6. Eddy 1961, 19.
7. More detailed studies of taxation in early Ptolemaic Egypt: Bingen 2007 and Thompson 1997; in early Seleucid Asia: Aperghis 2004b.
8. e.g. Polybius, Histories 30.26.9 on Antiochus IV (175–64).
9. P.Tebt. III 703 (= Bagnall/Derow 103, Burstein 101, Austin 319) gives a good impression of what a minor official was expected to do to ensure the system’s smooth and profitable running. P.Rev. (= Bagnall/Derow 114, Austin 296–97) is another vital document for understanding the Ptolemaic taxation system; commentary in Bingen 2007, 157–88.
10. It is, of course, hard to be exact about such figures. See Manning 2010, 125–27.
11. Jenkins 1967, 59.
12. e.g. P.Col.Zen. II 66 = Bagnall/Derow 137, Austin 307; P.Ryl. IV 563 = Bagnall/Derow 90; P.Lond. 1954 = Austin 302; P.Cairo Zen. 59451 = Austin 308.
Chapter 14
1. Will 1984, 61.
2. Plutarch, Life of Demetrius 30.1.
3. Athenaeus, The Learned Banqueters 98d.
4. Polyaenus, Stratagems 4.12.1. See Bosworth 2002, 248–49, for dating this episode during the raids described by Plutarch, Life of Demetrius 31.2.
5. See Grainger 1990a.
6. Polybius, Histories 5.46.7, 54.12.
7. Most of the story of this remarkable woman lies outside the period covered in this book, but see Carney 2000a, 173–77; Macurdy 1932/1985, 111–30; S. Burstein, “Arsinoe II Philadelphos: A Revisionist View,” in W. L. Adams and E. N. Borza (eds), Philip II, Alexander the Great and the Macedonian Heritage (Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1982), 197–212.
8. Plutarch, Life of Demetrius 33.1.
9. Where, in typical Successor fashion, he renamed the city he made his seat: Heraclea became Pleistarcheia. The defensive walls built probably by Pleistarchus are among the best preserved early Hellenistic fortifications: see McNicoll and Milner 1997, 75–81.
10. Plutarch, Life of Demetrius 34.2.
11. A stoa was a building containing offices and/or meeting rooms, but consisting most prominently of a long, covered colonnade designed for shelter from the elements; the stoas were therefore popular meeting places. The reconstructed Stoa of Attalus in the Athenian agora gives the best impression.
12. The therapeutic aspect of Hellenistic philosophy has only recently become more accepted within scholarly circles, thanks especially to Hadot 2002; Sharples 2006 is a good product of the new thinking.
13. Antiphon, Andocides, Lysias, Isocrates, Isaeus, Demosthenes, Aeschines, Lycurgus, Hyperides, and Deinarchus.
Chapter 15
1. Plutarch, Life of Demetrius 36.12.
2. The expression was coined by a later Macedonian king, Philip V (222–179), according to Polybius, Histories 18.11.5.
3. Delev 2000.
4. Plutarch, Life of Pyrrhus 8.2.
5. Plutarch, Life of Pyrrhus 10.5.
6. Duris of Samos, fr. 13 Jacoby; full text at Austin 43, Burstein 7, Grant p. 67.
7. Plutarch, Life of Demetrius 42.2.
8. Plutarch, Life of Demetrius 41.3.
9. Plutarch, Life of Demetrius 43.5. On the whole subject, see Murray 2012.
10. The villa of P. Fannius Synistor at Boscoreale: see Billows 1995, 45–55.
11. On Hellenistic religious developments, see especially Chamoux 2003, ch. 9; Mikalson 2006; Potter 2003; Shipley 2000, 153–76.
12. On Samothrace, see Cole 1984; on Eleusis, Mylonas 1961.
13. Plutarch, On Isis and Osiris 361f–362a; Tacitus, Histories 4.83–4 (= Austin 300).
14. Demetrius of Phalerum fr. 82a Stork/van Ophuijsen/Dorandi.
15. Lund 1992, 98.
16. Plutarch, Life of Pyrrhus 12.4.
17. Memnon of Heraclea, fr. 1.5.6 Jacoby. A later Hellenistic king was also named Ceraunus: Seleucus III Ceraunus, king of Syria from 226 to 223.
