Long, A. L. (aide), 338, 353, 463, 464; Battle of Fredericksburg, 499, 499n; Battle of Gettysburg and Longstreet’s role in, 545, 548, 562, 565, 567, 569, 572, 573, 585; Battle of Second Manassas and, 429, 430, 432, 444, 447, 452; on Grant’s war of attrition, 636; on Jackson’s death, 514; on Lee’s character, 482; on Lee’s decisiveness, 293; on Lee’s devotion to his troops, 634; straggler and pig story, 481–82
Longstreet, James, 37, 42, 268, 314, 338, 340, 380, 403, 407, 408, 421, 429, 434, 475; Anderson’s letter to, 551; Appomattox and, 650–52, 653, 658, 659; Battle of Antietam, 477, 482, 483, 484; Battle of Chickamauga, 610; Battle of Frayser’s Farm, 381–82, 383; Battle of Fredericksburg, 496, 500, 502–3; Battle of Gaines’s Mill and, 361, 362, 363, 369, 371–72; Battle of Gettysburg, controversial exchange with Lee, 559–61, 560n;
Longstreet, James Battle of Gettysburg, loss of blamed on, 533, 534, 552, 559–60, 567, 568, 577–78, 577n, 590, 681; Battle of Gettysburg and, 524, 525–26, 542–45, 546, 547, 549, 550, 551, 559–61, 565–67, 566n, 568–70, 571–72, 573–74, 575, 575n, 576–77, 579, 580, 581, 583–88, 589, 591–93, 595–96, 598, 599–600, 601, 604; Battle of Malvern Hill, 386–87, 388, 390, 392, 393; Battle of Mechanicsburg, 353, 354; Battle of Second Manassas and, 428, 435, 437, 439–51; Battle of Seven Pines, 325, 329; Battle of Wilderness, 620–21, 622; character of, 418n, 442, 444, 527, 545, 584n, 593; criticism of, 444, 526; criticism of Lee, 423–24; foraging for food, 507; Grant and, 533; Harrison’s Landing diversions by, 402, 406; horse, Hero, 550; on Jackson, 443–44; on Lee, 391, 530; Lee’s Council of War (June 23, 1862), 340–41; Lee’s council with at Gordonsville, 413–14, 415–16, 418n; Lee’s council with at Jefferston, 427; Lee’s orders at Second Manassas ignored, 442–43, 444, 445, 454; Lee’s orders to Stuart and, 539–40; Lee’s relationship with, 341, 467, 526–27, 545, 549, 604; Lines of advance by the Army of Northern Virginia (diagram), morning of July 1, 1862, 388; Maryland Campaign and, 464, 466, 470, 472–73; memoirs, 533, 545, 545n, 560, 568–70, 582, 622; Mexican War and, 154; as pessimist, 341; Pope’s escape from Lee’s trap and, 420–21, 420n; promotion to lieutenant general, 491; pursuit of Pope, 456; reinforcing Bragg, 609, 614; size of command, 430n; spy for, Harrison, 542–43; strategic differences with Lee, 464, 466, 470, 471, 472–73, 474, 485, 524, 525–26, 533, 559–61, 563, 576–77, 578, 583–84, 590; transfer back to Lee, 616; wounding at Battle of Wilderness, 623
Loring, William, 270–71, 271n, 274, 275–78, 279
“Lost Cause” school of thought, 37, 526, 559; Longstreet blamed for Gettysburg loss, 533, 544, 559, 568
Mackay, Eliza, 62
Mackay, Jack, 51, 73, 81
Madison, James, 14–15
Magruder, John B., 239, 252, 257, 303, 304, 305, 323, 398; Battle of Big Bethel, 256; Battle of Frayser’s Farm and, 381–82, 384; Battle of Malvern Hill and, 385, 387, 387n, 389, 392, 394; Battle of Savage’s Station, 377–79, 380, 381; defense of Richmond, 376; Jackson’s absence at Savage’s Station and, 377, 378, 379, 381; Lee’s rebuke of, 379; Lee’s remark after Malvern Hill, 394; Lines of advance by the Army of Northern Virginia, morning of July 1, 1862 (diagram), 388; ruse by, Battle of Gaines’s Mill, 360; at Yorktown, 306, 308, 309
Mahone, William, 650, 659, 388
