by Cuddy, Luke
63 John J. Collins, Encounters with Biblical Theology (Augsburg Fortress Press, 2005), p. 138.
64 Paulo Augusto de Souza Nogueira, “Celestial Worship and Ecstatic-Visionary Experience,” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 25:2 (2002), p. 181.
65 Michael Stone, “Pseudepigraphy Reconsidered,” Review of Rabbinic Judaism 9 (2006), p. 9.
66 Mark Fonda. “Postmodernity and the imagination of the Apocalypse: A Study of the Genre,”
67 Jennifer J. Muehlenkamp, “Self-Injurious Behavior as a Separate Clinical Syndrome,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 75:2 (2005), p. 324.
68 Matthew K. Nock and Mitchell J. Prinstein, “A Functional Approach to the Assessment of Self-Mutilative Behavior,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72:5 (2004), p. 886.
69 Janis L. Whitlock, Jane L. Powers, and John Eckenrode, “The Virtual Cutting Edge: The Internet and Adolescent Self-Injury,” Developmental Psychology 42:3 (2006), p. 407.
70 Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens (Beacon Press, 1950), p. 13.
71 Roger Caillois, Man, Play, and Games. (Shocken, 1979), p. 19.
72 Jacques Lacan, “The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as revealed in Psychoanalytic Experience,” in Écrits: A Selection (Tavistock, 1977), p. 4.
73 Carl Jung, Man and His Symbols (Doubleday, 1964).
74 Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, The Phenomenon of Man (Harper and Row, 1959), p. 263.
75 I am grateful to Michael Bonina, colleague and Halo aficionado, for his suggestions on earlier drafts. Much of the ontological speculation in this chapter about Master Chief comes from him. Thanks also to Michael Frost for his constructive feedback, insights, and philosophical banter about the psychology of videogame play. Lastly, I want to recognize my students Daniel Clavijo, Patrick Norton, and Mitch Hanna, who served as videogame consultants by reviewing my work when they should have been finishing their homework.
76 Similarly, if you get separated from someone you’re trying to find, and they are trying to find you as well. Isn’t it better for at least one of you to stay in the same place, so that you can fix your chances of running across one another?
77 “Egocentric free riders” is an academic way of saying “selfish jerk.”
78 Special thanks to Sam Butcher, the greatest gamer I know. And apologies to Chris Metivier, who hates campers and whose copy of Halo 2 I have yet to return.
79 “War,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
80 Indeed, with the introduction of the energy sword in Halo 2 the comparisons made themselves!
81 In Halo 2, the Assault Rifle was removed in lieu of the Battle Rifle. While the difference in gameplay was substantial, the difference in symbolism was minor.
82 Carl von Clausewitz, On War (Penguin, 1982).
83 Edward Mead Earle, Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler (Princeton University Press, 1943).
84 In terms of gameplay, the introduction of “stamina” is meant to make up for the lack of shielding. Incoming fire depletes this stamina before actual health is depleted, but it is obvious the Rookie is still physically under fire during this period.
85 A motion tracker does exist in Halo 3:ODST, in a manner of speaking. By opening the VISR database, the Rookie can see a top-down tactical map of the area with Covenant soldiers marked on it. This fails to be a one-to-one equivalent, however, due to the Rookie’s inability to use it while moving or fighting.
86 Given the Rookie’s experiences before the events of the game, the possibility of post-traumatic stress disorder is a compelling reason for his lack of speech. It would give yet another reason to support the Rookie representing a darker view of war, as well. Delving into this idea, however, is beyond the reaches of this essay.
87 I thank Luke Cuddy for his incredibly helpful revisions, as well as my parents, Richard and Kathleen for their support. Additionally, this chapter would not have been possible without the author’s personal shipboard AIs—Lindsey Render, Tim Weaver, and Jennifer Klimczak—as well as the numerous other friends who spent so much time corpse-humping and trash talking over Halo.
88 See Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality Volume 2: The Use of Pleasure (Vintage, 1985) and The History of Sexuality Volume 3: The Care of the Self (Vintage, 1986).
89 Pirkko Markula-Denison and Richard Pringle, Foucault, Sport, and Exercise: Power, Knowledge, and Transforming the Self (Routledge, 2006), p. 138.
90 Geoff Danaher, Tony Schirato, and Jen Webb, Understanding Foucault (Sage, 2000), p. 131.
91 Gilles Deleuze, Negotiations, 1972–1990 (Columbia University Press, 1995), p. 98.
92 For a more in-depth discussion of expansive gameplay as a concept and as a form of emergent gameplay, see: Felan Parker, “The Significance of Jeep Tag: On Player-Imposed Rules in Video Games,” Loading . . . Journal of the Canadian Game Studies Association 2:9 (2009).
93 Check out
94 Ian Bogost, Unit Operations: An Approach to Videogame Criticism (MIT Press, 2006), pp. 96–97.
95 Alan Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Mind 59 (1950).
96 John Searle, “Minds, Brains, and Programs,” The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (1980).
97 R.M. French, “Subcognition and the Limits of the Turing Test,” Mind 99:393 (1990).
98 Jack Copeland, “The Imitation Game: Alan Turing and Artificial Intelligence,” (2007).
99 Alan Turing, “On Computable Numbers,” Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 2 (1936).
100 Gonzalo Frasca, “Simulation vs. Narrative: Introduction to Ludology,” in Video Game Theory, edited by Wolf and Perron (Routledge, 2003).
101 See:
Volume 59 in the series, Popular Culture and Philosophy®, edited by George A. Reisch
To order books from Open Court, call toll-free 1-800-815-2280, or visit our website at www.opencourtbooks.com.
Open Court Publishing Company is a division of Carus Publishing Company. Copyright © 2011 by Carus Publishing Company
First printing 2011
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Open Court Publishing Company, a division of Carus Publishing Company, 70 East Lake Street, Suite 300, Chicago, Illinois, 60601
Printed and bound in the United States of America.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Halo and philosophy : intellect evolved / edited by Luke Cuddy.. p. cm.—(Popular culture and philosophy ; v. 59)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
eISBN : 978-0-812-69728-5
1. Halo (Game)—Design. 2. Video games—Philosophy. I. Cuddy, Luke, 1980-GV1469.25.H36H35 2011
794.8—dc22
2011012571