by Sarah Parcak
Chapter 5
1. Federico Poole, “Tanis (San el Hagar),” Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, ed. Kathryn Bard (London: Routledge, 1999), 755–77.
2. Poole, “Tanis (San el Hagar).”
3. John Taylor, “The Third Intermediate Period,” The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, ed. Ian Shaw (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 330–68.
4. For a detailed overview of the Third Intermediate Period, see Kenneth A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC) (Warminster, UK: Aris and Phillips, 1995).
5. Aidan Dodson, Afterglow of Empire: Egypt from the Fall of the New Kingdom to the Rise of the Saite Renaissance (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2012), 3–23.
6. Poole, “Tanis (San el Hagar),” 755–77.
7. Poole, “Tanis (San el Hagar).
8. This would have been quite similar to the palace at Malkata. See Peter Lacovara, The New Kingdom Royal City (New York: Kegan Paul International, 1997), 26. Also, a temple wall at Karnak offers evidence for Sheshonq’s expedition to Israel in 925 BC, which sought to renew Egypt’s imperialism. Sheshonq’s troops robbed the main temple and palace in Jerusalem, which implies that the treasures of Tanis may have been forged, in part, from melted-down gold items from Judah, although this has not yet been proven. See Yigal Levin, “Did Pharaoh Sheshonq Attack Jerusalem?” Biblical Archaeology Review, vol. 38, no 4 (July/August 2012): 43–52, 66–67.
9. Taylor, “The Third Intermediate Period,” 330–68.
10. Pierre Montet, La nécropole royale de Tanis: Fouilles de Tanis, dirigées par Pierre Montet, 3 vols. (Paris, 1947–1960).
11. Henri Stierlin and Christiane Ziegler, Tanis: Trésors des Pharaons (Paris: Seuil, 1987).
12. Jean Yoyotte, “The Treasure of Tanis,” The Treasures of the Egyptian Museum, ed. Francesco Tiradritti (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1999), 302–33.
13. Stierlin and Ziegler, Tanis: Trésors des Pharaons; Pierre Montet, Les énigmes de Tanis (Paris: Payot, 1952).
14. These archaeologists include David O’Connor, Barry Kemp, and Manfred Bietak.
15. “What is Pan-sharpening and how can I create a pan-sharpened image?” US Geological Survey, https://landsat.usgs.gov/what-pan-sharpening-and-how-can-i-create-pan-sharpened-image, accessed 2 April 2018.
16. Thomas M. Lillesand et al., Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation (Wiley, 2007).
17. Philippe Brissaud, ed., Cahiers de Tanis I, Mémoire 75 (Paris: Editions Recherche sur les civilisations, 1987).
18. Just like at Amarna. Barry Kemp, The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and Its People (London: Thames and Hudson, 2012).
19. For overviews of palace waterways and block transportation, see Angus Graham and Kristian Strutt, “Ancient Theban Temple and Palace Landscapes,” Egyptian Archaeology, vol. 43 (Autumn 2013): 5–7; Angus Graham et al., “Theban Harbours and Waterscapes Survey, 2012,” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, vol. 98 (2012): 27–42.
20. Norman de Garis Davies, Two Ramesside Tombs at Thebes (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1927), plate XXX.
21. John H. Taylor, Unwrapping a Mummy: The Life, Death, and Embalming of Horemkenesi (London: British Museum Press, 1995), 47.
22. For a detailed overview of ancient Egyptian religious practices, see Donald B. Redford, ed., The Ancient Gods Speak: A Guide to Ancient Egyptian Religion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
23. For a discussion on a well-excavated New Kingdom house, see Barry J. Kemp and Anna Stevens, Busy Lives at Amarna: Excavations in the Main City (Grid 12 and the House of Ranefer, N49.18), vol. 1, The Excavations, Architecture and Environmental Remains, EES Excavation Memoir 90 (London: Egypt Exploration Society and Amarna Trust, 2010).
24. Janine Bourriau and Jacke Phillips, eds., Invention and Innovation: The Social Context of Technological Change 2, Egypt, the Aegean and the Near East, 1650–1150 B.C. (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2016), 85–90.
