by Neil Hegarty
4. Statutes and ordinances, and acts of the parliament of Ireland, King John to Henry V, ed. H. F. Berry (Dublin, 1907), 210.
5. Adam of Usk, Chronicon, ed. E. M. Thompson (London: 1994), 151.
6. State Papers of Henry VIII (11 vols, London, 1830–52), Vol. II, 141, quoted in G. A. Hayes-McCoy, ‘The royal supremacy and ecclesiastical revolution, 1534–47’, in T. W. Moody, F. X. Martin and F. J. Byrne (eds), A New History of Ireland II: Early Modern Ireland, 1534–1691 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976), 66.
7. ‘The vocation of John Bale’, in Harleian Miscellany, vi (1745), 416–17, in Moody et al. (eds) A New History of Ireland III, 75.
8. National Archives of the United Kingdom: SP 63.29.
9. Anthony M. McCormack, The Earldom of Desmond, 1463–1583: The Decline and Crisis of a Feudal Lordship (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2005), 119.
10. Edmund Spenser, A View of the Present State of Ireland (1633), in Seamus Deane (ed.), Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing, Vol. I (Derry: Field Day, 1991), 178.
11. Ibid., 192.
12. Calendar of State Papers 1600–01, quoted in R. A. Butlin, ‘Land and people, c.1600’, in Moody et al. (eds), A New History of Ireland III: Early Modern Ireland, 160.
13. Quoted in S. J. Connolly, Contested Island: Ireland 1460–1630 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 244.
Part 3
Chapter 5 – A Rude and Remote Kingdom
1. David Trimble, Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, Oslo, 1998, quoted in Conor Gearty, ‘An Escalation of Reasonableness’, in London Review of Books, Vol. 23, No. 17, 6 September 2001, 19.
2. Calendar of State Papers 1600–01 quoted in Butlin, ‘Land and people, c.1600’, in Moody et al. (eds), A New History of Ireland III, 160.
3. Already, in the previous century, Edmund Spenser had noted the possibilities of the ‘fishy, fruitfull Ban’ in The Faerie Queene, Book IV, Canto XI, xli (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1935), 147.
4. Motives and reasons to induce the city of London to undertake the Plantation in the North of Ireland (May 1609), reproduced on http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/yourplaceandmine/londonderry
5. Cited in S. J. Connolly, Contested Island, 302.
6. Quoted in Marianne Elliott, The Catholics of Ulster: A History (London: Allen Lane, 2000), 88.
7. James Cranford, The Tears of Ireland. Wherein is lively presented as in a map, a list of the unheard of cruelties and perfidious treacheries of blood-thirsty Jesuits and the Popish faction, quoted in Micheál Ó’Siochrú, ‘Oliver Cromwell and the massacre at Drogheda’, in David Edwards, Pádraig Lenihan and Clodagh Tait (eds), Age of Atrocity: Violence and Political Conflict in Early Modern Ireland (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2007), 268.
8. Winston Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Vol. II: The New World (London: Cassell, 1956), 232.
9. Parliamentary speech, 12 September 1654, quoted in Micheál Ó’Siochrú, God’s Executioner: Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland (London: Faber, 2008), 5.
10. ‘Britanno-Hibernus’, An appeal to the people of Ireland (Dublin, 1749), quoted in Ian McBride, Eighteenth-Century Ireland: The Isle of Slaves (Dublin, Gill & Macmillan, 2009), 7.
11. Nicholas French, The unkinde deserter of loyall men and true frinds (1846 edn.), 13, cited in Patrick J. Corish, ‘The Cromwellian Conquest, 1649–55’, in Moody et al. (eds.), A New History of Ireland III, 336.
12. Quoted in D. Murphy, Cromwell in Ireland (Dublin, 1885), cited in Pádraig Lenihan, Consolidating Conquest: Ireland, 1603–1727 (Harlow: Pearson, 2008), 128.
