by Damon Root
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 142–3, 204
Equal Protection Clause, 27, 51–2, 81, 84–5, 89
Eskridge, William, 124–5
Gaylaw, 125
Espionage Act of 1917, 44, 55
eugenics, 44, 53, 73
Family Research Council, 116, 197–8
Federal Trade Commission (TFC), 67–8
federalism cases
Barron v. Baltimore, 25
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 19–20, 24, 60, 70
Plessy v. Ferguson, 142
United States v. Lopez, 212–14, 217, 239
United States v. Morrison, 214, 217, 239
Federalist Papers, 210
Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies, 103–9, 114, 122, 215–16
Ferguson v. Skrupa, 82
Field, Stephen J., 6–8, 14, 29, 31–9, 45, 47, 57, 65, 112, 131, 194–5
Fifth Amendment, 62–3, 91, 95, 121, 155, 159–61
Takings Clause, 122, 150, 156, 160, 162–3, 165
Filburn, Roscoe, 211. See also Wickard v. Filburn
First Amendment, 25, 44, 64, 95, 97, 140, 184–5, 190, 192, 215
Fisher, Antony, 139–40
Fitzhugh, George, 17–18
Sociology for the South, or The Failure of Free Society, 18
Flynn, John T., 69
Foner, Eric, 191
Foote, Shelby, 42
Forbath, William E., 17
Fort Trumbull neighborhood (New London, Connecticut), 152–3, 155–7, 167–8. See also Kelo v. City of New London
Fourteenth Amendment
background to, 11–23
Due Process Clause, 7, 12, 26–7, 33, 36, 52–3, 56, 59, 62–3, 85–6, 90–5, 98–100
Equal Protection Clause, 27, 51–2, 81, 84–5, 89
historical context, 23–30
incorporation and, 189–92, 194, 202
Privileges or Immunities Clause, 27–33, 194–203
ratification, 12, 29–30
and The Slaughter-House Cases, 13–15, 29–33, 37, 39, 47, 57, 142, 144, 194–8, 200–1, 204
and substantive due process, 33, 98–100, 113, 115, 120, 190, 193–4, 196–7, 199–203, 227
text of, 12
See also economic rights cases
Fourth Amendment, 91
Frankfurter, Felix, 2, 43, 52–3, 57, 61–2, 79, 81, 86–90, 95–6, 131, 189
Frazier-Lemke Act (1934), 67
free labor, 7, 13–19, 21, 23, 27, 30, 32–3, 35, 47, 58, 142, 194
Fried, Charles, 122
Friedman, Milton, 96, 117, 137, 141
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, 19
Funeral Directors and Embalmers Act, 146–7
Garner, Tyron, 116, 125. See also Lawrence v. Texas
Garrison, William Lloyd, 60
Gaudiani, Claire, 153
gay rights. See sexual orientation cases
Gaziano, Todd, 218
Genovese, Eugene, 18
Ginsburg, Douglas, 174
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 159, 165, 229
Gitlow v. United States, 190
Goesaert v. Cleary, 81–2
Goldberg, Arthur, 92
Gonzales v. Raich, 205–7, 211–12, 214, 216–17, 225
Goodell, William, 17
Granger Laws, 35–7, 64–5
Grassley, Charles, 167
Great Depression, 65, 67, 96
Griswold v. Connecticut, 91–100, 112–15
gun control. See Second Amendment cases
Gun-Free School Zones Act, 212, 239
Gura, Alan, 177, 179, 181, 185–7, 189–204
habeas corpus, 19
Hand, Learned, 61–2, 84–6, 95, 223
Bill of Rights, The, 85
Hardwick, Michael 114–16. See also Bowers v. Hardwick
Harlan, John Marshall, 34, 92
Hatch, Orrin, 218
Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff, 156–7, 161, 163–4
Hayek, Friedrich, 154
health care reform. See National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius and related cases; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)
Healy, Gene, 175
Heller, Dick, 175, 177, 179. See also District of Columbia v. Heller
Heritage Foundation, 218
Hettinga, Hein and Ellen, 133–5
Hettinga v. United States, 133–5
