164 “My heart quails within me”: Bradford, Lee the American, 212.
165 “frugal and thrifty”: Ibid.
166 Lee’s duties at the War Department: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 302.
167 As usual, his work progressed: Ibid., 306.
167 “The Cuban revolutionary junta”: Ibid.
167 Daily labor overseeing: Ibid.
169 “We must not for our own pleasure”: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, January 2, 1851, quoted in Emory Thomas, Robert E. Lee (New York: Norton, 1995), 148.
169 Baltimore was full of Lee: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 309.
169 The Lees participated: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 10.
169 Lee had in fact gone to a good deal: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 309.
169 Here, at last, was an area: Ibid.
169 At first his grades: Ibid., 310.
170 “deeply humiliated”: Ibid.
170 Lee wrote to his son, “Dearest Mr. Boo”: New York Times, April 14, 1918, sec. VII, 5.
171 “We came home on a Wednesday”: Robert E. Lee to G.W. C. Lee, December 28, 1851, Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 76–77.
172 “Nothing was needed to assure”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 314.
173 “I learn with much regret”: Henry Alexander White, Robert E. Lee (New York: Greenwood, 1969), 48.
174 “to receive a packet of socks”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 321.
175 “It was built of stone”: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 11–12.
175 A letter he wrote to “My Precious Annie”: Ibid., 15.
176 The cadets, seeing Lee: Ibid., 13.
178 Lee was spared any such trouble: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 333.
178 Lee may have wished: Ibid., 334.
179 “I fear the Genl”: Robert E. Lee to Markie, June 29, 1854, quoted in Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 158.
179 The joke here: Allan Peskin, Winfield Scott and the Profession of Arms (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2003), 140–1.
181 “What is the excuse”: William Montgomery Meigs, The Life of Thomas Hart Benton (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1904), 429.
182 He had called Mrs. Custis “Mother”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 328.
183 “May God give you strength”: Lee, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 18–19.
183 It is surely no accident: Paul Nagel, The Lees of Virginia: Seven Generations of an American Family (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 252.
184 “inculcating those principles”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 325.
184 “You must not infer”: Ibid., 341.
184 Lee considered discharging cadets: Ibid., 344, n24.
184 His pride in inspecting the first graduating class: Ibid., 329.
184 She brought several of the familiar: Mary P. Coulling, The Lee Girls (Winston-Salem, N.C.: Blair, 1987), 40.
185 The grounds and gardens: Ibid., 34.
185 The board of visitors: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 347.
186 Again and again small detachments: Ibid., 348–49.
186 “with his dying breath”: Ibid., 350.
187 Lee gained nothing: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 159.
188 The sheer tedium: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 362.
189 “These people give a world”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 364.
189 “Yesterday I returned”: Ibid.
191 “my feelings for my country”: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, August 4, 1856, Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 367.
191 “I saw nothing”: Ibid.
191 Mildred, who was four years younger: Nagel, The Lees of Virginia, 233.
191 That Edward Childe: Ibid., 234.
191 “The news came to me”: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, August 11, 1856, Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 80.
194 “I was much pleased”: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, December 27, 1856, Virginia Historical Society, Richmond.
196 “I have been out four days”: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, June 29, 1857, Virginia Historical Society, Richmond.
197 “In the day, the houses”: Robert E. Lee to Annie Lee, August 8, 1857, Virginia Historical Society, Richmond.
197 “adds more than years”: Nagel, The Lees of Virginia, 258.
198 “I can see that”: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 174, quoting a letter from Robert E. Lee to A. S. Johnston, Howard-Tilton Library, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
199 He had already had the thankless task: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 164.
199 Each of these places: Ibid., 175.
200 “I can see little prospect”: Pryor, Reading the Man, 262.
201 Custis generously sent his father: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 384.
203 Slaves were no longer needed: Lisa Kraus, John Bedell, and Charles LeeDecker, “Joseph Bruin and the Slave Trade,” June 2007, 1–5, 17.
204 “the general impression”: Pryor, Reading the Man, 260.
205 The Lees themselves complained: Ibid., 268.
206 “were apprehended and thrown into prison”: Pryor, Reading the Man, 260.
208 Although these letters: Robert E. Lee to Custis Lee, July 2, 1859, Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 102.
208 After Norris’s account appeared: Pryor, Reading the Man, 272; Robert E. Lee to E. S. Quirk, April 13, 1866, quoted in Michael Fellman, The Making of Robert E. Lee (New York: Random House, 2000), 67.
209 far from being unusual: Pryor, Reading the Man, 273.
209 “by the French Minister at Washington”: Ibid., 261.
210 His military career: Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography, Vol. 1, 393.
210 He left Arlington: Ibid., 405.
CHAPTER 6 1861—“The Thunder of the Captains and the Shouting”
211 “The thunder of the captains”: Job 39:25.
211 “He was a United States officer”: Douglas Southall Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: Scribner, 1934), Vol. 1, 404.