Malvern Hill, Battle of, 252, 380, 383–84, 385–94, 385n, 386n, 387n, 393n, 402, 414; blame for loss, 681; casualties, 393n; Lee in bad temper at, 386, 387; Lee’s failure at, 393; Lines of advance by the Army of Northern Virginia, morning of July 1, 1862 (diagram), 388; Longstreet’s plan for “converging fire” at, 390; poor maps and, 387; Porter and, 385–86; rebel yell and, 391; slaughter of Confederate troops, 392, 393; Union gunboats and, 386, 386n
Manassas, Battles of. See Bull Run, First Battle of; Bull Run, Second Battle of
Manassas Gap Railroad, 262
Manassas Junction, 433
manifest destiny, 103
Mansfield, Joseph K., 53, 483
Marcy, William L., 179
Marshall, Anne Lee (sister), 46, 169, 219n, 422; Lee’s resignation from U.S. Army and, 230–31
Marshall, Charles (secretary), 353, 519, 529, 539, 542, 545, 562, 655, 660, 672; at surrender, 663–64, 665, 668–69
Marshall, George C., 251, 640n
Marshall, Louis (nephew), 219n, 422
Marshall, William (brother-in-law), 46, 219n
Martinsburg, Battle of, 532
Maryland Campaign, 460–86; approach to Sharpsburg (diagram), 466; Battle of Antietam, 475–85; Lee’s line of communication, 463–64, 465, 470, 472; Lee’s plan to attack Harper’s Ferry, 465–66, 467; Lee’s proclamation, 461; Lee’s strategic errors in, 462, 464, 470–71, 475, 485; Lee’s strategy, 473; Lee suggests peace proposal, 461–62, 473; Lee’s underestimation of McClellan, 464–65, 472; march to Hagerstown, 463–64, 471; as political disaster, 486; Special Orders, No. 191, 468–70, 474
Maryland Volunteers (state militia), xxvii–xxviii
Mason, Charles, 34, 37, 43
Mason, James Murray, xxxv–xxxvi
Massaponax Church, Battle of, 408
Mayo, Robert, 40
McCarty, Elizabeth (“Betsy”), 39, 40
McClellan, George B., 263n, 301, 314n; in Alexandria, 437, 454; Army of the Potomac command, 258, 298–99; assault on Richmond and, 289, 343; bases, White House and West Point, 328, 337, 346, 374; Battle of Antietam, 475–85; Battle of Bull Run (First) and, 267; Battle of Gaines’s Mill and, 360, 362, 373–74; Battle of Malvern Hill and, 380, 385; Battle of Mechanicsburg, great blunder of, 358–59; Battle of Oak Grove and, 343–44; Battle of Seven Pines and, 325, 328; biggest amphibious landing in the history of warfare, 305–6; Burnside replaces (November, 1862), 492; caution and procrastination of, 293, 345, 358, 398–99, 401, 422, 438, 467–68, 490–91; character of, 345, 463; Chickahominy river, error at, 321–22; Civil War and, 256; contempt for Pope, 438, 438n, 452; flaws of leadership, 257, 258, 301, 306, 314; Halleck and, 400, 401; at Harrison’s Landing, VA, 397, 398, 402, 408; headquarters, Haxall’s Landing, 380; Jackson’s march known to, 350; Lee’s Maryland Campaign and, 464–65; Lee’s opinion of, 345, 471; Lee’s request that his wife and daughters be allowed to join him, 316–17; Lee’s Special Orders, No. 191 obtained by, 468, 470, 474; Lincoln and, 299, 339, 373–74, 462; map, defensive disposition of Johnston’s army and the approach of McClellan, 319; Mexican War and, 141, 151, 154; military ability of, 477, 492; misjudgment of Lee, 293, 478; move of army to Northern Virginia, 413; “the Napoleon of the Present War,” 258; observation balloons used by, 355; opinion of Lincoln, 293; Peninsula Campaign and, 304–8, 314–15, 321–22, 332, 335; pessimism of, 438; poor military intelligence and overestimation of enemy’s strength, 333, 339, 345, 360–61, 374, 401, 438, 464–65; presidential bid of (1864), 634–35, 638; replaces McDowell, 270, 277; replaces Pope, 460–61;
