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The Noonday Demon

Page 88

by Solomon, Andrew

SSRIs, see selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

  Stanley, Jonathan, 380, 381

  Starkey, Angel, 421–28, 432, 438, 498

  state mental hospitals, 385–89, 390–91

  STDs (sexually transmitted diseases), 202

  Stein, Bill (pseudonym), 73–77, 441–42

  Stetson, Danquille (pseudonym), 351–52, 360

  Stevens, Anthony, 404

  Stewart, Jacqueline, 467

  stimulants, illegal, 230–32

  see also substance abuse

  Stoic philosophers, 292

  stress:

  aggression as release of, 253–54

  cortisol levels affected by, 57, 58, 59–60

  humiliation as main cause of, 63

  of modern life, 31–32, 125, 404, 406–9

  right-brain activation and, 418

  social withdrawal as reduction of, 125

  suicidality increased with, 252–54

  stroke, 193, 415–16

  Strupp, Hans, 451–52

  Styron, William, 135, 136, 365, 491

  substance abuse, 217–42

  adolescents and, 221, 467

  antianxiety drugs and, 119

  brain adaptations to, 218, 219–20, 222–23, 231, 233

  contemplative vs. precontemplative, 223–24

  criminal behavior in support of, 354

  depression intertwined with, 37, 217, 218–22, 354–55

  escalating needs of, 218

  genetic predisposition toward, 217, 218, 223, 224

  hospitalization treatment after withdrawal from, 391

  of indigent depressed, 337, 346, 354

  maternal, 254

  of military veterans, 381

  neurotransmitter systems affected by, 217–18, 219, 223, 228, 231, 473

  pharmacological rehabilitation from, 229

  relapse prevention strategy for, 229

  as self-medication, 217, 220, 238

  social norm variabilities on, 226–27

  speed of intoxication in, 218, 237

  suicidality linked to, 220, 222, 227, 254, 467

  withdrawal from, 219, 222, 224, 229, 232, 234, 391

  see also addiction; alcoholism; specific drugs

  Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 369

  substance P, 171

  success:

  competitive superiority vs. personal achievement as, 405

  suicidality and, 255, 258

  suicide, 25, 37, 243–83

  alcoholism and, 227, 255

  animal serotonin levels and, 114, 254

  on antidepressants, 80–81

  as anxiety response, 275

  attempts vs. completed acts of, 248, 251, 258–59, 472

  of Berlin Jews, 204, 465

  in childhood, 184, 254, 257–58, 261, 264–65, 356, 460, 461, 464

  as civil liberties issue, 247, 248, 283, 293–94

  congressional hearings on, 373

  contagion of, 250–51, 258, 279

  contemplation of, 67, 68–69, 71, 121–22, 251

  control exerted through, 280, 282

  cortisol levels and, 59

  depression as independent from, 243–44, 249, 470

  detoxification stress and, 220

  of elderly, 258–59

  euthanasia and, 268–73, 275–79, 280

  family history of, 250, 268, 472

  faulty logic of, 244–45, 266–68

  four groups of, 244–45, 249–50

  genetic predisposition toward, 250, 254

  among Greenlandic Inuit peoples, 208, 465

  guns used in, 254, 255, 474

  homosexuality and, 202, 463, 464

  and hospitalization coverage, 370

  hospital restraints against, 387

  hotlines for prevention of, 358

  inexplicability of, 262–63, 264–65

  insomnia linked to, 146

  and intolerance for pain, 85

  locations of, 251

  of men vs. women, 178, 459

  in mixed states of manic-depressive illness, 48

  modern technological means of, 254–55

  neurotransmitter systems and, 252–54

  of octopus, 257

  of older men, 258–59, 270

  para-suicidal acts vs., 260, 261, 263

  parental death and, 257

  philosophical considerations of, 245–47

  preventative treatment for, 251–52

  rates of, 248–49, 251, 257, 373, 447, 471, 472, 475

  rational consideration of, 245, 247–48, 258, 268–69, 283

  reactions of friends and family to, 262, 264–65, 279, 283

  religious prohibition of, 132, 246–47, 259, 304

  self-mutilation and, 421

  social contextual views of, 249–51

  SSRI prevention of, 115, 252

  substance abuse and, 220, 222, 227, 254, 255, 467

  of successful people, 255

  of terror survivors, 281–82

  variety of means for, 259–60

  in Vietnam War era, 262

  suicide prevention movement, 248

  Sullivan, Andrew, 178

  supermarkets, choices in, 408–9

  Supplemental Security Income (SSI), 160, 368

  support groups, 137, 159–62

  surgery, 163–65, 441

  survival courses, 137, 142–44

  Sweden:

  alcohol consumption in, 227

  suicide rates in, 248

  Swift, Jonathan, 317, 482

  synaptic cleft, 332, 333

  synaptic function, 55

  Szasz, Thomas, 247–48, 393

  T

  TAC (Treatment Advocacy Center), 380

  talking therapies:

