David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition

by Finkelstein, Israel

  Knoppers, G. N. 1995. Prayer and Propaganda: Solomon’s Dedication of the Temple and the Deuteronomistic Program. Catholic Biblical Quarterly 57:229–54.

  Na’aman, N. 1997. Sources and Composition in the History of Solomon. In L. K. Handy, ed., The Age of Solomon: Scholarship in the Turn of the Millennium, 57–80. Leiden.

  Sweeney, M. A. 1995. The Critique of Solomon in the Josianic Edition of the Deuteronomistic History. Journal of Biblical Literature 114:607–22.

  Van Seters, J. 1997. Solomon’s Temple: Fact and Ideology in Biblical and Near Eastern Historiography. Catholic Biblical Quarterly 59:45–57.

  Veijola, T. 2000. Solomon: Bathsheba’s Firstborn. In G. N. Knoppers and J. G. McConville, eds., Reconsidering Israel and Judah: Recent Studies on the Deuteronomistic History, 340–57. Winona Lake.

  Traditional works on the archaeology of the united monarchy

  Dever, W. G. 1997. Archaeology and the “Age of Solomon”: A Case Study in Archaeology and Historiography. In L. K. Handy, ed., The Age of Solomon: Scholarship at the Turn of the Millennium 217–51. Leiden.

  Stager, L. E. 2003. The Patrimonial Kingdom of Solomon. In W. G. Dever and S. Gitin, eds., Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past: Canaan, Ancient Israel, and Their Neighbors from the Late Bronze Age Through Roman Palestine, 63–74. Winona Lake.

  Yadin, Y. 1970. Megiddo of the Kings of Israel. Biblical Archaeologist 33:66–96.

  Problems with the traditional view on the archaeology of the united monarchy

  Finkelstein, I. 1996. The Archaeology of the United Monarchy: An Alternative View. Levant 28:177–87.

  ———. 1999. Hazor and the North in the Iron Age: A Low Chronology Perspective. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 314:55–70.

  Finkelstein, I., and E. Piasetzky. 2003. Recent Radiocarbon Results and King Solomon. Antiquity 77:771–79.

  Sass, B. The Alphabet at the Turn of the Millennium. Tel Aviv.

  Problems with the historical reconstruction of the united monarchy

  Knauf, E. A. 1997. Le roi est mort, vive le roi! A Biblical Argument for the Historicity of Solomon. In L. K. Handy, ed., The Age of Solomon: Scholarship at the Turn of the Millennium, 81–95. Leiden.

  Miller, M. J. 1991. Solomon: International Potentate or Local King. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 123:28–31.

  ———. 1997. Separating the Solomon of History from the Solomon of Legend. In L. K. Handy, ed., The Age of Solomon: Scholarship at the Turn of the Millennium, 1–24. Leiden.

  Niemann, H. M. 1997. The Socio-Political Shadow Cast by the Biblical Solomon. In L. K. Handy, ed., The Age of Solomon: Scholarship at the Turn of the Millennium, 252–99. Leiden.

  ———. 2000. Megiddo and Solomon—A Biblical Investigation in Relation to Archaeology. Tel Aviv 27:59–72.

  Silberman, N. A. 2003. Archaeology, Ideology, and the Search for David and Solomon. In A. G. Vaughn and A. E. Killebrew, eds. Jerusalem in the Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period, 395–405. Atlanta.

  The minimalist approach

  Davies, P. 1992. In Search of “Ancient Israel.” Sheffield.

  Garbini, G. 2003. Myth and History in the Bible. London.

  Lemche, N. P. 1998. The Israelites in History and Tradition. London.

  Thompson, T. L. 1992. Early History of the Israelite People. Leiden.

  ———. 1999. The Bible in History: How Writers Create a Past. London.

  Against the minimalist approach

  Albertz, R. 2001. An End to the Confusion? Why the Old Testament Cannot Be a Hellenistic Book! In L. L. Grabbe, ed., Did Moses Speak Attic?, 30–46. Sheffield.