13. Cromwell to John Bradshaw, 16 September 1649, quoted in Ó’Siochrú, God’s Executioner, 5.
14. Cromwell to Bradshaw, ibid., 82.
15. Quoted in John Morrill, ‘The Drogheda Massacre in Cromwellian Context’, in Edwards et al. (eds), Age of Atrocity, 249.
16. Andrew Marvell, ‘An Horatian Ode on Cromwell’s Return from Ireland’, in Andrew Marvell: The Complete English Poems, ed. Elizabeth Story Donno (London: Allen Lane, 1972), 56–7.
17. ‘A bloody Fight in Ireland between the Parliaments Forces and the Kings Forces’ (London, 1652), 8, quoted in Ó’Siochrú, God’s Executioner, 212.
18. Cromwell to Edmund Ludlow, in C. H. Firen (ed.), Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow (1894), Vol I, 246–7, quoted in Christopher Hill, God’s Englishman: Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970), 118.
19. Quoted in Piers Wauchope, Patrick Sarsfield and the Williamite War (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1992), 220.
Chapter 6 – A Divided Nation
1. The British Muse (London, 1700), cited in J. G. Simms, ‘The war of the two kings, 1685–91’, in Moody et al. (eds), A New History of Ireland III, 507.
2. ‘An Act to prevent Protestants intermarrying with Papists’ (Section One), 1697.
3. ‘Letter to Sir Henry Langrishe, Bart M.P., on the subject of the Roman Catholics of Ireland, and the propriety of Admitting them to the Elective Franchise, Consistent with the principles of the Constitution, as established at the Revolution’, in The Works of Edmund Burke (Boston: Little, Brown, 1839), 530.
4. Jonathan Swift, A Modest Proposal (Amherst: Prometheus Books, [1729] 1995), 291.
5. National Library of Ireland, Pos 3142.
6. Northern Star, 7 November 1792.
7. ‘Declaration and Resolutions of the Society of United Irishmen of Belfast’, quoted in Thomas Bartlett (ed.), Life of Theobald Wolfe Tone (Dublin: Lilliput, 1998), 298–9.
8. Ibid., 107–8.
9. Ibid., 480–1.
10. Hansard, House of Lords debate, 19 February 1798.
11. ‘Terraced thousands died,’ writes Seamus Heaney, ‘shaking scythes at cannon. /The hillside blushed, soaked in our broken wave.’ From ‘Requiem for the Croppies’, in Selected Poems, 1965–75 (London: Faber, 1980), 33.
12. Proceedings of a Military Court held in Dublin Barracks on Saturday the Tenth of November, for the Trial of Theobald Wolfe Tone (Dublin, 1798), 7.
13. Quoted in Bartlett, Life of Theobald Wolfe Tone, 876.
14. Quoted in Marianne Elliott, Wolfe Tone: Prophet of Irish Independence (London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), 393.
15. Memoirs and Correspondence of Lord Castlereagh, Second Marquis of Londonderry, edited by his Brother, Charles Vane, Marquis of Londonderry, Vol. II: Arrangements for a Union (London, 1843), 7; quoted in Paul Bew, Ireland: The Politics of Enmity, 1789–2006 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 1.
Part 4
Chapter 7 – Union
1. Jonah Barrington, Historical Memoirs (1833), Vol. II, 332.
2. National Library of Ireland, MS 2007, Castlereagh to the Knight of Kerry, 21 November 1798, quoted in Paul Bew, Ireland: The Politics of Enmity, 46.
3. Pitt to Westmorland, 8 November 1792, quoted in G. C. Bolton, The Passing of the Irish Act of Union (London, 1966), 12, quoted in Patrick M. Geoghegan, ‘The Catholics and the Union’, in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society Vol. 10 (2000), 244.
4. The Speech of the Rt Hon. William Pitt in the British House of Commons on Thursday, 31 January 1799 (Dublin, 1799), 127, quoted in Bew, Ireland, 54.