  ancient roots of, 287, 291

  cognitive-behavioral therapy, 104, 107–9, 111, 228–29, 351

  duration of, 102–3

  eighteenth-century rejection of, 307

  EMDR incorporated in, 141

  emotional candor within, 106

  emotional insight gained from, 102–3

  funding cuts for, 384

  in Greenlandic Inuit Eskimo culture, 213–15

  in groups, 137, 158–62, 170, 341–42, 343, 354

  high costs of, 107

  indigent depressed responses to, 341–42, 344, 351, 358, 359

  initial development of, 102, 323–26

  interpersonal therapy, 107, 109–10

  long-term efficacy of, 103–4

  physical intervention integrated with, 101–2

  physiological alterations effected by, 111

  as protection against recurrence, 104

  psychoanalysis, 48, 50–51, 102–3, 323–26, 328

  psychopharmacology vs., 101–2, 103–4, 451

  religious practice vs., 130–32

  speech as mood-enhancer in, 419

  therapist selection process in, 105–7, 110–11

  three forms of, 37

  Taylor, Shelley E., 433–34

  Taylor, Verta, 457

  TB (tuberculosis), outreach treatment programs for, 378, 493

  teenage depression, 187–89, 461

  Tegretol, 93–94

  Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 270, 321

  terror, resistance to, 281

  testosterone injections, 117

  Thase, Michael, 145–46

  Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 62, 293, 450, 479

  Thompson, William, 483

  thyroid releasing hormone (TRH), 55, 56, 145, 448

  “time born,” 17

  “Tithonus” (Tennyson), 270

  Tocqueville, Alexis de, 250

  Tofranil, 114

  Topamax, 119, 422

  transitional societies, 208, 407

  trauma:

  therapy directed toward memories of, 140–41, 158–59

  tolerance levels for, 85, 302–3, 355

  trazodone, 116, 193

  treatment, 101–34

  access to, 353


  alternative methods of, 135–72; see also specific alternative therapies

  of children, 183, 184–89

  civil right to avoidance of, 378, 394

  combination, efficacy of, 451

  in community clinics, 377–78, 384, 391, 392, 393

  costs of, 337, 339, 340, 353, 382–83, 490

  drop-in centers of, 391–92

  of elderly, 190–93

  electroconvulsive therapy, 62, 75–76, 82, 120–23, 139, 163, 190, 252, 366, 397, 423

  in emergency facilities, 83–85, 381

  evolutionary knowledge as factor in, 419

  historical methods of, 286–87, 288, 289, 290, 291, 300, 303–4, 309, 313, 317–18, 327

  hospitalization for, 75, 120, 165–66, 190, 309, 317–21, 370–71, 378–82, 385–93, 423, 424, 425, 427–28

  inappropriate, 26

  inclusive biopsychosocial model of, 101–2

  of indigent depressed, 335, 336–60, 375, 488

  individual choices on, 123–25

  lack of, 25, 80

  noncompliance with, 116

  outreach programs of, 338, 341, 349, 375

  patent process reforms and, 395

  percentage of depressed population in, 25–26, 446

  pharmaceutical industry bias in, 394–95, 495

  political influences on, 361, 375–78

  preventative, 56–57, 60, 120

  quality standards of, 354

  religious belief as, 130–33

  resistance felt toward, 338, 341, 354

  of specific populations, 37, 183, 184–89, 190–94; see also populations

  of substance abusers with depression, 37, 218–22, 228, 354, 468

  two major modalities of, 101–2

  voluntary vs. involuntary, 378–82, 386, 393–94

  see also antidepressant medications; talking therapies

  Treatment Advocacy Center (TAC), 380

  Treisman, Glenn, 340, 346, 347, 353–54, 490

  TRH (thyroid releasing hormone), 55, 56, 145, 448

  tricyclics:

  cocaine use with, 222

  discovery of, 331

  manic-depressive disorder and, 118

  neurotransmitters and, 114, 117, 171

  reuptake mechanism blocked by, 332

  SAMe vs., 148

  side effects of, 115, 117–18

  triune brain, 414–15

  Troisi, Alfonso, 401–2, 406, 407, 419

  tryptophan, 111–12, 138

  tryptophan hydroxylase, 254

  tuberculosis (TB), outreach treatment programs for, 378, 493

  Tuke, Daniel H., 485–86

  Tuke, Samuel, 317–18

  TWA flight 800, 435

  Two Discourses Concerning the Soul of Brutes (Willis), 306–7

  Tylenol, 267

  U

  Unabomber (Theodore Kaczynski), 125

  unconscious mind, 102, 323

  Undercurrents (Manning), 121–23

  unemployment, 337, 345, 351

  Upjohn, 171

  V

  Valenstein, Elliot, 111, 113, 163, 394

  Valium, 74, 93, 94, 95, 98, 119, 228, 234

  van den Berg, J. H., 407

  Vasari, Giorgio, 296, 479

  venlafaxine (Efexor/Effexor), 76, 78, 86, 87, 114, 118, 119, 160, 235, 334, 447

  Venter, Craig J., 456

  Veterans Administration, 381, 494

  Viagra, 92, 117

  Victoria Falls, 27–28

  Victorian period, 318, 320, 321

  Vietnam War:

  heroin use in, 232, 469

  homeless veterans of, 381

  suicides during, 262

  Villette (Brontë), 133–34

  violence:

  of depressed men, 178–80

  economic privation linked with, 347

  involuntary commitment due to, 380

  mental illness associated with, 373–74

  in rural poverty, 351

  self-destructive behavior vs., 424

  vision, 56, 60

  vitamins, 138–39

  volition, 102, 224–25, 294, 348, 350, 432

  Volkow, Nora, 466

  Voltaire, 311, 315, 317

  W

  Wallace, Mike, 365, 491

  Walpole, Horace, 311, 312

  Warnock, Julia, 117

  Washington, Lolly (pseudonym), 340–43, 349, 360

  Waste Land, The (Eliot), 270–71

  Watson, James, 138

  Watson, Paul J., 409–10

  Weaver, Claudia (pseudonym), 149–58, 438, 442, 456

  Wehr, Thomas, 144, 145, 406, 455

  Weil, Andrew, 147, 455

  Weiss, Mark, 49

  Weissman, Myrna, 109, 175, 457, 458, 460–61

  welfare recipients:

  depression rates of, 336, 338

  government spending levels on, 338–39

  work transition programs of, 338

  welfare reform, 336, 360

  Wellbutrin, 86, 93, 95, 119, 121, 127, 163, 235, 447

  activating potential of, 87, 114

  negative sexual side effects ameliorated with, 92

  neurotransmitters affected by, 118, 171

  Wellstone, Paul, 369, 371, 372, 376, 377

  Weltschmerz, 315

  Wender, Paul, 472

  West Africa, ndeup ceremonies in, 165–70

  Weston, Russell, Jr., 373, 374

  Wetzel, Richard, 471–72

  White Guard, The (Bulgakov), 7

  White House Conference on Mental Illness, 374

  Whitman, Walt, 329

  Whybrow, Peter, 445, 448, 453

  Wier, Jan, 297

  wife batterers, 178–79, 180

  Wilde, Oscar, 321

  wilderness survival program, 142–44

  Williams, Tennessee, 443

  Willis, Thomas, 306–7, 483

  Willowbrook, 380

  Willow Weep for Me (Danquah), 195

  Wilson, Fred (pseudonym), 354–55, 360

  Wilson, John, 374

  Winter’s Tale, The (Shakespeare), 430

  Wise, Bob, 369, 377, 384, 392

  witchcraft, 297–98, 303

  Witthower, Rudolph and Margot, 445

  women:

  alcoholism of, 175

  suicidality of, 249, 471–72

  women’s depression, 173–78

  in African Americans, 195–96

  biological causation of, 173–74

  in eighteenth century, 311

  feminine passivity vs., 176–77

  indigent status and, 337, 338, 339–52, 355–59

  male depression rates vs., 173, 175, 177–78, 180, 457, 458, 457, 458

  motherhood and, 83, 121–22, 174, 175, 180–81, 337, 338, 342, 345, 346–47, 440–41, 458

  in rural areas, 339, 343–351

  sexual abuse and, 176, 340–41, 348, 349, 350, 351, 355

  social factors in, 174–78, 457, 458

  Wong, David, 334

  Woodhull Hospital, 386

  Woolf, Leonard, 55

  Woolf, Virginia, 16–17, 55, 87–88, 103, 273–74

  Wordsworth, William, 314

  World Health Organization, 331, 397

  X

  Xanax, 54, 64, 89, 93, 119, 127, 234, 235, 358, 487

  anxiety controlled with, 51, 61, 63, 78, 92, 129, 234

  side effects of, 87, 88

  withdrawal from, 70–71, 74

  Y

  Yapko, Michael, 144, 455

  Years, The (Woolf), 103

  yellow bile, 287

  yohimbine, 116

  Young, Edward, 311

  Young, Elizabeth, 57, 58, 59, 60, 449

  Z

  zinc, 138

  Zoloft (sertraline), 51, 60, 78, 114, 118, 119, 121, 236, 334, 487

  see also Lustral

  Zubenko, George, 461–62

  Zyprexa, 89, 90, 119, 164, 426, 447

  antianxiety benefits of, 87

  appetite affected by, 242

>   sedating effect of, 88, 92, 93–94

  withdrawal from, 234–35, 236

 

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