Hill, Anita, 123
Hill, Richard R., 22
Holden v. Hardy, 47–9
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 42, 52–3
and Buchanan v. Warley, 58, 60–1
and Buck v. Bell, 44, 53, 73
effect of Civil War on, 42–4
and judicial deference, 1–8, 43–5, 49, 54, 57, 61–2, 78–80, 82, 98, 112, 119, 131, 135–6, 222, 236, 238
Kagan on, 1–3
and Lochner v. New York, 47–51
and Meyer v. Nebraska, 57, 127
Mr. Justice Holmes (tribute to), 61–2
and the New Deal, 61–2, 73
Homosexual Conduct Law (Texas), 115–17, 121, 124–31
homosexuality. See sexual orientation cases
Horton, Wesley W., 162–4
Howard, Jacob, 29
Hughes, Charles Evans, 68, 72, 74–5, 93
Humphrey’s Executor v. United States, 67–8
Ickes, Harold, 71
In re Tie Loy, 33
incorporation, 189–92, 194, 202
Institute for Justice (IJ), 141–2, 144–9, 170–1, 173–4, 177, 189, 195, 204, 238
founding and mission of, 136–7, 139, 141
and Kelo v. City of New London, 152–68, 222
Institute of Economic Affairs (London), 139
Jackson, Robert, 88, 211
Jacobs, Jane: The Death and Life of Great American Cities, 158
Jefferson, Thomas, 16–17
Jehovah’s Witnesses, 87–8
Jim Crow laws, 57, 61, 83, 90, 144
Johnson, Andrew, 24
Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 26
judicial activism, 196, 203
and 2012 health care cases, 227, 232–3
Bork and, 79, 112
and civil rights cases, 85, 106
conservative, 228, 169, 237
conservative legal movement’s origins and, 106–8, 117, 121
defined, 7–8
libertarianism and, 117, 121, 129
Progressives and, 51–2, 80, 90
and reproductive rights cases, 90–1, 97–8
and sexual orientation cases, 115, 118, 120, 129–31
judicial restraint, 36, 180, 196, 208
and 2012 health care cases, 220, 232–3
Bork and, 5, 77–8, 96–7, 112–13
conservatism and, 8, 52, 108, 112, 119–20
defined, 1–2
and economic rights cases, 81–3, 111, 134–5, 144, 150, 155–6, 163–8
Frankfurter and, 88–9
Hand and, 85–6
Holmes and, 1–8, 43–5, 49, 54, 57, 61–2, 78–80, 82, 98, 112, 119, 131, 135–6, 222, 236, 238
libertarianism and, 119, 136, 168
and Progressive Era, 65, 72–6
and rational-basis test, 81, 135–6, 142, 147–8, 150, 156, 238
and reproductive rights cases, 5, 90–1, 97–8
Roberts and, 4–6, 222–3, 228, 236
and sexual orientation cases, 115, 118, 120, 129–31
and Slaughter-House Cases, 13–15, 30–1
S
tevens and, 188–9
Kagan, Elena, 1–3
Kelo, Susette, 153–5, 158, 168
Kelo v. City of New London, 152–68, 222
Kennedy, Anthony, 4, 206
and 2012 health care cases, 4, 209, 221–2, 225–6
and D.C. v. Heller, 182–3, 186, 202
and Kelo v. City of New London, 161–2, 165
and Lawrence v. Texas, 128, 130
Kennedy, David M., 55
Kennedy, Edward “Ted,” 78, 80
Kerr, Orin, 208
Kingston, Jack, 5
Klukowski, Ken, 198
Kreckovic, Peter, 154–5
Lamberth, Royce, 174
Landmark Legal Foundation, 106, 154
Lane, Charles, 103
Laski, Harold, 2
Lawrence, John Geddes, 116
Lawrence v. Texas, 115–17, 121, 124–31
Leahy, Patrick, 233
Lee, General Robert E., 20, 41
Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co., 82–3
Leuchtenburg, William E., 76
Levinson, Sanford, 172
Levy, Robert A., 124, 173–83, 189
liberalism, 8, 18, 51, 54, 78–80, 85–6, 90–1, 104–8, 112–13, 116–17, 159, 196, 222, 228, 233
libertarian legal movement
and conservatism, 110–25, 168, 195–9
defined, 6–8
and Field, 6–8, 14, 29, 31–9, 45, 47, 57, 65, 112, 131, 194–5
See also Cato Institute; Institute for Justice (IJ)
