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Archaeology from Space Page 28

by Sarah Parcak


  10.  Reference Guide to the International Space Station: Utilization Edition (Houston: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2015), https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf, accessed 4 February 2018.

  11.  Marco J. Giardino, “A History of NASA Remote Sensing Contributions to Archaeology,” Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 38, no. 9 (2011): 2003–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.09.017.

  12.  See Section 3 in Thomas R. Lyons and Thomas Eugene Avery, Remote Sensing: A Handbook for Archeologists and Cultural Resource Managers (Washington, DC: Cultural Resources Management Division, National Park Service, US Department of the Interior, 1977).

  13.  Marco Giardino and Bryan S. Haley, “Airborne Remote Sensing and Geospatial Analysis,” Remote Sensing in Archaeology, ed. Jay K. Johnson (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2006), 47–77.

  14.  Markus Immitzer et al., “Tree Species Classification with Random Forest Using Very High Spatial Resolution 8-Band Worldview-2 Satellite Data,” Remote Sensing, vol. 4, no. 9 (2012): 2661–93, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4092661.

  15.  Alok Tripathi, Remote Sensing and Archaeology (New Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan, 2005); Charles F. Withington, “Erts-1 Mss False-Color Composites,” Erts-1: A New Window on Our Planet, Geological Survey Professional Paper 929, ed. Richard S. Williams Jr. and William Douglas Carter (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976), 3–11.

  16.  Thomas Martin Lillesand et al., Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, 7th ed. (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2015).

  17.  “UCS Satellite Database,” Union of Concerned Scientists, 2017, www.ucsusa.org/nuclear-weapons/space-weapons/satellite-database#WnyaZpOFhHR, accessed 8 February 2018; David Yanofsky and Tim Fernholz, “This Is Every Active Satellite Orbiting Earth,” Quartz, 2015, qz.com/296941/interactive-graphic-every-active-satellite-orbiting-earth/, accessed 8 February 2018.

  18.  Giardino, “A History of NASA Remote Sensing Contributions to Archaeology.”

  19.  Arlen F. Chase et al., “The Use of LiDAR in Understanding the Ancient Maya Landscape: Caracol and Western Belize,” Advances in Archaeological Practice, vol. 2, no. 3 (2014): 208–21, https://doi.org/10.7183/2326-3768.2.3.208.

  20.  Arlen F. Chase and Diane Z. Chase, Investigations at the Classic Maya City of Caracol, Belize: 1985–1987, Monograph 3 (San Francisco: Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, 1987).

  21.  John Weishampel, personal communication, 2008.

  22.  Arlen F. Chase et al., “Ancient Maya Regional Settlement and Inter-Site Analysis: The 2013 West-Central Belize LiDAR Survey,” Remote Sensing, vol. 6, no. 9 (2014): 8671–95, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6098671; Chase et al., “The Use of LiDAR in Understanding the Ancient Maya Landscape”; Chase et al., “Geospatial Revolution and Remote Sensing LiDAR in Mesoamerican Archaeology,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 109, no. 32 (2012): 12916–21, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1205198109; Arlen F. Chase et al., “Airborne LiDAR, Archaeology, and the Ancient Maya Landscape at Caracol, Belize,” Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 38, no. 2 (2011): 387–98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.09.018.

  23.  D. R. Wilson, ed., Aerial Reconnaissance for Archaeology, Research Report No. 12 (London: Council for British Archaeology, 1975).

  24.  Timothy Darvill et al., “Stonehenge Remodelled,” Antiquity, vol. 86, no. 334 (2012): 1021–40, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00048225; “History of Stonehenge,” English Heritage, 2017, www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/stonehenge/history/, accessed 2 February 2018.

  25.  J. E. Capper, “XXIII.—Photographs of Stonehenge, as Seen from a War Balloon,” Archaeologia, vol. 60, no. 2 (1907): 571, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261340900005208.

  26.  Steven Cable, “Aerial Photography and the First World War,” National Archives (blog), National Archives, UK, 2015, https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/blog/aerial-photography-first-world-war/, accessed 4 February 2018.

  27.  Birger Stichelbaut et al., eds., Images of Conflict: Military Aerial Photography and Archaeology (Newcastle upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009); “First World War Aerial Photographs Collection,” Imperial War Museum, https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/, accessed 5 February 2018.

