against locusts

  and agricultural practices

  and burning

  and conscription of fighters

  and covering plants with cloths

  and flailing at locusts

  and flooding

  and insecticides

  and invention of lethal machinery

  and Mormons

  and natural predators

  pamphlet regarding methods

  and phase transformations

  and plowing

  Files, F.W.

  Fire

  and drought and locust spread

  role of in extinction of locusts

  sound of locust swarm compared to

  use of by American Indians to create grasslands

  Fite, Gilbert

  Fitzgerald, F. Scott

  Flamethrowing machines

  Flooding

  caused by overgrazing

  of fields

  Flory Locust-Machine

  Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

  Forsling, Clarence

  Founders and Leaders of Entomological Science

  French wine industry

  Furlong

  Galveston storm

  Genetic testing

  and Knife Point Glacier specimens

  and lack of indication of prolonged decline

  and material from natural state of locusts

  Genitalia and taxonomy of male grasshoppers

  Gentleman from England (Atkins)

  Glaciers, melting of

  Global warming

  Glover, Townsend

  Golden Mean or moderation in nature

  Goshute Indians

  Grant, Ulysses S.

  Grasshopper

  as distinguished from locust

  metaphors regarding

  See also Grasshopper invasions

  Grasshopper Chapel

  Grasshopper Glacier

  early scientific expeditions to

  Gurney expedition to

  physical circumstances of

  shrinking of

  Grasshopper Glacier expedition of 1987

  and age of insects

  crew of

  devising experiments for

  and laboratory analysis of 1987

  retrieved biomass

  lessons learned from

  paper regarding

  physical trek

  and protein analysis

  and retrieving of grasshopper biomass

  scientific reasons for

  Grasshopper Glacier expedition of 1988

  Grasshopper Glacier expedition of 1989

  crew of

  and paper on mandibles of grasshoppers (spretus)

  Grasshopper invasions

  first half of twentieth century

  lack of publicity regarding

  outbreak of 1998 and early twenty-first century

  of in twentieth century compared to those of locusts of nineteenth century

  Grazing. See Cattle grazing

  Great Plains low-level jet

  Great Salt Lake, and rotting locusts

  Greenland

  Ground, coming to, of locust swarm, reasons for and randomness of

  Gurney, Ashley

  and alfalfa

  and extinction of bison and locust swarms

  and favorable places of locusts within Permanent Zone

  and insects at Grasshopper Glacier

  and Rocky Mountain locust as separate species

  and “weather theory” of decline of locust

  Habitat destruction theory of extinction of Rocky Mountain locust

  See also Extinction of Rocky Mountain locust, habitat destruction theory

  Haeckel, Ernst

  Hardin, Charles

  Hardships and Western settlers

  Harrowing

  Hawaii

  Hayden, Ferdinand

  Hayes, Rutherford B.

  Hazen, William B.

  Heaton, Isaac

  Hebard, Morgan

  Hemingway, Ernest

  Henderson, William Williams

  Heninger, Taylor

  “Hero ‘Hopper-catcher”

  Hitchcock, Phineas

  Hohe, Christian

  Homestead Act

  Hopperdozers

  Howard, Leland O

  Howard, Leland Ossian

  Hubbell, Theodore Huntington

  Human Genome Project

  Humor regarding grasshopper

  Hurricanes

  Hutus

  Hyde, Arthur Mastick

  Iceland

  Illinois Natural Histor
y Survey

  Imperial Bureau of Entomology

  Industrialism vs. agrarianism

  Insect collections

  Insecticides

  Insects and disease

  “Integrated pest management” (IPM)

  International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

  International Congress of Entomology in St. Petersburg

  Introduction to Entomology, An (Kirby and Spence)

  Introduction to the Study of North American Archaeology (Thomas)

  Invasion tactics of locusts

  Irrigation

  Islamic response to locusts

  Italy

  Ivie, John

  Jefferson, Thomas

  Johnson, Andrew

  Jones, George

  Jubilee years

  Kaltern trial of locusts

  Kansas

  and conscription of locust fighters

  and grasshopper swarms in twentieth century

  and public assistance

  Karamanli, Yusuf

  Keeley, Lawrence H.

