Chapter 4: Creeling and Other Activities That Make Philip Dru Unhappy
1. Kennedy, Over Here, 65; and Mock and Larson,Words That Won the War, 73, 228.
2. George Creel, Rebel at Large (New York, 1947), 161; and Vaughn, Holding Fast the Inner Lines, 221–222.
3. Kennedy, Over Here, 71.
4. Vaughn, Holding Fast the Inner Lines, 197–198.
5. Tebbel and Watts, The Press and the Presidency, 383.
6. New York Times, July 7 and August 12, 1917; and Baker,Woodrow Wilson, vol. 7,War Leader, 143. In a postwar defense of the CPI, Creel printed the U.S. Navy’s official report of the voyage, which mentioned several attacks and evidence (debris, oil) of one submarine destroyed by a depth charge. He also reprinted newspaper stories quoting enlisted men who claimed six submarines had been sunk. Captain George C. Marshall, who was aboard one of the ships, makes no mention of a sustained submarine assault in his memoir of his World War I days. One is forced to wonder if the navy’s report was “improved” (George Creel, How We Advertised America [New York, 1920], 28–41).
7. Ronald Schaffer, America in the Great War (New York, 1991), 98–104; Coffman, The War to End All Wars, 80–81, 132–133; and Christopher Capozzola, “The Only Badge Needed Is Your Patriotic Fervor: Vigilance, Coercion and the Law in World War I America,” Journal of American History 88, no. 4 (March 2002): 1370–1373. Capozzola tells of one woman who was given an indefinite term in the Sherburne Reformatory for Women in Massachusetts when the Protective Bureau found her living with a soldier.
8. Smythe, Pershing: General of the Armies, 31–32. One cynical Frenchman reportedly declared, “We will fight until not a single Belgian remains on French soil.”
9. Richard O’Connor, Black Jack Pershing: A Candid Biography of America’s First Six Star General Since George Washington (New York, 1961), 171.
10. Richard Goldhurst, Pipe Clay and Drill: John J. Pershing, the Classic American Soldier (New York, 1977), 279–280.
11. Ibid., 281.
12. O’Connor, Black Jack Pershing, 185.
13. Mead, The Doughboys, 67–68.
14. Smythe, Pershing: General of the Armies, 33–34.
15. Baker,Woodrow Wilson, vol. 7,War Leader, 133–134, 149, 151. Margaret L. Coit, Mr. Baruch (New York, 1957), 165–174.
16. Washington Post, July 17, 1917.
17. Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 53–54; and Baker, Woodrow Wilson, vol. 7, War Leader, 187–189.
18. Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 55–56.
19. Ibid., 57.
20. Baker,Woodrow Wilson, vol. 7,War Leader, 109–110.
21. Ibid., 181–183.
22. Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 58.
23. Ibid., 59–60.
24. Ibid., 60–61.
25. Gardner, Safe for Democracy, 143.
26. Ibid., 144.
27. PWW, 44:20; and Gardner, Safe for Democracy, 143–144.
28. PWW, 44:21–22.
29. PWW, 44:57–58.
30. PWW, 44:83.
31. Gardner, Safe for Democracy, 146.
32. Steel,Walter Lippmann and the American Century, 127–129.
33. PWW, 44:49.
34. Frederick C. Luebke, Bonds of Loyalty: German Americans and World War I (DeKalb, Ill., 1974), 244.
35. Ibid., 234–235.
36. Ibid., 234–240.
37. Ibid., 248–249.
38. Ibid., 241–242.
39. Ibid., 258–259; and Chambers, To Raise an Army, 216.
40. Melvin Dubofsky, We Shall Be All: A History of the IWW, the Industrial Workers of the World (Chicago, 1969), 368–376.
41. Ibid., 355; and Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 49.
42. Dubofsky,We Shall Be All, 355.
43. Capozzola,“The Only Badge Needed,” 1366–1367.
44. Dubofsky,We Shall Be All, 384–387; and Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 55.
45. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 60; and Patrick Renshaw, The Wobblies: The Story of Syndicalism in the United States (New York, 1967), 205.
46. Dubofsky,We Shall Be All, 393–395; and Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 57–59.
47. Dubofsky,We Shall Be All, 406–407.
48. Case and La Follette, Robert M. La Follette, 755–757.
49. Ibid., 760.
50. Ibid., 766–767.
51. Ibid., 767–768.
52. Ibid., 770.
53. New York Times, October 5, 1917; and Case and La Follette, Robert M. La Follette, 780–784.
54. Case and La Follette, Robert M. La Follette, 789.
55. Edward J. Renehan, Jr., The Lion’s Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War (New York, 1998), 132–134.