liberty of contract, 7, 32–3, 39, 45–9, 58, 62–3, 71, 74–5, 80, 85, 93, 111, 113, 228. See also economic rights cases
Liberty University, 219
Lincoln, Abraham, 6, 14, 19–20, 31, 41
Lippmann, Walter, 2
living constitutionalism, 70
Lochner, Joseph, 47
Lochner v. New York, 45, 47–51, 57, 59, 62, 71, 79, 84–5, 93–5, 98–100, 112, 119, 129, 227
Locke, John, 18, 117
Lofgren, Charles, 13
Lovejoy, Elijah, 19
Lund, Nelson, 176
Macedo, Stephen: The New Right v. The Constitution, 121
Madison, James, 16, 28, 181, 187, 210
Maged, Jacob, 66
Magna Carta, 15
majoritarianism, 5, 43, 90, 97, 109–10, 112–19, 121–2, 158
Manhattan Institute, 139
Marshall, John, 25
Marshall, Thurgood, 83
McClellan, George B., 41
McCloskey, Robert Green, 35
McConnell, Michael, 237–8
McDonald v. City of Chicago, 189–91, 193–203, 238
McDonald, Otis, 190–1
McIntosh, David, 107
McReynolds, James C., 56–7, 73, 93–5
medical marijuana, 205–7, 211–17, 225–6
Meese, Edwin, III, 108, 117–18
Mège-Mouriès, Hippolyte, 33–4
Mellor, William H. “Chip,” 137–42, 144–9, 154, 166, 173–4
Menand, Louis, 43
Mencken, H. L., 54
Meyer, Eugene
Meyer, Robert, 56, 107
Meyer v. Nebraska, 56–7, 73, 93, 95, 99, 127
Mile Hi Cablevision, 138
Milk Regulation Equity Act (2005), 134
Miller, Samuel F., 13–14, 30–1, 194–5
Milne, George, Jr., 153
Minersville School District v. Gobitis, 87
Mises, Ludwig von, 154
Moley, Raymond, 69
monopoly, 13–16, 36–7, 63, 69, 73, 144, 194, 210. See also New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann; Slaughter-House Cases (1873)
Moreno, Paul, 34
Mountain States Legal Foundation, 137–42
Munn v. Illinois, 35–7, 64–5
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 57–61, 83–4, 142, 158, 166, 204
National Democratic Party (Gold Democrats), 58, 60
National Federation of Independent Business, 207, 218, 225, 230
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius and related cases, 207
and Anti-Injunction Act, 220–1, 224–5
and individual mandate, 221, 224–8, 230–1, 234–6
and Medicaid expansion, 221, 231–2
oral arguments, 220, 223–32
ruling and opinions, 234–6
and severability, 219, 221, 231
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 65–70, 75, 232
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act), 74–5
National Organization for Women, 116
National Rifle Association (NRA), 170, 176–9, 184, 196–9
Near v. Minnesota, 64
Neas, Ralph, 104–5
Nebbia, Leo, 64
Nebbia v. New York, 64–5, 73
Necessary and Proper Clause, 222
Neily, Clark, 171, 173–85, 189, 191–2
New Deal, 6–8, 52, 64–5
Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933), 71, 73
Agricultural Adjustment Act (1938), 211
Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act (1937), 133
“Black Monday” cases (May 27, 1935), 67, 72
and Commerce Clause, 206, 211–14, 218
“Four Horsemen” opposition, 73–4
Holmes and, 61–2, 135–6
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 65–70, 75, 232
“White Monday” cases (March 29, 1937), 74
and Wickard v. Filburn, 206, 211–12, 214
New London Development Corporation (NLDC), 153, 155. See also Kelo v. City of New London
New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann, 63–6, 73
New York Association of Master Bakers, 47
Nineteenth Amendment, 63
Ninth Amendment, 92, 100, 215–16
Oakland Cannabis Buyers’ Cooperative (OCBC), 216
Obama, Barack, 172, 207–8, 232–3. See also Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)