  28.  Antoine Poidebard, “La trace de Rome dans le désert de Syrie,” Syria, vol. 15, no. 4 (Paris: Paul Guenther, 1934); Giuseppe Ceraudo, “Aerial Photography in Archaeology,” Good Practice in Archaeological Diagnostics: Non-Invasive Survey of Complex Archaeological Sites, ed. Cristina Corsi et al., Natural Science in Archaeology (Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2013), 11–30.

  29.  O. G. S. Crawford, “A Century of Air-Photography,” Antiquity, vol. 28, no. 112 (1954): 206–10, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X0002161X.

  30.  Kitty Hauser, Shadow Sites: Photography, Archaeology, and the British Landscape 1927–1955, Oxford Historical Monographs (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).

  31.  O. G. S. Crawford, Man and His Past (London: Oxford University Press, 1921); Kitty Hauser, Bloody Old Britain: O. G. S. Crawford and the Archaeology of Modern Life (London: Granta Books, 2008).

  32.  Hauser, Bloody Old Britain.

  33.  O. G. S. Crawford and Alexander Keiller, Wessex from the Air (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1928); O. G. S. Crawford, “Durrington Walls,” Antiquity, vol. 3, no. 9 (1929): 49–59, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00002970; O. G. S. Crawford, “Woodbury. Two Marvellous Air-Photographs,” Antiquity, vol. 3, no. 12 (1929): 452–55, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00003793; “Britain from Above,” Historic Environment Scotland, Archives and Research, https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives-and-research/archives-and-collections/britain-from-above/, accessed 4 February 2018.

  34.  Anonymous, “Crawford, Osbert Guy Stanhope (1886–1957), Archaeologist,” National Archives, UK, https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F40530, accessed 4 February 2018.

  35.  D. R. Wilson, Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists, 2nd ed. (Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus, 2000).

  36.  Geert Julien Verhoeven, “Near-Infrared Aerial Crop Mark Archaeology: From Its Historical Use to Current Digital Implementations,” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 19, no. 1 (2012): 132–60, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-011-9104-5.

  37.  Crawford and Keiller, Wessex from the Air.

  38.  “Internet Maps Reveal Roman Villa,” BBC News, 21 September 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4267238.stm, accessed 8 February 2018.

  39.  Harold E. Young, “Photogrammetry in Forestry,” Maine Forester, Annual Edition, ed. Steve Orach (Orono, Forestry Club, University of Maine, 1950), 49–51.

  40.  “The 7 Best 3D Scanning Apps for Smartphones in 2018,” ANIWAA, http://www.aniwaa.com/best-3d-scanning-apps-smartphones/, accessed 6 February 2018; Izak Van Heerden, “4 Ways to Turn Your Cell Phone into a Thermal Camera: FLIR vs Seek vs Therm-App vs CAT,” TectoGizmo, 2017, https://tectogizmo.com/4-ways-to-turn-your-cell-phone-into-a-thermal-camera/, accessed 6 February 2018.

  41.  “St Joseph, (John) Kenneth Sinclair (1912–1994), Geologist, Archaeologist, and Aerial Photographer,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100533580, accessed 10 November 2018.

  42.  Irwin Scollar, “International Colloquium on Air Archaeology,” Antiquity, vol. 37, no. 148 (1963): 296–97, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00105356.

  43.  J. K. S. St. Joseph, ed., The Uses of Air Photography: Nature and Man in a New Perspective (London: John Baker, 1966); Nicholas Thomas, “The Uses of Air Photography, Review,” Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, vol. 35 (1970): 376–77, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00013682.

  44.  Kevin C. Ruffner, ed., Corona: America’s First Satellite Program, CIA Cold War Records Series (Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, Centr
al Intelligence Agency, 1995).

  45.  “Corona,” National Reconnaissance Office, www.nro.gov/history/csnr/corona/index.html, accessed 7 February 2018.

  46.  “EarthExplorer,” US Geological Survey, https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/, accessed 7 February 2018.

  47.  Tony J. Wilkinson et al., “The Geoarchaeology of Route Systems in Northern Syria,” Geoarchaeology, vol. 25, no. 6 (2010): 745–71, https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.2033.

  48.  “Tiros 1,” NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1960-002B, accessed 7 February 2018.

  49.  “Tiros,” NASA Science, 2016, https://science.nasa.gov/missions/tiros/, accessed 7 February 2018.

  50.  Williams and Carter, eds., Erts-1: A New Window on Our Planet.

  51.  “Landsat Looks and Sees,” NASA, 19 July 2012, https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/landsat/news/landsat-history.html, accessed 10 November 2018.