56. Ibid., 134–135.
57. Morton Keller, ed., Theodore Roosevelt: A Profile (New York, 1967), 140; and Flora Miller Biddle Collection of letters between Quentin and Flora (hereafter cited as FMB).
58. FMB, May 12, 1917.
59. FMB, May 28, 1917.
60. Renehan, The Lion’s Pride, 139.
61. Sylvia Jukes Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady (New York, 1980), 354.
62. Derby Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University, July 24, 1917 (hereafter cited as Derby Papers).
63. Derby Papers, July 19, 1917.
64. Renehan, The Lion’s Pride, 144.
65. Ted Morgan, FDR:A Biography (New York, 1985), 192.
66. Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 339.
67. Ibid., 160–162.
68. Morgan, FDR, 203–206; and Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 364–366.
69. Morgan, FDR, 205.
70. Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 373–374.
71. Ibid., 372.
72. Hagedorn, Leonard Wood, 214.
73. Ibid., 215, 224.
74. Ibid., 230.
75. Ibid., 235–236.
76. Ibid., 242–243.
77. Ibid., 243–244.
78. Smythe, Pershing: General of the Armies, 51.
79. Ibid., 43.
80. Gene Smith, Until the Last Trumpet Sounds: The Life of General of the Armies John J. Pershing (New York, 1998), 173.
81. Smythe, Pershing: General of the Armies, 296–297.
82. John A. Garraty, Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography (New York, 1953), 176.
83. Constance Gardner, ed., Some Letters of Augustus Peabody Gardner (Boston, 1920), 41.
84. Garraty, Henry Cabot Lodge, 339; and Gardner, Some Letters, 110.
85. Gardner, Some Letters, 122–124.
86. Ibid., 126.
87. Smythe, Pershing: General of the Armies, 55.
88. Ibid., 54–55.
89. Coffman, The War to End All Wars, 250.
90. Smythe, Pershing: General of the Armies, 56.
91. Coffman, The War to End All Wars, 139–40; and Smythe, Pershing: General of the Armies, 59.
92. Smythe, Pershing: General of the Armies, 57–58.
93. Frank E. Vandiver, Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing (College Station, Tex., 1977), 862.
94. Smythe, Pershing: General of the Armies, 69.
Chapter 5: Seeds of the Apocalypse
1. Mikhail Heller and Aleksandr M. Nekrich, Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present, translated from the Russian by Phyllis B. Carlos (New York, 1986), 34–36; and Peter Kenz, The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917–1929 (Cambridge, Mass., 1985), 29–32.
2. George F. Kennan, Russia Leaves the War (Princeton, 1956), 31, 75–76. The decree was personally drafted by Lenin and did not even mention the United States, calling England, France and Germany “the three mightiest states taking part in the present war.”
3. Ibid., 75–76.
4. Ibid., 78–79; and Gardner, Safe for Democracy, 149–150.
5. PWW, 45:39.
6. Kennan, Russia Leaves the War, 88–89.
7. Ibid., 92–93. Steel,Walter Lippmann, 132, calls the
revelation “a calamity for Wilson.”
8. Ibid., 136–137.
9. Ibid., 144.
10. Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 3:286.
11. Kenneth Young, Arthur James Balfour (London, 1963), 478.
12. PWW, 44:324.
13. Ibid., 44:371.
14. Ibid., 44:391.
15. Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 3:279; and Baker, Woodrow Wilson, vol. 7, War Leader, 379.
16. Baker,Woodrow Wilson, vol. 7,War Leader, 389.
17. PWW, 45:194–199; and Steel,Walter Lippmann, 132.
18. Baker,Woodrow Wilson, vol. 7,War Leader, 390–391.
19. PWW, 45:202.
20. Baker,Woodrow Wilson, vol. 7,War Leader, 391 n.
21. Sigmund Freud and William C. Bullitt, Thomas Woodrow Wilson: A Psychological Study (Boston, 1967), 200–201.
22. Edward Berenson, The Trial of Madame Caillaux (Los Angeles, 1992), 71–87, 214–247.
23. Watt, Dare Call It Treason, 140–141.
24. Severance Johnson, The Enemy Within (New York, 1919), 56–58; and Watt, Dare Call It Treason, 141.
25. Johnson, The Enemy Within, 62ff; and Watt, Dare Call It Treason, 135–137.
26. Watt, Dare Call It Treason, 142–143.
27. Ibid., 137–138, 263–264.
28. Ibid., 143–145.
29. Gregor Dallas, At the Heart of a Tiger: Clemenceau and His World, 1831–1929 (New York, 1993), 486–491; see also 504–505 for timing of arrests.