  Dever, W. G. 2001. What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It? What Archaeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel. Grand Rapids.

  Halpern, B. 1995. Erasing History. Bible Review: 26–35, 47.

  Schniedewind, W. 2003. Jerusalem, the Late Judaean Monarchy and the Composition of the Biblical Texts. In A. G. Vaughn and A. E. Killebrew, eds. Jerusalem in the Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period, 375–394. Atlanta.

  Hurwitz, A. 1997. The Historical Quest for “Ancient Israel” and the Linguistic Evidence of the Hebrew Bible: Some Methodological Observations. Vetus Testamentum 47:301–15.

  CHAPTER 1. TALES OF THE BANDIT

  Archaeological surveys in the highlands of Judah

  Finkelstein, I. 1995. The Great Transformation: The “Conquest” of the Highlands Frontiers and the Rise of the Territorial States. In T. E. Levy, ed., The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, 349–65. London.

  Lehmann, G. 2003. The United Monarchy in the Countryside: Jerusalem, Judah, and the Shephelah During the Tenth Century. In A. G. Vaughn and A. E. Killebrew, eds., Jerusalem in the Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period, 117–62. Atlanta.

  Ofer, A. 1994. “All the Hill Country of Judah”: From Settlement Fringe to a Prosperous Monarchy. In I. Finkelstein and N. Na’aman, eds., From Nomadism to Monarchy: Archaeological and Historical Aspects of Early Israel, 92–121. Jerusalem.

  Settlement history of the Beer-sheba Valley

  Herzog, Z. 1994. The Beer-Sheba Valley: From Nomadism to Monarchy. In I. Finkelstein and N. Na’aman, eds., From Nomadism to Monarchy: Archaeological and Historical Aspects of Early Israel, 122–49. Jerusalem.

  ———. 2002. The Fortress Mound at Tel Arad: An Interim Report. Tel Aviv 29:3–109, especially 84–102.

  Settlement patterns in the Shephelah

  Dagan, Y. 2004. Results of the Survey: Settlement Patterns in the Lachish Region. In D. Ussishkin, The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973–1994), vol. V, 2672–90. Tel Aviv.

  Canaan in the Amarna period

  Bunimovitz, S. 1994. The Problem of Human Resources in Late Bronze Age Palestine and Its Socioeconomic Implications. Ugarit-Forschungen 26:1–20.

  Finkelstein, I. 1996. The Territorio-Political System of Canaan in the Late Bronze Age. Ugarit-Forschungen 28:221–55.

  Na’aman, N. 1997. The Network of Canaanite Late Bronze Kingdoms and the City of Ashdod. Ugarit-Forschungen 29:599–626.

  Late Bronze Age Jerusalem

  Na’aman, N. 1996. The Contribution of the Amarna Letters to the Debate on Jerusalem’s Political Position in the Tenth Century B.C.E. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 304:17–27.

  The Shosu and the Apiru

  Giveon, R. 1971. Les bédouin Shosou des documents égyptiens. Leiden.

  Greenberg, M. 1955. The Hab/piru. New Haven.

  Na’aman, N. 1986. Habiru and Hebrews: The Transfer of a Social Term to the Literary Sphere. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 45:271–88.

  Rainey, A. F. 1995. Unruly Elements in Late Bronze Canaanite Society. In D. P. Wright, D. N. Freedman, and A. Hurvitz, eds., Pomegranates and Golden Bells, 481–96. Winona Lake.

  Rowton, M. B. 1976. Dimorphic Structure and the Problem of the Apiru-Ibrim. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 35:13–20.

  Ward, W. A. 1972. The Shasu “Bedouin”: Notes on a Recent Publication. Journal of the Economy and Social History of the Orient 15:35–60.

  Banditry

  Hobsbawm, E. J. 1985. Bandits. Harmondsworth.

  Heroic tales in the second book of Samuel

  Isser, S. 2003. The Sword of Goliath. Atlanta.