212 “gain the affection of your people”: Emory Thomas, Robert E. Lee (New York: Norton, 1995), 178.
213 From San Antonio: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 388.
213 His chief concern: Ibid., 405.
213 Another of Lee’s concerns: Ibid., 407.
214 Lee was perfectly willing: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 407.
214 “For the attainment of this object”: Reverend J. William Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee: Soldier and Man (New York: Neale, 1906), 112.
214 “A divided heart”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 411.
215 “You know I was very much”: Robert E. Lee to Annie Lee, August 27, 1860, quoted in Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 184
215 This was not exactly a midlife crisis: Ibid., 185.
215 “leave politics to the politicians”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 412.
215 Many of Lee’s own officers: Ibid., 413.
216 “Politicians,” Lee concluded: Robert E. Lee to Major Van Dorn, July 3, 1860, Debutts-Ely Collection, Library of Congress.
217 Four days after Lincoln’s election: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 413.
217 “Let me tell you”: Wikipedia, “Sam Houston,” 5.
217 “I hope, however, the wisdom”: Robert E. Lee to Custis Lee, December 14, 1860, Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 118–19.
219 “hold on to specie”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 417.
219 “to suffer these Views”: Ibid., 418.
220 “a man’s first allegiance”: Ibid.
220 replied abruptly: Ibid.
221 “I will not, however”: Robert E. Lee in letter home, January 23, 1861, Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 420.
221 To Custis, he wrote almost in despair: Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 120–1.
221 On January 26 Louisiana seceded: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 426.
222 Rightly assuming that he would: Ibid., 425.
222 “On the right of the entrance”: Robert E.
Lee to Agnes Lee, August 4, 1856, Debutts-Ely Collection, Library of Congress.
223 “I cannot be moved”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 429.
224 Though travel was excruciatingly difficult: Mary P. Coulling, The Lee Girls (Winston-Salem, N.C.: Blair, 1987), 76.
224 “I am told”: Ibid.
224 she returned at the end of the summer: Ibid., 77.
224 She was appalled: Ibid., 78.
224 Even when Mary Lee: Ibid., 80.
224 As state after state: Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 119–21.
225 He was determined to remain: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 90.
225 Mary Chesnut: C. Vann Woodward, ed., Mary Chesnut’s Civil War (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1981), 26.
226 On April 4: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 434.
226 “Now they have intercepted”: Woodward, Mary Chestnut’s Civil War, 45.
227 Two days later Fort Sumter surrendered: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 435.
227 Francis P. Blair had already: John Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (New York: Century, 1980), Vol. 4, 498.
228 Early in the morning: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 436.
228 “to enforce Federal law.” Ibid.
228 “I declined the offer”: Robert E. Lee to Reverdy Johnson, February 25, 1868, Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1924), 27–28.
229 “There are times”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, A Biography, Vol. 1, 28n.
229 “I must say that I am”: John S. Mosby, Memoirs of John S. Mosby, Charles S. Russell, ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1917), 379.
229 “I am unable to realize”: Frances Scott and Anne C. Webb, Who Is Markie? The Life of Martha Custis Williams Carter, Cousin and Confidante of Robert E. Lee (Berwyn Heights, Md.: Heritage, 2007), 132.
230 “I have the honor”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 440.
230 “Save in defense”: Ibid., 442.
230 When he was done: Ibid.
230 “I know you will blame me”: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 25–26.
231 “There is no man”: Michael Fellman, The Making of Robert E. Lee (New York: Random House, 2000), 90.
232 Never one to waste a minute: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 448.
232 “bald-headed, florid, and bottle-nosed”: Ibid., 463.
232 His letter to Lee: Ordinances Adopted by the Convention of Virginia in Secret Session in April and May, 1861, 9.
233 “Its foundations are laid”: Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the Civil War (New York: Da Capo, 1953), 43.
234 “his official rank or personal position”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 70.
235 Lee was given a small office: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 191.
235 four members: Ibid., 464.
236 “I hope we have heard”: Mosby, Memoirs of John S. Mosby, 379.
236 Finally, the doors were opened: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 465.
237 The Federal arsenal: Ibid., 473.
237 the Norfolk Navy Yard: Ibid., 474.
238 “40,000 troops”: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 194.
239 Although both he and Custis: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 85.
239 “You have to move”: Ibid., 86.
239 In the morning he rode over: Ibid.
239 The silver of the Lee and Custis families: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 61; Edmund Jennings Lee, Lee of Virginia, 1642–1892 (Philadelphia, 1895), 409–10; Coulling, The Lee Girls, 87.
240 The dashing Lieutenant: Scott and Webb, Who Is Markie? 133.
240 There is no question: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 87.
240 even at Ravensworth: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 30.
241 Her oldest son, Custis: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 89.
241 She went on at some length: Ibid., 88–89.
241 Sanford was sensible: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 195.
242 All homes would henceforth seem: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 32.
242 Deep and sincere: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 89.
242 “last ten years”: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, April 30, 1861, Fitzhugh Lee, General Lee (New York: University Society, 1894), 93.