30. Ibid., 407, 494.
31. Ibid., 501–502. See also the account in Johnson, The Enemy Within, 201. He stresses the French Socialist reaction to the Bolshevik takeover in Russia, which heightened the tension in Paris.
32. Watt, Dare Call It Treason, 289.
33. Dallas, Heart of a Tiger, 506.
34. Johnson, The Enemy Within, 218–220.
35. Creel, How We Advertised America, 45–46.
36. Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 64–65.
37. Ibid., 68.
38. Richard Norton Smith, An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover (New York, 1984), 87–89.
39. Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 68–69.
40. Ibid., 70.
41. Ibid., 71; and Coffman, The War to End All Wars, 38–40.
42. Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 75–76.
43. Ibid., 72.
44. Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 3:316–318; and Kennan, Russia Leaves the War, 254. The Bolsheviks had warned the Allied governments that if they did not join in an immediate peace conference, the working classes “will be faced with the iron necessity of wresting power” from them.
45. Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 3:322.
46. Ibid., 3:324–325.
47. House Diary, January 19, 1918.
48. Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 3:341.
49. Case and La Follette, Robert M. La Follette, 838; and PWW, 45:534–535.
50. Kennan, Russia Leaves the War, 254–256.
51. PWW, 45:534–539.
52. Ibid.
53. Garraty, Henry Cabot Lodge, 340; and Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 3:344–345.
54. Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 3:345–346; and Kennan, Russia Leaves the War, 261–262.
55. Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 82–83.
56. Kennedy, Over Here, 124–125.
57. Baker,Woodrow Wilson, vol. 7,War Leader, 480–481.
58. Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 89.
59. Sheldon Bernard Avery, A Private Civil War: The Controversy Between George E. Chamberlain and Woodrow Wilson, M. A. thesis (University of Oregon, 1967), 3.
60. Ibid., 73–74.
61. Ibid., 79.
62. Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 96.
63. Avery, A Private Civil War, 80–81.
64. Diary of Colonel House, January 17, 1918.
65. Ibid., January 20, 1918.
66. Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 96.
67. Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt: A Life (New York, 1992), 558.
68. George C. Marshall, Memoirs of My Services in the World War 1917–18 (Boston, 1976), 18; Mead, The Doughboys, 153; and Smythe, Pershing: General of the Armies, 66.
69. Smythe, Pershing: General of the Armies, 66–68.
70. O’Connor, Black Jack Pershing, 204.
71. Heywood Broun, The A.E. F. with General Pershing and His Forces (New York, 1918), 92–93.
72. O’Connor, Black Jack Pershing, 167; and Smythe, Pershing: General of the Armies, 69.
73. Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 3:310.
74. Smythe, Pershing: General of the Armies, 71–72.
75. Ibid., 74–77.
76. Harbord, The American Army in France, 193.
77. Smythe, Pershing: General of the Armies, 79.
78. Harbord, American Army in France, 190.
79. PWW 42:504; New York Times, November 21 and 22, 1917; and New Republic, December 22, 1917, 214.
80. Larry Wayne Ward, The Motion Picture Goes to War: The U.S. Government Film Effort During World War I (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1985), 118–119. Goldstein’s sentence was commuted in 1920. He went back to Europe and made a number of movies in Germany. He was last heard from desperately trying to escape Hitler’s Third Reich in the mid-1930s.
81. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 151–152; and Capozzola,“The Only Badge Needed Is Your Patriotic Fervor,” 1363.
82. Kenneth S. Chern, “The Politics of Patriotism: War, Ethnicity and the New York Mayoral Campaign, 1917,” New York Historical Society Quarterly 62 (1979): 291–313.
83. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 163–164; Murphy,World War I and the Origins of Civil Liberties, 164.
84. Paul F. Brissendon, The IWW:A Study in American Syndicalism (New York, 1919), 343–346.
85. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 168–169.
86. Case and La Follette, Robert M. La Follette, 895–896.
87. Ibid., 809.
88. Ibid., 822, 832.
89. Ibid., 833–835. After the war, Cobb wrote a “belated word of contrition” to the La Fol-lettes, saying he had written the story under “the spell of that madness—which we mistook for patriotism.”