5. ‘I met Murder on the way – he had a mask like Castlereagh’, noted Percy Bysshe Shelley in ‘The Mask of Anarchy’, written in the aftermath of the Peterloo Massacre of 1819, when the military put down a peaceful demonstration near Manchester. In 1822, Castlereagh committed suicide by cutting his throat.
6. Belfast News Letter, 2 January 1801, quoted in Bew: Ireland, 61–2.
7. Percy Bysshe Shelley, ‘England in 1819’, in Norton Anthology of English Literature (London and New York: Norton, 1986), 694.
8. Quoted in G. C. Bolton, The Passing of the Irish Act of Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966), 212.
9. Cornwallis to Portland, 1 December 1800, in The Correspondence of Charles, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, ed. Charles Ross, 3 vols (1859), Vol. III, 307, quoted in Geoghegan,
‘The Catholics and the Union’, 243.
10. Trinity College Library, Dublin, MS 1203.
11. Denis Johnston, ‘The Old Lady Says No!’ and Other Plays (Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown, 1960), 83.
12. In Keith Jeffrey, ‘The Irish military tradition and the British Empire’, in An Irish Empire? Aspects of Ireland and the British Empire, ed. Keith Jeffrey (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1996), 107.
13. Quoted in Ronan Kelly, Bard of Erin: The Life of Thomas Moore (Dublin: Penguin Ireland, 2008), 160.
14. Anti-Jacobin Review, 28 (1820), quoted in Kelly, Bard of Erin, 164.
15. Maria Edgeworth to Margaret Ruxton, 10 January 1816, in Augustus J. C. Hare (ed.), Life and Letters of Maria Edgeworth, Vol. I (London: Edward Arnold, 1894), 235.
16. ‘Mr Twogood’s Irish Journal’, 1 April 1820 (PRO Northern Ireland/Fishmongers’ Company, Mic 9b/17, quoted in Cormac Ó’Gráda, ‘Poverty, population and agriculture, 1801–45’, in W. Vaughan (ed.), A New History of Ireland V: Ireland Under the Union, 1801–70, (Oxford: Clarendon, 1989), 109–10.
17. Maria Edgeworth to Sophy Ruxton, 9 June 1808, in Hare (ed.), Life and Letters of Maria Edgeworth, 156.
18. ‘To my Darling Boys’, 10 July 1822, in James L. Pethica and James C. Roy (eds), ‘To the Land of the Free from the Land of Slaves’: Henry Stratford Persse’s Letters from Galway to America, 1831–32 (Cork, 1999), 95, quoted in Bew, Ireland, 105.
19. 20 November 1825, quoted in Journal of Sir Walter Scott, ed. W. E. K. Anderson (Oxford: Clarendon, 1972), 1.
20. Gustave de Beaumont, L’Irlande: sociale, politique et religieuse, trans. and ed. W. C. Taylor (London and Cambridge: Belknap Press, [1839] 2006), 130.
21. W. J. O’N. Daunt, Personal Recollections of the late Daniel O’Connell, Vol. I (London, 1848), 203, quoted in Oliver MacDonagh, The Hereditary Bondsman: Daniel O’Connell 1775–1829 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988), 94.
22. Quoted in Leon Edel (ed.), Henry James. Literary Criticism: French Writers, Other European Writers (New York: Library of America, 1984), 58.
23. See Angela F. Murphy, ‘Daniel O’Connell and the “American Eagle” in 1845: Slavery, Diplomacy, Nativism and the Collapse of America’s First Irish Nationalist Movement’, in Journal of American Ethnic History (Winter, 2007).
24. Herman Melville, Mardi (New York: Library of America, [1849] 1982), 1151.
25. Gearóid Ó’Tuathaigh, Ireland Before the Famine (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1972), 162
26. J. W. Doyle, ‘Letter to Robertson esq. M.P. on a union of Catholic and Protestant churches’ (Dublin, 1824), in Stewart J. Brown and David W. Miller (eds), Piety and Power in Ireland, 1760–1960 (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2000), 24.