25. These types of houses are described in detail in Kate Spence, “Ancient Egyptian Houses: Architecture, Conceptualization and Interpretation,” Household Studies in Complex Societies: (Micro) Archaeological and Textual Approaches, ed. Miriam Müller, Oriental Institute Seminars 10 (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2015), 83–99; Kemp, The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti; Barry J. Kemp and Salvatore Garfi, A Survey of the Ancient City of El-‘Amarna, Occasional Publications, vol. 9 (London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1993); Leonard Lesko and Barbara Lesko, eds., Pharaoh’s Workers: The Villagers of Deir el Medina (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994).
26. For plans of a similar palace layout from the New Kingdom site of Malkaka, see Lacovara, New Kingdom Royal City.
27. For a discussion of the diverse range of artistic objects made at Amarna, which would have been quite similar to Tanis, see Paul T. Nicholson, Brilliant Things for Akhenaten: The Production of Glass, Vitreous Materials and Pottery at Amarna Site O45.1, EES Excavation Memoir 80 (London: Egypt Exploration Society, 2007); Alan J. Shortland, Vitreous Materials at Amarna. The Production of Glass and Faience in 18th Dynasty Egypt, British Archaeological Reports International Series 827 (Oxford: Archaeopress, 2000); Kristen Thompson, “Amarna Statuary Project,” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, vol. 89 (2003): 17–19.
28. Hilary Wilson, Egyptian Food and Drink, Book 9, Shire Egyptology (London: Bloomsbury, 2008).
29. Lacovara, New Kingdom Royal City, 26.
30. Kitchen, Third Intermediate Period in Egypt.
31. For an overview of what Tanis might look like reconstructed, see Barry Kemp, “A Model of Tell el-Amarna,” Antiquity, vol. 74, no. 283 (2000): 15–16, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00065996.
32. Roger S. Bagnall and Dominic W. Rathbone, eds., Egypt: From Alexander to the Copts (London: British Museum Press, 2004), 51.
33. The Description of Egypt can be found fully scanned and searchable online. See http://descegy.bibalex.org/, accessed 2 April 2018.
34. An overview of this new satellite can be found on “WorldView-4,” DigitalGlobe, http://worldview4.digitalglobe.com/#/preload, accessed 2 April 2018.
Chapter 6
1. Like Doggerland, under the North Sea. See Vincent Gaffney et al., Europe’s Lost World: The Rediscovery of Doggerland, CBA Research Report, no. 160 (York: Council for British Archaeology, 2009).
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7. A great deal of controversy surrounds archaeological sites older than 15,000 years. See Brigit Katz, “Found: One of the Oldest North American Settlements,” Smithsonian SmartNews, 5 April 2017, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/one-oldest-north-american-settlements-fou
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10. Brian Daniels, personal communication, 3 March 2018.
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12. René R. Gadacz and Zach Parrott, “First Nations,” The Canadian Encyclopedia, 2015, http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/first-nations/, accessed 4 April 2018.
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17. Katharine M. Johnson and William B. Ouimet, “Rediscovering the Lost Archaeological Landscape of Southern New England Using Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR),” Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 43 (2014): 9–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.12.004.
18. Harmon et al., “LiDAR for Archaeological Landscape Analysis.”
19. Calculated based on the known area for Maya remains, with an average of the total forested area in that region.
20. Adrian S. Z. Chase et al., “LiDAR for Archaeological Research and the Study of Historical Landscapes,” Sensing the Past: From Artifact to Historical Site, ed. Nicola Masini and Francesco Soldovieri (Cham: Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2017), 89–100, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50518-3_4; Arlen Chase et al., “Geospatial Revolution and Remote Sensing LiDAR in Mesoamerican Archaeology,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 109, no. 32 (2012): 12916–21, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1205198109.
21. Tom Clynes, “Exclusive: Laser Scans Reveal Maya ‘Megalopolis’ Below Guatemalan Jungle,” National Geographic News, 1 February 2018, https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/maya-laser-lidar-guatemala-pacunam/, accessed 5 April 2018.
22. Francisco Estrada-Belli, personal communication, 7 November 2018.
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