18. So Plutarch has Seleucus describe him (Life of Demetrius 38), with a hint at the significance of the anchor symbol to their line. It was said to be a Seleucid birthmark, passed down through the generations, as predicted by the anchor seal ring the god Apollo had given to Seleucus’s mother after impregnating her with Seleucus.
19. Plutarch, Life of Demetrius 38.7; Appian, 59–61.
20. Plutarch, Life of Demetrius 49.2.
21. Plutarch, Life of Demetrius 51.3.
Chapter 16
1. There is an excellent account of the excavations at Seuthopolis in Dimitrov and iikova 1978.
2. The evidence for Lysimachus’s administration is regrettably scant. See Lund 1992, ch. 5, for more on the topic.
3. Justin 17.1.3.
4. Memnon of Heraclea, fr. 1.5.6 Jacoby.
5. On the sculptures of Pergamum, see Pollitt 1986, ch.4.
6. Strabo, Geography 16.2.10.
7. Plutarch, Life of Phocion 29.1.
8. This is a very controversial topic, with views ranging from skepticism to acceptance of the idea that men could be gods. See especially Badian 1981; Balsdon 1950/1966; Bosworth 2003 b; Cawkwell 1994; Chaniotis 2003; Dreyer 2009; Fredricksmeyer 1979, 1981; Green 1990 (ch. 23), 2003; Habicht 1970; Hamilton 1984; Sanders 1991.
9. For Lysander, see Plutarch, Life of Lysander 18, based on Duris of Samos. For Dionysius, see DS 16.20.6 with Sanders 1991. For further pre-Alexandrian possibilities, see Fredricksmeyer 1979 and 1981.
10. Homer, Odyssey 8.467–8.
11. OGIS 6 = Austin 39.
12. Sir Frederick Maurice (ed.), An Aide de Camp of Life: Being the Papers of Colonel Charles Marshall, Assistant Adjutant General on the Staff of Robert E. Lee (London: Little, Brown, 1927), 173.
13. The evidence for private cult of rulers is slight, but see Smith 1988, 11.1–2.
14. Smith 1988, 39–41.
15. For this view in Greek literature (though certainly later than the Successors), see Diotogenes, On Kingship fr. 2, pp. 73–4 in H. Thesleff’s The Pythagorean Texts of the Hellenistic Period (Å bo: Å bo University Press, 1965). For Achaemenid Persia, see e.g. Briant 2002, 240–41; for Macedon, Hammond 1989a, 21–2.
16. Euhemerus T 4e Jacoby. For more on Euhemerus, see Ferguson 1975 (ch. 7) and Gutzwiller 2007, 189–90; for the fifth-century origins of the idea, see Prodicus of Ceos fr. 5 Diels/Kranz.
17. Justin 17.2.1.
18. Justin 24.2.
19. Justin 24. 3.7; after an unsuccessful bid for the Macedonian throne, the surviving son (another Ptolemy) became an independent dynast based in the city of Telmessus in Pisidia.
Bibliography
There are good reasons for the length of this bibliography. The loss of nearly all our literary sources for the era of the Successors, and the patchiness and unreliability of the sources that remain, mean that the period is a playground for scholars. My job in this book is to reach as wide an audience as possible. This means that I have not gone into scholarly controversies, nor have I generally interrupted the flow of the book with other arguments and positions. The notes have largely been restricted to referencing quotations and alerting the reader to major controversies. The list that follows, then, is intended to be full enough to guide any reader who wants to go on to read more detailed and more nuanced accounts. I have omitted many books and even more articles, especially if they were written in a language other than English. I have marked with an asterisk those works which seem to me to be indispensable, or at least the most useful of their class. The ancient sources are, of course, all essential.
ANCIENT SOURCES
Among the lost sources for the era of Alexander the Great and his Successors, the greatest loss is the work of Hieronymus of Cardia, an eyewitness attached to the courts, in turn, of Eumenes (possibly a cousin), Antigonus Monophthalmus, Demetrius Poliorcetes, and Antigonus Gonatas. See J. Hornblower, Hieronymus of Cardia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), and J. Roisman, ‘Hieronymus of Cardia: Causation and Bias from Alexander to His Successors’, in. E. Carney and D. Ogden (eds), Philip II and Alexander the Great: Father and Son, Lives and Afterlives (New York: Oxford Unive
rsity Press, 2010), 135–48.