McClellan, George B.retreat from Gaines’s Mills, 375, 376, 379, 380; siege, preference for, 321, 328, 331; siege of Richmond planned, 328, 329, 343; size of force, 401; Stuart’s penetration of lines, 335–37; tendency to want a perfect army, 464, 464n; Western Virginia Campaign, 273
McDowell, Battle of (Singleton Hill), 312
McDowell, Irvin, 241, 257, 261, 262–63, 263n, 268, 322, 398; abandonment of Thoroughfare Gap, 433; attack on Richmond and, 309, 400; First Battle of Bull Run and, 263, 265–69, 433, 440; mistakes at Bull Run, 264–65; Pope’s army and, 406; replaced by McClellan, 270, 277; Second Battle of Bull Run and, 439
McLaws, Lafayette, 474, 479, 520, 562, 567, 570, 576, 577, 578, 584
McLean, Wilmer, 663, 669n
McMurtry, Larry, 190n
Meade, George G., 125n; Appomattox Court House and, 663; Battle of Chancellorsville, 510; Battle of Gettysburg, 134n, 542, 543, 544, 546, 548, 553, 574, 578, 579, 580, 581, 593, 594, 601; Battle of the Crater, 636; character of, 544; command of Army of the Potomac, 541, 544, 617n; inactivity after Gettysburg, 611; Lee following surrender and, 672; Mexican War and, 154
Mechanicsville, VA, 318, 321, 323, 338
Mechanicsville
(Battle of Beaver Dam Creek), Battle of, 338, 341, 343, 348, 349–59, 352, 373, 402; casualties, 358; McClellan’s blunder and outcome of battle, 358–59
Meigs, Montgomery C.: Capitol dome and, 83; Federal government’s takeover of Arlington and, 84n; Mississippi channel project and Lee, 83–84, 84n, 89; as quartermaster general, Union army, 83
Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department (H. Lee), 12–13, 17, 689
“Mending Wall” (Frost), 587
Mexican War, 103–55; annexation of California and New Mexico, 108; approach to Churubusco (diagram), 142; attempts to reach Mexico City, 106, 108, 112, 115, 117; Battle for Mexico City, 145–54; Battle of Buena Vista, 121, 131; Battle of Cerro Gordo, 133–38, 133, 134n, 138n, 275; Battle of Molino del Ray, 151–53; Battle of Monterey, 110, 112; Battle of Palo Alto, 106, 112; Battle of Resaca de la Palma, 106, 112; Battle of Saltillo, 113; Brazos and, 123; casualties, 129, 138; cause of conflict, 104, 105; Chihuahua and, 112, 113; eight-week armistice, 110; Fort San Juan de Ulúa, 114, 117, 125, 127; future Civil War generals in, 125, 154; harbor of Vera Cruz, 114, 117; “the largest amphibious invasion yet attempted in history” and, 117; Lee in (see Lee, Robert E.); Lee on justice of, 104; Mexican army, size of, 131n; San Patricio (St. Patrick) Battalion, 148, 153; Scott-Taylor quarrel, 122–23; Siege and Battle of Vera Cruz, 126–30; smoke from musket fire and, 129; Tampico, 124; “Thornton affair,” 105; U.S. weaponry in, 106; Vera Cruz expedition, 123–29; yellow fever threat and, 124, 127, 130. See also Scott, Gen. Winfield
Mexico: bandits raiding Texas, 188, 213–14; demands for compensation, 105; independence of Texas and, 105; National Highway of, 130, 132; political chaos in, 104, 105; size of, 107; U.S. seizure of territory, 103–4
Milroy, R. H., 311, 312
Mississippi River: Civil War and, 524, 601; cost of channel projects, 89; Des Moines Rapids, 85, 92; “Great Steamboat Race” (1870), 95–96, 96n; Lee’s channel projects and, 82–95; Lee’s innovative approach, 85–86, 87, 88–89; Lee’s place in history and, 88; Rock Island Rapids, 85, 92; Saint Louis harbor and, 82–83, 86–95
Moltke, Helmuth Karl von, 442
Monroe, James, 23, 68
Montgomery, Bernard, 265, 342n, 545n, 574n, 618n
Monticello, VA, 77
Moore, Albert Burton, 643
Morales, Juan, 127, 129
Morris, Robert, 12