90. Unger, Fighting Bob La Follette, 257–258.
91. Ibid., 257.
92. Charles F. Vincent, The Post–World War I Blockade of Germany: An Aspect in the Tragedy of a Nation, Ph. D. dissertation (University of Colorado, 1980), 89.
93. Ibid., 89–90.
94. Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 3:352; and Ronald Chickering, Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918 (Cambridge, 1998), 143–144, 160. Vincent, Post–World War I Blockade of Germany, cites reports of people in 1917–1918 standing in line for hours in the bitter cold, to obtain a single egg.
95. Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 3:354–355.
96. Ibid., 360–363.
97. Ibid., 365.
98. Ibid., 369.
99. Ibid., 369–370.
100. John W. Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk: The Forgotten Peace (New York, 1971), 246ff.
101. Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 3:381–382.
Chapter 6: The Women of No Man’s Land
1. Dorothy and Carl J. Schneider, Into the Breach: American Women Overseas in World War I (New York, 1991), 1–3.
2. Eleanor Roosevelt, Day Before Yesterday: The Reminiscences of Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. (New York, 1959), 84.
3. James R. McGovern,“The American Woman’s Pre–World War I Freedom in Manners and Morals,” Journal of American History, 55, no. 2 (September 1968): 315–316.
4. Schneider, Into the Breach, 196ff.
5. Marian Baldwin, Canteening Overseas, 1917–1918 (New York, 1920), 13–14.
6. Ibid., 31.
7. Ibid., 64.
8. Kermit Roosevelt, ed., Quentin Roosevelt: A Sketch with Letters (New York, 1921), 44.
9. Hiram Bingh
am, An Explorer in the Air Service (New Haven, Conn., 1921), 126ff; and Stephen Longstreet, The Canvas Falcons (New York,1970), 239–245. The Spad was also very dangerous to fly. One American pilot said it had “the gliding angle of a brick.”
10. Derby Papers, FPW to QR, July 31, 1917.
11. Derby Papers, QR to FPW, August 14, 1917; and FMB, QR to FPW, September 9, 1917.
12. Derby Papers, QR to FPW, November 27, 1917; and Chambers, To Raise an Army, 328.
13. Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, QR to AR, December 28, 1917 (hereafter cited as TR Collection). The incident is discussed in several other letters in FMB.
14. Elting E. Morrison, ed., Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, vol. 8, The Days of Armageddon (Cambridge, Mass., 1954), 1347.
15. Derby Papers, FPW to QR, June 17, 1918.
16. FMB, QR to FPW, January 27, 1918.
17. FMB, typewritten letter, no date.
18. John Toland, No Man’s Land, 1918: The Last Year of the Great War (New York, 1980), 18.
19. Hubert C. Johnson, Breakthrough! (Novato, Calif., 1994), 218–219; and B.H. Liddell-Hart, The Real War, 1914–1918 (Boston, 1930), 390–391.
20. Bruce I. Gudmundsson, Stormtrooper Tactics: Innovation in the German Army, 1914–18 (New York, 1989), 151–152.
21. Toland, No Man’s Land, 21.
22. John Keegan, The First World War (New York, 1998), 399.
23. Rod Paschall, The Defeat of Imperial Germany, 1917–1918 (Chapel Hill, N. C., 1989), 140.
24. S.L. A. Marshall, The American Heritage History of World War I (New York, 1964), 268.
25. Toland, No Man’s Land, 53–54.
26. Rudolf Binding, A Fatalist at War, translated from German by Ian F.D. Morrow (New York, 1929), 209–210.
27. John Mosier, The Myth of the Great War: A New Military History of World War I (New York, 2001), 317.
28. Vandiver, Black Jack, 888 and Smythe, Pershing, General of the Armies, 102.
29. Shirley Millard, I Saw Them Die: Diary and Recollections, edited by Adele Commandini (New York, 1936), 3–18.
30. Schneider, Into the Breach, 75.
31. Ibid., 77–78.
32. Henry W. Miller, The Paris Gun (New York, 1930), 1–27, 122ff.
33. Marshall,World War I, 272–273.
34. Barrie Pitt, 1918:The Last Act (New York, 1962), 125.
35. Ibid., 128–129.
36. Vandiver, Black Jack, 876.
37. Smythe, Pershing: General of the Armies, 103.
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