  Kennedy, John F.

  Kenter, August

  Kenya Desert locust swarm of 1954

  Kimball, Heber C.

  King Suction-Machine

  Kiowa Indians

  Kirby, William

  Klippart, John

  Knife Point Glacier

  and ice block given to Lockwood by Love

  largest glacier in United States

  Knife Point Glacier expeditions of 1989 and 1990

  analyzing material from

  and determining wax chemical fingerprints

  and identification of Rocky Mountain locust

  and mechanism by which locusts got trapped and deposited

  and “mother lode” of Rocky Mountain locust remains

  and predominance of female specimens

  and quantities of Rocky Mountain locust remains washing out of glaciers

  and stratification of glacier into bands and dating of historical swarms

  Kuhn, Thomas

  Lamarck, Jean-Baptist

  Land Grant Colleges of Agriculture

  Larson, Erik

  LeDuc, William

  Legumes

  Lemnos and locust tax

  Lenin, Vladimir

  Leopold, Aldo

  Lessons from extinction of Rocky Mountain locust

  Leviticus

  Liberal League

  Lice, body

  Life cycle of locusts

  Lincoln, Abraham

  Linnaeus, Carolus

  Literary accounts of locusts

  Little Ice Age

  Lockwood, Jeffrey

  and extinction of Rocky Mountain locust

  and conversations with Larry DeBrey regarding locust’s disappearance

  and designing experiments

  feelings when he began search for cause of extinction of Rocky Mountain locust

  and finding locusts in Yellowstone National Park

  and funding attempts following 1987 expedition

  and Grasshopper Glacier expedition of 1987

  and Grasshopper Glacier expedition of 1988

  and Grasshopper Glacier expedition of 1989

  and Knife Point Glacier expeditions of 1989 and 1990

  and passion for grasshopper biology and ecology

  and personal experience of grasshopper swarm

  personal reasons for Grasshopper Glacier expedition

  and position at University of Wyoming

  and renewed passion for finding Rocky Mountain locust specimen after initial criticisms

  and teaching at University of Wyoming

  and treatments for rangeland grasshopper outbreaks

  Locust

  definition of

  derivation of word

  Locusta danica

  Locusta migratoria

  “Locust body bag”

  Locust-Catchers

  Locust-Crushers

  Locust migratoriodes

  Locust pardalina

  Locust swarms of Locusta migratoria in Central Asia

  Lonesome Dove (McMurtry)