Mosby, John S. “Gray Ghost,” 335, 408, 690, 690n
Mount Vernon, VA, 56, 77, 288
Napoleon Bonaparte, 326, 359n, 397, 404, 411, 424, 443, 443n, 454n, 478, 493n, 512, 582, 652n; artillery and, 75, 76; Austerlitz and, 377, 426; basic lessons of Napoleon’s generalship, 35; Battle of Borodino, 75; books on, 34–35; coup d’oeil de génie, 134; death of, 326; furia francese and, 42; “Le courage de deux heures du matin,” 342n; Lee’s study of, xxiv, 34–35, 185, 293; Leipzig and, 426; at Lodi, 372; “Ordre, contre-ordre, désordre.,” 145, 145n; Saumur Cavalry School and, 179, 179n; un feu d’enfer, or hellfire, 590
Native Americans: Apache, 107, 188; Comanches, 104, 107, 188–89, 196, 213, 215; Grattan Massacre, 186; hostilities with U.S. Army, 186; Kiowa, 188, 215; Lakota Sioux, 186; Lee’s command of the Second Cavalry and, 188–91, 196, 197; Lee’s views on, 86, 189; pushed westward by Europeans, 4; raids on settlers, 188
Newby, Dangerfield, xxix
New Orleans, 308, 520
Newport News, VA, 253, 259
New York City, 28; British occupation of, 97; fortresses in, 60; Lee’s family house in, 99; Lee stationed at Fort Hamilton, 97–102
New York Herald, xxxv, 257–58
New York Times, 227; “Grapevine Bridge,” 377n; on McClellan’s successful retreat, 394–95
New York Tribune: Battle of Gaines’s Mill and, 371–73; Battle of Gettysburg and, 594; letters to the editor about Lee’s treatment of slave, 206–8, 209
Ninety-Third Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 222
Nolan, Alan T., 423
Norris, Mary, 206, 209
Norris, Wesley, 206, 208, 209
North Anna, Battle of, 627
Northern Virginia and Maryland Campaigns, 408. See Maryland Campaign
Oak Grove, Battle of, 343–44, 345
Oblomov (Goncharov), 165n
Orange and Alexandria Railroad, 248, 280, 413, 417, 427, 493
Orange Court House, VA, 406, 410
Ord, Edward, 656, 665, 669n
Ox Hill (Chantilly), Battle of, 457–58; death of Gen. Kearny and, 457–58
Page, Charles, 371–73
Paris, VA, 533, 535
Parker, Ely, 665–66, 669
Patterson. Robert, 131, 136, 259, 261, 262
Patton, George, 343–44, 343n
Pemberton, John C., 528, 601
Pender, William Dorsey, 358, 554, 584
Pendleton, William, 479, 596, 653, 654, 658
Peninsula Campaign, 304–9, 313–15, 321–22, 332, 335, 408; at the Chicahominy River, 321; Johnston’s abandonment of Yorktown and, 313, 314; Lee’s strategy to counter, 332; tactical problems of, 307–8, 308n. See also Seven Days Battles
Peter, Walter G., 608
Petersburg, VA: Agnes Lee visits, 645, 647; defense lines of, 76, 399; Lee’s headquarters, 485; Lee’s nobility at, 633–34; siege of, 632, 635, 642; Third Battle of, 646–47
Pettigrew, James J., 548, 550, 589, 600–601
Philippi, Battle of, 252, 257
Phillips, Wendell, xl
Pickett, George E., 690; accusation against Lee, 690; Battle of Gettysburg and, 547, 562, 566, 580, 581, 589–90, 591, 595, 654; Mexican War and, 154; relieved of command, 654–55
Pierce, Franklin, 179; failure to win nomination for second term, 193; Missouri Compromise repeal and, 181, 193–94; slavery issue and, 181, 182, 193
Pillow, Gideon, 135, 136, 138, 145
Pinkerton, Allan, 333, 374, 509
Pleasanton, Alfred, 531
Polk, James, 115; commander for Mexican invasion chosen, 115–16; declaration of war against Mexico and, 105; flaws of leadership, 112; Mexican War and, 112, 122, 131, 136, 140–41, 149; prelude to war and, 105; Santa Anna and, 113; seaborne invasion of Mexico and, 115; Slidell sent to Mexico City, 105
Polk, Leonidas, 33, 184