242 A flurry of complaints: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 196; Boston Daily Advertiser, May 4, 1861; New York Times, May 4, 1861.
243 Even Mary Chesnut: Woodward, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 70–71.
243 “FOR SALVATION OF OUR CAUSE”: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 197.
244 Not everyone who saw him: Woodward, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 116.
245 At first Lee refused: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 197, quoting the Richmond Whig of June 7, 1861.
246 “I was at once attracted”: Walter Herron Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 1861–1865 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 21–22.
246 Lee, Taylor commented: Ibid., 25.
247 Taylor’s admiration for Lee: Ibid., 6.
247 Governor Letcher and the convention: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 492.
249 “COLONEL: Under authority”: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Series I, Vol. LI, Part 2 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1897), 92.
250 sound military advice: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Series I, Vol. II (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880), 793–94.
252 Keeping a firm rein: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 518.
252 The defense of Richmond: Ibid., 519.
252 From Richmond, Garnett’s job: Le Comte de Paris, History of the Civil War in America (Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1886), Vol. 1, 221.
253 In less than a month: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 522.
254 “I should like to retire”: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, June 8, 1861, quoted in Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 527.
255 Although Davis held Lee in “esteem”: Ibid., 516.
256 There has been conjecture: Ibid., 527.
257 “in a miserable condition”: The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Vol. II, 236.
257 Garnett had fewer than 5,000 men: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 532–33.
257 He carried out a textbook attack: Ibid., 533.
258 McClellan’s victory: Ibid., 535.
258 The New York Herald: Carl Sandburg, Storm over the Land: A Profile of the Civil War Taken Mainly from Abraham Lincoln: The War Years (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1942), 62.
259 “My movements are very uncertain”: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 36.
259 Eighteen days later: Ibid.
260 From Kinloch: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 89.
260 Lee sent a young man: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 36.
260 Her daughter Mildred: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 90.
260 Mary’s maid Selina: Scott and Webb, Who Is Markie? 134–35.
261 And true to form: Colonel Vincent J. Esposito, The West Point Atlas of the American Wars, 1689–1900 (New York: Praeger, 1959), Vol. 1, see text accompanying map 19.
263 “You are green”: Edwin C. Bearrs, Fields of Honor (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2006), 35.
263 McDowell himself had never: Wikipedia, “Irvin McDowell,” 1.
263 Even the date of McDowell’s advance: Bearrs, Fields of Honor, 35.
264 Apart from that: Ibid.
264 McDowell’s first mistake: Confederate Military History: A Library of Confederate States History, Clement Anselm Evans, ed. (Atlanta, Ga.: Confederate Publishing, 1899), Vol. 3, 107.
265 Flowing from west: Barbara Tuchman, The Guns of August (New York: Library of America, 2012), 29.
266 Bee, impressed by Jackson’s: Sarah Nicholas Randolph, The Life of Stonewall Jackson (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1876), 86.
267 “We have whipped them”: Hunter McGuire, M.D., “An Address at the Dedica
tion of Jackson Memorial Hall, Virginia Military Institute, July 9, 1897” (R. E. Lee Camp, No. 1, 1897), 6.
267 “no preparations whatever”: David Detzer, Donnybrook: The Battle of Bull Run (Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 2004), 486.
267 Even Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton: Frank Abial Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton: The Autocrat of Rebellion (Akron, Ohio: Saalfield, 1905), 109.
268 “pouring through this place”: John G. Nicolay and John Hay, “Abraham Lincoln: A History,” Century Illustrated Magazine (New York: Century, 1888), Vol. 36, 288.
269 All that was missing: George Francis Robert Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War (New York: Longmans, Green, 1900), Vol. 1, 154.
269 Mary Lee and her girls: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 91.
269 The next day, in the pouring rain: Ibid.
270 “The empty saddle”: Woodward, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 106–7.
270 He also broke the news: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 37.
270 The military situation: R. Lockwood Tower, ed., Lee’s Adjutant: The Wartime Letters of Colonel Walter Herron Taylor, 1862–1865 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995), 7.
271 Lee’s own position: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 541.
272 He would write to Mary: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, August 4, 1861, Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 38–39.
272 Brigadier General Henry R. Jackson: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 543–44.
272 “jaded and galled”: Ibid., 544.
275 “Our troops, I know”: Ibid., 556, n5.
276 “had lived with gentle people”: Ibid., 552.
278 The attack was set: Ibid., 565.
279 “the right branch of the Elkwater Fork”: Ibid., 568.
279 Curiously enough: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 46–47.
280 On September 19 Lee rode: Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 31.
281 The Richmond Examiner dismissed: James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 302.
281 “I am sorry, as you say”: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 51.
284 His original name was: “General Robert E. Lee’s War Horses: Traveller and Lucy Long,” Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. 18, January-December 1890, 388–91.
284 The Broun brothers: Ibid.
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