  Longgrass prairie

  Love, Charlie

  and Knife Point expedition of 1989

  Lovelace, Maud Hart and Delos

  Lugger, Otto

  Machinery to kill locusts

  and gathering and poisoning or bagging

  and U.S. Entomological Commission

  Malaria

  Mandibles as means to identify grasshoppers

  Manitoba outbreak in 1902

  Mantua locust swarm

  Marx, Karl

  Masanissa and deaths from rotting locusts

  McMurtry, Larry

  McNeal, Abram

  McPhee, John

  Mediterranean fruit fly

  Melanoplus bivittatus

  Melanoplus bruneri

  Melanoplus femurrubrum See Redlegged grasshopper

  Melanoplus genus

  Melanoplus infantilis

  Melanoplus rugglesi

  Melanoplus sanguinipes See Migratory grasshopper

  Melanoplus spretus. See Rocky Mountain locust

  Mexico

  Migration circuit

  Migratory grasshopper

  and alfalfa

  and Brett’s attempt to induce phase transformation

  and Faure’s attempt to produce Rocky Mountain locust phase

  and food plants as factors in ecology of

  Latin name of

  as possible changeling form of Rocky Mountain locust

  Milkweed

  Mining

  Minnesota

  and Carolina grasshopper

  and conscription of locust fighters

  day of prayer of fasting and prayer in, April 1877

  and giving of seed

  and Grasshopper Legislature

  and public assistance

  Missouri

  and bounty payments

  day of public prayer in June 1875

  Riley as state entomologist of

  Mobility

  Molecular analysis

  Monarch butterflies

  Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve

  Money as measure of virtue and social worth

  Mormon crickets

  Mormons

  and locusts as punishment for having failed to observe the Sabbath in 1850s

  and locusts as tests of faith

  Moses

  Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard

  Naming, taxonomic

  NASA

  National defense and public assistance

  National Geographic Society

  National Guard and grasshopper swarms

  National Museum of Natural History

  Native American Indians

  decline of and extinction of locusts

  and destruction of bison

  and eating of locusts

  and locust swarms prior to European arrival

  and replacement of forested land with grassland

  and river valleys

  Native birds

  Natural disaster

  Natural predators for locusts

  Natural theology

  Nebraska

  and conscription of locust fighters

  and federal food distribution

  Nebraska Relief and Aid Association

  Nickodemus, Ken

  Nunamaker, Dick

  Nymphs

  and alfalfa deleterious to

  destroying of by farmers

  life cycle of

  no command structure within

  and phase transformations

  sounds of moving across landscape

  Objectivity, scientific

  Oblinger, Mattie

  Odors of rotting locusts

  Oklahoma Land Rush

  Old Lady Horse

  Old Testament locust swarms

  On the Banks of Plum Creek (Wilder)

  O Pioneers! (Cather)

 
Ord, Edward Ortho Cresap

  Oregon Trail

  Orosius, Paulus

  Osborn, Thomas

  Outbreak cycle of locust swarms

  Outbreaks of locust swarms

  in 1880s and 1890s

  prior to European arrival

  Overwhelming nature of locust swarms

  Packard, Alpheus Spring, Jr. (“Alpha”)

  background and career of

  career of after commission

  and eating locusts

  Palmerston, Lord

  Panic of 1873

  Pans

  Pasteur, Louis

  Paul, Saint

  Permanent Zone

  favorable habitat places for locusts within

  and flooding and destruction of locust eggs

  as most vulnerable time

  and numbers who survived between outbreaks

  overlapping with cultivated lands in 1880

  plowing of

  and Rocky Mountains as source of outbreaks

  Peru

  Peteler Locust-Crushing Machine

  Pfadt, Robert

  Phase transformation theory

  and attempts to create in Migratory grasshopper

  and control of locusts during solitary phase

  in different species

  ecological triggers and physiological mechanisms of

  and Rocky Mountain locust as separate species

  and search in case of Rocky Mountain locust

  and solitary and swarming phases

  Phylloxera

  Pigs

  Pillsbury, John

  Pinworms

  Pioneers. See Farmers/settlers

  Pliny

  Plotnikov, Vassily

  Plowing

  Politicians

  Polynesians

  Pope, John

  Population size of locusts in 1870s

  Poultry

  eggs and flesh of inedible by human after poultry ate locusts

  as predators of locusts

  Poverty

  ethical response to

  as moral weakness vs. blameless misfortune

  relation of federal government to

  Powell, John Wesley

  Practical Entomologist (journal)

  Prairie Farmer (journal)

  Pratt, Milando

  Pratt, Orson

  Preventative control and phase transformations

  Protein testing and analysis

  Public assistance

  and admitting problem and discouraging new settlers

  and bounty payments

  and federal government

  initially from private organizations

  little available from county sources

  and providing farmers with seed

  at states level

  those accepting lacking moral character

  See also Federal government public assistance; Poverty

  Public ignorance of entomology regarding locusts

  Punishment

  and AIDS

  and failure to observe Sabbath

  locusts as God’s

 

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