The most important literary source that remains is Diodorus of Sicily (late first cent. BCE). Books 18–20 of his Library of History constitute the only continuous narrative of the age of the Successors, though after 302 BCE his work remains only in pitiful fragments. But others add substance in the form of alternative traditions or corroboration: Appian, Syrian History 52–64 (second cent. ce = Roman History 11.52– 64); Q. Curtius Rufus, The History of Alexander (first cent. CE), book 10; Justin (M. Junianus Justinus, perhaps third cent. ce), digest of books 13–17 of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus (late first cent. BCE); Cornelius Nepos (first cent. BCE), Lives of Eumenes, Phocion; Plutarch (first/second cent. ce), Lives of Alexander, Eumenes, Demetrius, Demosthenes, Phocion, Pyrrhus; Polyaenus (2nd cent. ce), Stratagems, esp. book 4.
A number of fragmentary histories are also relevant, of which the most important is that of Arrian (L. Flavius Arrianus, second cent. ce), After Alexander (fragments, and lamentably brief summary by Photius of Constantinople, ninth cent. ce). Others include P. Herennius Dexippus (third cent. ce), After Alexander (fragments, and summary by Photius of Constantinople, ninth cent. ce); Duris of Samos (fourth/third cent. BCE); Memnon of Heraclea Pontica (second cent. ce); and Philochorus of Athens (fourth/third cent. BCE). These fragments are collected in F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (Berlin: Weidmann, 1923–58; CD-ROM ed, Leiden: Brill, 2004): Arrian is FGrH 156; Dexippus is FGrH 100; Duris is FGrH 76; Hieronymus is FGrH 154; Memnon is FGrH 434; Philochorus is FGrH 328. Jacoby’s monumental work is currently being revised under the editorship of I. Worthington, to be published in various formats by Brill.
Arrian’s fragments are also collected in the second volume of the Teubner Arrian, edited by A. Roos and G. Wirth (1967). Two recently discovered fragments have not yet been incorporated into either Jacoby or the Teubner text. The best versions of these two fragments can be found in, respectively, A. B. Bosworth, “Eumenes, Neoptolemus and PSI XII 1284,” Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 19 (1978), 227–37, and B. Dreyer, “The Arrian Parchment in Gothenburg: New Digital Processing Methods and Initial Results,” in W. Heckel et al. (eds.), Alexander’s Empire: Formulation to Decay (Claremont: Regina, 2007), 245–63. There is a translation of and brief historical commentary on a few of the fragments by W. Goralski, “Arrian’s Events after Alexander : Summary of Photius and Selected Fragments,” Ancient World 19 (1989), 81–108.
TRANSLATIONS OF LITERARY SOURCES
Translations of the relevant works by Appian, Diodorus, Nepos, and Plutarch can most easily be found in the Loeb Classical Library series, published by Harvard University Press. These translations tend to be a bit old-fashioned, however; in fact, those of Diodorus and Appian are out of copyright, and also available on the Web. Otherwise, for Curtius: Quintus Curtius Rufus: The History of Alexander, trans. by J. C. Yardley, introduction by W. Heckel (London: Penguin, 1984). And for Justin: Justin: Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, trans. by J. C. Yardley, introduction by R. Develin (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1994).