  CHAPTER 2. THE MADNESS OF SAUL

  Saul in biblical and historical studies

  Edelman, D. 1988. Saul’s Journey Through Mt. Ephraim and Samuel’s Ramah (1 Sam. 9:4–5, 10:2–5). Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 104:44–58.

  ———. 1990. The Deuteronomist’s Story of King Saul: Narrative Art or Editorial Product? In C. Brekelmans and J. Lust, eds., Pentateuchal and Deuteronomistic Studies, 207–20. Leuven.

  ———. 1991. King Saul in the Historiography of Judah. Sheffield.

  ———.1996. Saul ben Kish in History and Tradition. In V. Fritz and Ph. R. Davies, eds., The Origin of the Ancient Israelite States, 142–59. Sheffield.

  G
unn, D. 1981. A Man Given Over to Trouble: The Story of King Saul. In B. O. Long, ed. Images of Man and God: Old Testament Short Stories in Literary Focus, 89–112. Sheffield.

  Humphreys, W. L. 1980. The Rise and Fall of King Saul: A Study of an Ancient Narrative Stratum in 1 Samuel. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 18:74–90.

  Long, V. P. 1989. The Reign and Rejection of King Saul: A Case for Literary and Theological Coherence. Atlanta.

  ———. 1994. How Did Saul Become King? Literary Reading and Historical Reconstruction. In A. R. Millard, J. K. Hoffmeier, and D. W. Baker, eds., Faith, Tradition, and History, 271–84. Winona Lake.

  Na’aman, N. 1992. The Pre-Deuteronomistic Story of King Saul and Its Historical Significance. Catholic Biblical Quarterly 54:638–58.

  Peckham, B. 1985. The Deuteronomistic History of Saul and David. Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 97:190–209.

  Scheffler, E. 2000. Saving Saul from the Deuteronomist. In J. C. de Moor and H. F. Van Rooy, eds., Past, Present, Future: The Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets, 263–71. Leiden.

  Van der Toorn, K. 1993. Saul and the Rise of Israelite State Religion. Vetus Testamentum 43:519–42.

  Walters, S. D. 1991. Saul of Gibeon. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 52:61–76.

  White, M. 2000. “The History of Saul’s Rise”: Saulide State Propaganda in 1 Samuel 1–14. In S. M. Olyan and R. C. Culley, eds., “A Wise and Discerning Mind”: Essays in Honor of Burke O. Long, 271–92. Providence.

  ———. 2001. Searching for Saul. What We Really Know About Israel’s First King. Biblical Research 17:22–29, 52–53.

  The territory of Saul

  Edelman, D. 1985. The “Ashurites” of Eshbaal’s State (2 Sam. 2.9). Palestine Exploration Quarterly 117:85–91.

  Na’aman, N. 1990. The Kingdom of Ishbaal. Biblische Notizen 54:33–37.

  Archaeological surveys in the northern highlands

  Finkelstein, I. 1995. The Great Transformation: The “Conquest” of the Highlands Frontiers and the Rise of the Territorial States. In T. E. Levy, ed., The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, 349–65. London.

  Finkelstein, I., and Y. Magen, eds. 1993. Archaeological Survey of the Hill Country of Benjamin. Jerusalem. (Hebrew with English summaries.)

  Zertal, A. 1994. “To the Land of the Perizzites and the Giants”: On the Israelite Settlement in the Hill Country of Manasseh. In I. Finkelstein and N. Na’aman, eds., From Nomadism to Monarchy: Archaeological and Historical Aspects of Early Israel, 47–69. Jerusalem.

  Settlement patterns in Jordan

  Finkelstein, I. 1998. From Sherds to History: Review Article. Israel Exploration Journal 48:120–31.

  Shiloh

  Finkelstein, I., ed. 1993. Shiloh: The Archaeology of a Biblical Site. Tel Aviv.

  Khirbet et-Tell and Khirbet Raddana

  Callaway, J. A. 1976. Excavating Ai (et-Tell): 1964–1972. Biblical Archaeologist 39:18–30.