Pope, John, 398, 399, 400–401, 452; attack on Virginia Central Railroad, 400; Banks’s division, 407–8; cavalry patrols, 430, 433; draconic orders, 399, 430; escape from Lee’s trap, 420–21, 426; forces at river junction, 417–18, 417; Jackson’s advance on, 400, 401, 402, 406–7, 408, 409, 410, 413; Lee’s contempt for, 398, 399, 405, 430; Lee’s orders to suppress, 405; Lee’s plan of attack given to, 420; Lee’s pursuit of, 421, 426, 428, 431–32, 455, 459; loss of papers, 422; pursuit of Jackson, 434–35; reinforcements for, 413; Second Battle of Bull Run, 447–48, 452; Second Battle of Bull Run, errors, 437, 438, 439–40, 440n, 447, 448; Second Battle of Bull Run, retreat from, 456–57; sent to Minnesota, 460; size of force, 401; supply base at Manassas Junction, loss of, 431, 434
Porter, Fitz John, 316, 338, 345, 360, 364, 452; Battle of Gaines’s Mill, 361, 362, 363, 364–65, 371–73; Battle of Malvern Hill, 385–86, 389, 392, 393; Battle of Mechanicsburg, 351, 353, 355, 357, 358, 359; on Pope, 399; Second Battle of Bull Run and, 439, 440, 440n, 448–49, 450
Porter, Horace, 667
Princeton University (College of New Jersey), 7
Pryor, Elizabeth Brown, 160n, 205
Raccoon Ford, VA, 419–20, 420n
Randolph, John, 68
Rapidan and the Rappahannock rivers, 417, 618; map, 417; Pope’s forces at junction of, 417, 418
Rapidan River, 309, 405, 418–19, 421, 508, 509, 616, 617, 618, 619, 621,623; Ely’s Ford, 509; Meade north of, 613; Raccoon Ford, 418. See also Chancellorsville, Battle of
Rappahannock River, 309, 418, 427, 430, 491, 508, 508, 524, 618; Deep Run Creek, 498, 502, 530; destruction of bridges, 493; Hooker and, 507, 508, 509; United States Ford, 509. See also Chancellorsville, Battle of; Fredericksburg, Battle of
Rappahannock Station, 418, 421
&n
bsp; Ravensworth, 19, 24, 45, 61; Ann Hill Carter Lee’s burial at, 45; Lee’s honeymoon and, 61–62; Mary Lee and Arlington contents at, 240–41
Reading the Man (Pryor), 160n, 205
Reagan, John H., 323, 324
Republican Party, 193, 533; “Black Republicans,” 215; Lincoln’s election, 215–16
Revolutionary War, xli–xlii, 245; Lee’s connections to, 44; Light-Horse Harry Lee in, 7–9; surrender of Cornwallis, 9; Virginia and, 212, 212n; West Point and, 29–30
Reynolds, J. J., 272, 278, 279, 282
Reynolds, John F., 553
Richmond, VA: Burnside’s advance, 493; as CSA capital, problems with, 243–44, 307, 332; defensive works of, 76, 166, 185, 318, 329, 399; destruction by citizens of, 648; evacuation of, 647; Federal occupation of, 648, 675, 678; illness in, 414; Johnston’s strategy for protecting, 306–7, 313; Lee home in, 641–42, 648, 673, 675, 678; Lee living in Spotswood Hotel, 232, 243, 254, 261, 270; Lee’s defense of (1864), 628, 639; Lee’s order to General Huger and, 357–58; Lee’s strategy for protecting, 301, 303–4; Lee’s visit, post-war, 691; Lee’s wife and family in occupied city, 648; map, defensive disposition of Johnston’s army and the approach of McClellan, 319; McClellan’s advances on, 319, 321, 322, 327, 329, 336, 338, 343, 376, 491; as “one immense hospital,” 489; railroads and defense of, 303; as ruined city, 673, 675, 678; Sheridan’s raid on, 625; siege of, 635, 638; Spotswood Hotel, 232, 243, 254, 261, 269–70; troops defending, number of, 345; Virginia Central Railroad and, 400; vulnerability of, 244, 248–49, 252, 293, 318, 332, 404
Richmond Dispatch, 692
Richmond Examiner, 281
Rich Mountain, Battle of, 257–58
Riley, Bennett, 137, 138
Ripley, Roswell S., 358
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