  52.  J. C. Fletcher, “ERTS-1—Toward Global Monitoring,” Astronautics and Aeronautics, vol. 11 (1973): 32–35, https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19730056718, accessed 30 January 2018; “Landsat Missions,” US Geological Survey, https://landsat.usgs.gov/, accessed 7 February 2018.

  53.  Williams and Carter, eds., Erts-1: A New Window on Our Planet.

  54.  Williams and Carter, eds., Erts-1: A New Window on Our Planet.

  55.  “EarthExplorer,” US Geological Survey, https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/, accessed 6 February 2018.

  56.  Charles F. Withington, “Erts-1 Mss False-Color Composites,” in Williams and Carter, Erts-1: A New Window on Our Planet, 3–11.

  57.  Williams and Carter, eds., Erts-1: A New Window on Our Planet.

  58.  Laura Rocchio, “Landsat 1,” NASA, https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/landsat-1/, accessed 7 February 2018.

  59.  Rocchio, “Landsat 1.”

  60.  Rocchio, “Landsat 1.”

  61.  Samuel N. Goward et al., eds., Landsat’s Enduring Legacy: Pioneering Global Land Observations from Space (Bethesda, MD: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2017).

  62.  Mary Marguerite Scalera, Aerial Archaeology in the Space Age, unpublished NASA report, 1970.

  63.  Giardino, “A History of NASA Remote Sensing Contributions to Archaeology.”

  64.  Richard E. W. Adams, “Ancient Maya Canals: Grids and Lattices in the Maya Jungle,” Archaeology, vol. 35, no. 6 (1982): 28–35; R. E. Adams et al., “Radar Mapping, Archeology, and Ancient Maya Land Use,” Science, vol. 213, no. 4515 (1981): 1457–68, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4515.1457.

  65.  John Noble Wilford, “Spacecraft Detects Sahara’s Buried Past,” New York Times, 26 November 1982, https://www.nytimes.com/1982/11/26/us/spacecraft-detects-sahara-s-buried-past.html, accessed 7 February 2018.

  66.  J. F. McCauley et al., “Subsurface Valleys and Geoarcheology of the Eastern Sahara Revealed by Shuttle Radar,” Science, vol. 218, no. 4576 (1982): 1004–20.

  67.  Boyce Rensberger, “Did Stone Age Hunters Know a Wet Sahara?” Washington Post, 30 April 1988, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/04/30/did-stone-age-hunters-know-a-wet-sahara/7904219b-96e6-413f-8872-a8e40475f6d7/?utm_term=.9cbfeb978ab7, accessed 10 November 2018.

  68.  Thomas L. Sever, Feasibility Study to Determine the Utility of Advanced Remote Sensing Technology in Archeological Investigations, Report No. 227 (Mississippi: NASA, 1983); Giardino, “A History of NASA Remote Sensing Contributions to Archaeology.”

  69.  Thomas L. Sever and James Wiseman, Conference on Remote Sensing: Potential for the Future (Mississippi: NASA, 1985); Giardino, “A History of NASA Remote Sensing Contributions to Archaeology.”

  70.  Sever and Wiseman, Conference on Remote Sensing.

  71.  Thomas L. Sever and David W. Wagner, “Analysis of Prehistoric Roadways in Chaco Canyon Using Remotely Sensed Digital Data,” Ancient Road Networks and Settlement Hierarchies in the New World, ed. Charles D. Trombold (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 42–52.

  72.  Payson D. Sheets and Brian R. McKee, eds., Archaeology, Volcanism, and Remote Sensing in the Arenal Region, Costa Rica (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994).

  73.  Pamela Sands Showalter, “A Thematic Mapper Analysis of the Prehistoric Hohokam Canal System, Phoenix, Arizona,” Journal of Field Archaeology, vol. 20, no. 1 (1993): 77–90, https://doi.org/10.2307/530355.

  74.  “Spot,” CNES Projects Library, Centre national d’études spatiales, https://spot.cnes.fr/en/SPOT/index.htm, accessed 7 February 2018.

  75.  Thomas L. Sever and Daniel E. Irwin, “Landscape Archaeology: Remote-Sensing Investigation of the Ancient Maya in the Peten Rainforest of Northern Guatemala,” Ancient Mesoamerica, vol. 14, no. 1 (2003): 113–22, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956536103141041.