27. Hansard, 5 March 1829, quoted in Bew, Ireland, 121.
28. John Mitchel, Jail Journal; or, Five Years in British Prisons (Glasgow, 1876), 42, quoted in David Dwan, The Great Community: Culture and Nationalism in Ireland (Dublin: Field Day, 2008), 10.
29. Donal Kerr, Peel, Priests and Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 108.
Chapter 8 – Hunger
1. Melville, Mardi, 1151.
2. Father Theobald Mathew, in Correspondence from July 1846 to January 1847 relating to the measures adopted for the relief of distress in Ireland and Scotland, in Historical Manuscripts Commission, 1847, li, 26; quoted in James S. Donnelly, Jr, ‘Production, prices and exports, 1846–51’, in W. E. Vaughan (ed.), A New History of Ireland VI, 286.
3. Spectator, 30 January 1847, quoted in Bew, Ireland, 195.
4. Charles Trevelyan, The Times, 12 October 1847, quoted in Bew, Ireland, 198.
5. Nation, 26 November 1842, quoted in Dwan, The Great Community, 44.
6. Cited in Jeremy Paxman, The Victorians: Britain through the Paintings of the Age (London: BBC Books, 2009), 84.
7. Gansevoort Melville, 20 September 1843, quoted in Hershel Parker, Herman Melville, A Biography, Vol. I (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 319.
8. James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (London: Flamingo, 1994), 234.
9. Paul Cullen to Alessandro Barnabò, 16 November 1861, quoted in Donal Kerr, ‘Priests, Pikes and Patriots: The Irish Catholic Church and Political Violence from the Whiteboys to the Fenians’, in Brown and Miller (eds), Piety and Power in Ireland, 34.
10. Spectator, 9 March 1867.
Chapter 9 – The Irish Question
1. Karl Marx to Frederick Engels, 14 December 1867, quoted in Marx and Engels, On Ireland (London, 1971), 149.
2. Hansard, 1 March 1869.
3. Quoted in E. J. Feuchtwanger, Gladstone (London: Macmillan, 1975), 147.
4. Hansard (House of Commons) 3S ccxxiii, 26 April 1875; quoted in F. S. L. Lyons, Charles Stewart Parnell (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1977), 40.
5. Quoted in Lyons, Charles Stewart Parnell, 95.
6. Ibid., 167.
7. Ibid., 543
8. National Press, 26 June 1891, quoted in Frank Callanan, The Parnell Split, 1890–91 (Cork: Cork University Press, 1992), 126.
9. Clonmel Nationalist, 4 July 1891, quoted in Callanan, The Parnell Split, 127
10. National Press, 27 June 1891, quoted in Callanan, The Parnell Split, 129.
11. W. B. Yeats, ‘Parnell’s Funeral’, in A. Norman Jeffars (ed.), Poems (London: Macmillan, 1989), 395.
12. Joyce, Portrait, 233.
13. See D. George Boyce, Nineteenth-Century Ireland: The Search for Stability (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1990), 229.
14. W. B. Yeats to Katharine Tynan Hinkson, 15 January 1895, in John Kelly (ed.), Collected Letters of W. B. Yeats (Oxford: Clarendon, 1986), 425.
Part 5
Chapter 10 – Schisms
1. Quoted in Keith Jeffrey, ‘The Irish military tradition and the British Empire’, in Keith Jeffrey (ed.), An Irish Empire? Aspects of Ireland and the British Empire, (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1996), 95.
2. United Irishman, 21 October 1899, quoted in Karen Steele, ‘“Raising her Voice for Justice”: Maud Gonne and the United Irishman’, in New Hibernia Review, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Summer 1999), 93.
3. 25 October 1899, quoted in Laurence Marley, Michael Davitt: Freelance Radical and Frondeur (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2007), 240.
4. Irish People, 16 December 1899, quoted in Donal P. McCracken, Ireland and the Anglo–Boer War ( Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 2003), 54.