O’Connor, Sandra Day, 103, 156–8, 161–5, 214
originalism, 169, 192–3, 197, 201–2
Otis, Lee Liberman, 104, 107
Pacific Legal Foundation, 106
Pacific Research Institute (PRI), 139–41
Center for Applied Jurisprudence, 140
Freedom, Technology and the First Amendment (Emord), 141
Grand Theft and Petit Larceny (Pollot), 141
Unfinished Business (Bolick), 141, 144, 149, 195, 204
Palmer, Richard N., 168
Palmer, Tom, 175–7
Parker, Shelly, 175–7, 191
Parker v. District of Columbia, 177–9. See also District of Columbia v. Heller
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), 3, 6, 8, 75, 106, 130, 207–8, 212. See also National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius and related cases
Peckham, Rufus, 39, 47–9, 99–100
Pelosi, Nancy, 209
People for the American Way, 104
Pfizer, 152–3, 155–7, 167–8. See also Kelo v. City of New London
Philadelphia Society, 117
Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 93–5, 99
Pilon, Roger, 116–19, 121, 123–4, 212–13
Planned Parenthood League, 91
Pledge of Allegiance, 87
Plessy v. Ferguson, 142
Poe v. Ullman, 91
Powell, Lewis, 77
Powell v. Pennsylvania, 32–7
Powers v. Harris, 148–9
Prager, Robert,
55
Privileges or Immunities Clause (Fourteenth Amendment), 27–33, 194–203
Progressive movement, 2, 8, 50–4, 78–9, 84–6, 90–8, 118, 130, 238. See also Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr.; New Deal
property rights, 6, 59–60, 121, 131, 137, 140, 150–3, 158, 162, 166–8, 222, 238. See also economic rights cases
Proposition 8 (California), 51
Public Use Clause. See Takings Clause (Fifth Amendment)
Raich, Angel, 205–6, 225. See also Gonzales v. Raich
Rand, Ayn, 137
rational-basis test, 81, 135–6, 142, 147–8, 150, 156, 238
Reagan, Ronald, 4, 77–80, 104, 108–10, 118, 122, 139, 142, 154, 176
“Reagan Revolution,” 109
Rehnquist, William, 100, 127, 158, 165, 214
Reid, Harry M., 134
reproductive rights cases
Eisenstadt v. Baird, 115
Griswold v. Connecticut, 91–100, 112–15
Poe v. Ullman, 91
Roe v. Wade, 5, 79, 99, 105–6, 170, 194, 222
Tileston v. Ullman, 91
Republican Party, 5, 12, 19, 23–4, 26–7, 78, 104, 139, 142, 167, 218
restraint. See judicial restraint
Reynolds, Glenn Harlan, 213
Reynolds v. Sims, 89
Roberts, John
and 2012 health care cases, 4–6, 8, 75, 181–6, 222–4, 226–8, 233–6, 238–9
and Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 223
confirmation of, 103–5
and judicial restraint, 4–6, 222–3, 228, 236
and McDonald v. City of Chicago, 200, 202
Roberts, Owen, 64–5, 73–5
Roe v. Wade, 5, 79, 99, 105–6, 170, 194, 222
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 6, 8, 52, 62, 64–5, 67–73, 82, 86, 232. See also New Deal
Roosevelt, Theodore, 2, 53–4, 79, 84
Rosen, Jeffrey, 233–4
Rosenthal, Charles A., 126
Roy, Joseph E., 22
Sarah Farms, 134
Saulsbury, Willard, 24–5
Scalia, Antonin
and 2012 health care cases, 3, 220, 227–9, 239
and D.C. v. Heller, 170, 182, 184, 188–9, 191–2
debate with Epstein (1984 Cato conference), 119–21
and Federalist Society, 104–5
and Gonzales v. Raich, 206
and Kelo v. City of New London, 160, 163
Lawrence v. Texas, 119–21, 126–31
Matter of Interpretation, A, 192–3
and McDonald v. City of Chicago, 193–4, 196, 200–2
Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 66–70, 72
Second Amendment, 169–203, 238
individual/collective-right interpretation, 171–3