  76.  “Declassified Satellite Imagery-1,” US Geological Survey, https://lta.cr.usgs.gov/declass_1, accessed 7 February 2018.

  77.  Ronald G. Blom et al., “Southern Arabian Desert Trade Routes, Frankincense, Myrrh, and the Ubar Legend,” Remote Sensing in Archaeology, Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology, ed. James Wiseman and Farouk El-Baz (New York: Springer, 2007), 71–88; Thomas H. Maugh II, “Ubar, Fabled Lost City, Found by L.A. Team: Archeology: NASA Aided in Finding the Ancient Arab Town, Once the Center of Frankincense Trade,” Los Angeles Times, 5 February 1992, http://articles.latimes.com/1992-02-05/news/mn-1192_1_lost-city, accessed 7 February 2018.

  78.  Payson Sheets and Thomas L. Sever, “Creating and Perpetuating Social Memory Across the Ancient Costa Rican Landscape,” in Wiseman and El-Baz, Remote Sensing in Archaeology, 161–84.

  79.  Kasper Hanus and Damian Evans, “Imaging the Waters of Angkor: A Method for Semi-Automated Pond Extraction from LiDAR Data,” Archaeological Prospection, vol. 23, no. 2 (2016): 87–94, https://doi.org/10.1002/arp.1530.

  80.  Damian H. Evans et al., “Uncovering Archaeological Landscapes at Angkor Using LiDAR,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 110, no. 31 (2013): 12595–600, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1306539110.

  81.  Damian Evans et al., “A Comprehensive Archaeological Map of the World’s Largest Preindustrial Settlement Complex at Angkor, Cambodia,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 104, no. 36 (2007): 14277–82, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0702525104.

  82.  Niamh McIntyre, “Lost City in Iraq Founded by Alexander the Great Discovered by Archaeologists,” Independent, 25 September 2017, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/lost-city-iraq-alexander-great-founded-discover-archaeologists-qalatga-darband-a7965651.html, accessed 7 February 2018; “The Darband-I Rania Archaeological Project,” British Museum, http://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/museum_activity/middle_east/iraq_scheme/darband-i_rania_project.aspx, accessed 5 February 2018.

  83.  Jack Malvern, “Lost City of Alexander the Great Found in Iraq,” Times, 25 September 2017, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lost-city-of-alexander-the-great-found-in-iraq-pw6g2dtvj, accessed 5 February 2018.

  84.  Jayphen Simpson, “Here’s a Map with Up-to-Date Drone Laws for Every Country,” Petapixel, 20 September 2017, https://petapixel.com/2017/09/20/heres-map-date-drone-laws-every-country/, accessed 5 February 2018.

  Chapter 3

  1.    Stephen Ruzicka, Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire, 525–332 BCE, Oxford Studies in Early Empires (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).

  2.    Giovanni Di Bernardo et al., “Ancient DNA and Family Relationships in a Pompeian House,” Annals of Human Genetics, vol. 73, no. 4 (2009): 429–37, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00520.x; Jim Shelton, “Creating a Malaria Test for Ancient Human Remains,” YaleNews, 17 March 2015, https://news.yale.edu/2015/03/17/creating-malaria-test-ancient-human-remains, accessed 25 March 2018.

  3.    Julie Dunne et al., “Organic Residue Analysis and Archaeology: Guidance for Good
Practice,” Historic England, 2017, https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/organic-residue-analysis-and-archaeology/heag058a-organic-residue-analysis-and-archaeology-guidance.pdf/, accessed 5 March 2018.

  4.    “Scientific Dating,” Historic England, 2018, https://historicengland.org.uk/advice/technical-advice/archaeological-science/scientific-dating/, accessed 2 March 2018.

  5.    Eric H. Cline, 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed, Turning Points in Ancient History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014).

  6.    “Magical Figure,” Metropolitan Museum of Art, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/546350?sortBy=Relevance&ft=lisht&offset=0&rpp=100&pos=56, accessed 15 January 2018.

  7.    Timothy Darvill, Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008); “Archaeology 101,” Lesson Plans, Archaeological Institute of America Education Department, https://www.archaeological.org/pdfs/education/Arch101.2.pdf, accessed 3 March 2018; “Introduction to Archaeology: Glossary,” Archaeological Institute of America, 2018, https://www.archaeological.org/education/glossary, accessed 2 March 2018.

 

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