  Callaway, J. A., and R. E. Cooley. 1971. A Salvage Excavation at Raddana, in Bireh. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 201:9–19.

  Lederman, Z. 1999. An Early Iron Age Village at Khirbet Raddana: The Excavations of Joseph A. Callaway. Ann Arbor.

  The Shishak (Sheshonq I) campaign

  Ahlstrom, G. W. 1993. Pharaoh Sheshonq’s Campaign to Palestine. In A. Lemaire and B. Otzen, eds., History and Traditions of Early Israel, 1–16. Leiden.

  Kitchen, K. A. 1986. The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 B.C.), 432–47. Warminster.

  Mazar, B. 1957. The Campaign of Pharaoh Shishak to Palestine. Vetus Testamentum Supplement 4:57–66.

  Redford, D. B. 1992. Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times, 312–15. Princeton.

  The tenth century BCE, archaeology, and Shishak: a revised view

  Finkelstein, I. 2002. The Campaign of Sheshonq I to Palestine: A Guide to the 10th Century BCE Polity. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 118:109–35.

  ———. 2003. City-States to States: Polity Dynamics in the 10th–9th Centuries B.C.E. In W. G. Dever and S. Gitin, eds., Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past: Canaan, Ancient Israel, and Their Neighbors from the Late Bronze Age Through Roman Palestine, 75–84. Winona Lake.

  Gibeon as the hub of the Saulides

  Blenkinsopp, J. 1974. Did Saul Make Gibeon His Capital? Vetus Testamentum 24:1–7.

  Walters, S. D. 1991. Saul of Gibeon. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 52:61–76.

  The apology of David

  Dick, M. B. 2004. The “History of David’s Rise to Power” and the Neo-Babylonian Succession Apologies. In B. F. Batto and K. L. Roberts, eds., David and Zion: Biblical Studies in Honor of J. J. M. Roberts, 3–19. Winona Lake.

  Halpern, B. 2001. David’s Secret Demons: Messiah, Murderer, Traitor, King, 73–103. Grand Rapids.

  Ishida, T. 1991. The Succession Narrative and Esarhaddon’s Apology. In M. Cogan and I. Ephal, eds., Ah, Assyria…Studies in Assyrian History and Ancient Near Eastern Historiography Presented to Hayim Tadmor, 166–73. Jerusalem.

  McCarter, K. P. 1980. The Apology of David. Journal of Biblical Literature 99:489–504.

  CHAPTER 3. MURDER, LUST, AND BETRAYAL

  “The History of David’s Rise” and the “Succession History”

  de Pury, A., and T. Römer, eds. 2000. Die sogenannte Thronfolgegeschichte Davids: Neue Einsichten und Anfragen. Freiburg.

  Keys, G. 1996. The Wages of Sin: A Reappraisal of the “Succession Narrative.” Sheffield.

  McKenzie, S. L. 2000. The So-Called Succession Narrative in the Deuteronomistic History. In A. de Pury and T. Römer, eds., Die sogenannte Thronfolgegeschichte Davids: Neue Einsichten und Anfragen, 123–35. Freiburg.

  Rost, L. 1982. The Succession to the Throne of David. Sheffield.

  Van Seters, J. 2000. The Court History and DtrH: Conflicting Perspectives on the House of David. In A. de Pury and T. Römer, eds., Die sogenannte Thronfolgegeschichte Davids: Neue Einsichten und Anfragen, 70–93. Freiburg.

  Views on the question of the tenth century BCE in Jerusalem

  Cahill, J. M. 2003. Jerusalem in the Time of the United Monarchy: The Archaeological Evidence. In A. G. Vaughn and A. E. Killebrew, eds., Jerusalem in the Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period, 13–80. Atlanta.

  Finkelstein, I. 2003. The Rise of Jerusalem and Judah: The Missing Link. In A. G. Vaughn and A. E. Killebrew, eds., Jerusalem in the Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period, 81–101. Atlanta.