5. Quoted in F. S. L. Lyons, Ireland since the Famine (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971), 246.
6. The play was long ascribed to Yeats’s pen; it now seems ‘absolutely clear’, however, that it was largely written by Gregory. See Colm Tóibín, Lady Gregory’s Toothbrush (Dublin: Lilliput, 2002), 45, 47–8.
7. Shan Van Vocht, January 1897. Alice Milligan and Anna Johnston, the paper’s editors, provided Connolly with his first publishing opportunity, even though they disapproved of his socialist aims.
8. State Papers CSO RP 14068/S, quoted in Austen Morgan, James Connolly: A Political Biography (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), 29.
9. Quoted in F. S. L. Lyons, ‘The Developing Crisis, 1907–14’, in Vaughan (ed.), A New History of Ireland VI, 133.
10. Quoted in J. J. Lee, Ireland 1912–1985: Politics and Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 18.
11. Quoted in F. S. L. Lyons, ‘The revolution in train, 1914–1916’, in Vaughan (ed.), A New History of Ireland VI, 196.
12. Burke’s Peerage online, Archive: fifteenth edn. (1937).
Chapter 11 – Revolution
1. W. B. Yeats, ‘September 1913’, in Norton Anthology of English Literature (New York: Norton, 1979), 1967.
2. Quoted in Shane Hegarty and Fintan O’Toole, Irish Times Book of the 1916 Rising (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 2006), 16.
3. Joe Lee writes: ‘The shopocracy of Galway condemned the rebels equally as stooges of Prussia and of Larkin’ in Ireland, 1912–1985: Politics
and Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 33.
4. Irish Independent, 4 May 1916, cited in Lee, Ireland, 1912–1985, 31.
5. Quoted in Lee, Ireland, 31.
6. Quoted in Hegarty and O’Toole, Irish Times Book of the 1916 Rising, 162.
7. This ‘anonymous’ correspondent was Captain Wilfrid Spender, quoted in Bew, Ireland: The Politics of Enmity, 382.
8. Peter Hart, Mick: The Real Michael Collins (London: Macmillan, 2005), 69; also M. A. Hopkinson, ‘Michael Collins’, in Dictionary of Irish Biography, Vol. 2 (Dublin and Cambridge: Royal Irish Academy and Cambridge University Press, 2009), 679.
9. Diarmaid Ferriter, The Transformation of Ireland, 1900–2000 (London: Profile, 2004), 228.
10. Austin Clarke, ‘Six Sentences: Black and Tans’, in Hugh Maxton (ed.), Selected Poems (Dublin: Lilliput, 1991), 29.
11. Lee, Ireland, 60.
Chapter 12 – Division
1. Stephen Collins, The Cosgrave Legacy (Dublin: Blackwater Press, 1996), 297; quoted in Ferriter, Transformation of Ireland, 297.
2. Osborn Bergin, ‘The Revival of the Irish Language’, in Studies, Vol. XVI, No. 61 (March 1927), 19–20, quoted in Terence Brown: Ireland, A Social and Cultural History, 1922–1985 (London: Fontana, 1985), 52.
3. Quoted in Peter Hegarty, Peadar O’Donnell (Cork: Mercier, 1999), 203.
4. An Phoblacht, 11 June 1926; quoted in Hegarty, Peadar O’Donnell, 185.
5. P. S. O’Hegarty, The Victory of Sinn Féin: how it won it and how it used it (Dublin: UCD Press, [1924] 1998), 74.
6. Quoted in Maryann Valiulis, ‘Engendering Citizenship: Women’s Relations to the State in Ireland and the US in the Post-Suffrage Period’, in Valiulis and Mary O’Dowd (eds), Women in Irish History (Dublin: Wolfhound Press, 1997), 159–72, 164.
7. See Molly O’Duffy, Devout or Deviant? Irish Women, Nationalism and the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1935 (Thesis: NUI Galway, 2009).