Excerpts from the literary sources, along with translations of inscriptions, cuneiform texts, and papyri, have been collected in a number of sourcebooks:
Ager, S., 1996, Interstate Arbitrations in the Greek World, 337–90 BC(Berkeley: University of California Press). [inscriptions and literary sources]
*Austin, M., 2006, The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation (2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). [literary sources, inscriptions, papyri]
Bagnall, R., and Derow, P., 2004, The Hellenistic Period: Historical Texts in Translation (2nd ed., Oxford: Blackwell) (1st ed. title: Greek Historical Documents: The Hellenistic Period). [inscriptions and papyri]
Burstein, S., 1985, The Hellenistic Age from the Battle of Ipsos to the Death of Kleopatra VII (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). [literary sources, inscriptions, papyri]
Grant, F., 1953, Hellenistic Religions: The Age of Syncretism (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill). [inscriptions and literary sources]
Harding, P., 1985, From the End of the Peloponnesian War to the Battle of Ipsus (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). [inscriptions and literary sources]
*Heckel, W., n.d., The Successors of Alexander the Great: A Sourcebook (http://www.ucalgary.ca/~heckelw/grst341/Sourcebook.pdf). [almost entirely literary sources]
Heckel, W., and Yardley, J. C., 2004, Alexander the Great: Historical Texts in Translation (Oxford: Blackwell). [literary sources]
Inwood, B., and Gerson, L., 1997, Hellenistic Philosophy: Introductory Readings (2nd ed., Indianapolis: Hackett). [literary sources]
Sage, M., 1996, Warfare in Ancient Greece: A Sourcebook (London: Routledge). [literary sources, inscriptions, papyri]
Van der Spek, R., and Finkel, I., n.d., Babylonian Chronicles of the Hellenistic Period (http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/chron00.html). [cuneiform sources]
Welles, C. B., 1934/1974, Royal Correspondence in the Hellenistic Period (New Haven: Yale University Press; repr. Chicago: Ares). [inscriptions]
Dating the Early Hellenistic Period
The dating of events in the first dozen years of this period is highly complex and controversial. There are two basic dating schemes, but many scholars nowadays tweak one or the other rather than adopt either wholesale. For a good introduction, see P. Wheatley, “An Introduction to the Chronological Problems in Early Diadoch Sources and Scholarship,” in W. Heckel et al. (eds.), Alexander’s Empire: Formulation to Decay (Claremont: Regina, 2007), 179–92. In this book, I have followed the most recent work on this intractable problem, which is that of T. Boiy in his Between High and Low: A Chronology of the Early Hellenistic Period (Berlin: Verlag Antike, 2008). Boiy also includes a definitive bibliography (up to 2007), to which the interested reader is referred.
SECONDARY LITERATURE
Abel, F.-M., 1937, “L’expédition des grecs à Pétra en 312 avant J.-C.,” Revue Biblique 46, 373–91.
Adams, W. L., 1983, “The Dynamics of Internal Macedonian Politics in the Time of Cassander,” Ancient Macedonia 3, 2–30.
Adams, W. L., 1984, “Antipater and Cassander: Generalship on Restricted Resources in the Fourth Century,” Ancient World 10, 79–88.
Adams, W. L., 1986, “Macedonian Kingship and the Right of Petition,”Ancient Macedonia 4, 43–52.
Adams, W. L., 1991, “Cassander, Alexander IV and the Tombs at Vergina,”Ancient World 22, 27–33.
Adams, W. L., 1997, “The Successors of Alexander,” in L. Tritle (ed.), The Greek World in the Fourth Century (London: Routledge), 228–48.
*Adams, W. L., 2004, Alexander the Great: Legacy of a Conqueror (London: Longman).
Adams, W. L., 2006, “The Hellenistic Kingdoms,” in Bugh 2006a, 28–51.
Alcock, S., et al. (eds.), 2001, Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
*Algra, K., et al. (eds.), 1999, The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Andronicos, M., 1992, Vergina: The Royal Tombs (Athens: Athenon).
Anson, E., 1977, “The Siege of Nora: A Source Conflict,”Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 18, 251–56.
Anson, E., 1985, “Macedonia’s Alleged Constitutionalism,” Classical Journal 80, 303–16.
Anson, E., 1986, “Diodorus and the Date of Triparadeisus,”American Journal of Philology 107, 208–17.
Anson, E., 1988, “Antigonus, the Satrap of Phrygia,” Historia 37, 471–77.
Anson, E., 1990, “Neoptolemus and Armenia,” Ancient History Bulletin 4, 125–28.
Anson, E., 1991, “The Evolution of the Macedonian Army Assembly (330–315 BC),” Historia 40, 230–47.
Anson, E., 1992, “Craterus and the Prostasia,” Classical Philology 87, 38–43.
Anson, E., 2004, Eumenes of Cardia: A Greek among Macedonians (Leiden: Brill).
Anson, E., 2006, “The Chron
ology of the Third Diadoch War,” Phoenix 60, 226–35.
Anson, E., 2008, “Macedonian Judicial Assemblies,” Classical Philology 103, 135–49.
Aperghis, G. G., 2004a, “City Building and the Seleukid Royal Economy,” in Z. Archibald et al. (eds.), Making, Moving and Managing: The New World of Ancient Economies, 323–31BC(Oxford: Oxbow), 27–43.
*Aperghis, G. G., 2004b, The Seleukid Royal Economy: The Finances and Financial Administration of the Seleukid Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Dividing the Spoils Page 31