  Steiner, M. 2003. The Evidence from Kenyon’s Excavations in Jerusalem: A Response Essay. In A. G. Vaughn and A. E. Killebrew, eds., Jerusalem in the Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period, 347–63. Atlanta.

  Ussishkin, D. 2003. Solomon’s Jerusalem: The Text and the Facts on the Ground. In A. G. Vaughn and A. E. Killebrew, eds., Jerusalem in the Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period, 103–15. Atlanta.

  State formation in Israel

  Finkelstein, I. 1999. State Formation in Israel and Judah: A Contrast in Context, a Contrast in Trajectory. Near Eastern Archaeology 62:35–52.

  Samaria, Jezreel, and other Omride cities

  Finkelstein, I. 2000. Omride Architecture. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 116:114–38.

  Franklin, N. 2003. The Tombs of the Kings of Israel; Two Recently Identified 9th-Century Tombs from Omride Samaria. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 119:1–11.

  ———. 2004. Samaria: From the Bedrock to the Omride Palace. Levant 36:89–202.

  ———. Forthcoming. Correlation and Chronology: Samaria and Megiddo Redux. In T. Levy and T. Higham, eds., Radiocarbon Dating and the Iron Age of the Southern Levant: The Bible and Archaeology Today. London.

  Kenyon, K. 1973. Royal Cities of the Old Testament, 71–89. New York.

  Ussishkin, D. 1997. Jezreel, Samaria and Megiddo; Royal Centres of Omri and Ahab. Vetus Testamentum Supplement 66:351–64.

  Williamson, H. G. M. 1996. Tel Jezreel a
nd the Dynasty of Omri. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 128:41–51.

  Woodhead, J. 1998. Royal Cities in the Kingdom of Israel. In J. Goodnick Westenholz, ed., Capital Cities: Urban Planning and Spiritual Dimensions, 111–16. Jerusalem.

  History of the Omride kingdom

  Timm, S. 1982. Die Dynastie Omri. Göttingen.

  The rise of urban centers in Judah in the ninth century

  Bunimovitz, S., and Z. Lederman. 2001. Iron Age Fortifications of Tel Beth Shemesh: A 1990–2000 Perspective. Israel Exploration Journal 51:121–47.

  Finkelstein, I. 2001. The Rise of Jerusalem and Judah: The Missing Link. Levant 33:105–15.

  Herzog, Z., and L. Singer-Avitz. 2004. Redefining the Centre: The Emergence of State in Judah. Tel Aviv 31:209–44.

  Ussishkin, D. 2004. The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973–1994), vol. I, 78–83. Tel Aviv.

  The role of the queen mother

  Knauf, E. A. 2002. The Queens’ Story: Bathsheba, Maacah, Athaliah and the “Historia of Early Kings.” Lectio Difficilior: European Electronic Journal for Feminist Exegesis 2 (http://www.lectio.unibe.ch/02 2/axel.htm).

  The Arameans and the kingdom of Damascus

  Dion, P.-E. 1997. Les Araméens à l’âge du fer. Paris.

  Lemaire, A. 1991. Hazaël de Damas, roi d’Aram. In D. Charpin and F. Joannès, eds., Marchands, diplomates et empereurs, 91–108. Paris.

  Lipinski, E. 2000. The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion. Leuven.

  Na’aman, N. 1997. Historical and Literary Notes on the Excavations of Tel Jezreel. Tel Aviv 24:122–28.

  The Tel Dan inscription

  Biran, A., and J. Naveh. 1995. The Tel Dan Inscription: A New Fragment. Israel Exploration Journal 45:1–18.

  Halpern, B. 1994. The Stela from Dan: Epigraphic and Historical Considerations. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 296:63–80.

  Lemaire, A. 1998. The Tel Dan Stela as a Piece of Royal Historiography. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 81:3–14.

  Na’aman, N. 2000. Three Notes on the Aramaic Inscription from Tel Dan. Israel Exploration Journal 50:92–104.

  Schniedewind, W. M. 1996. Tel Dan Stela: New Light on Aramaic and Jehu’s Revolt. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 302:75–90.