“devilish idolatry”: William Hubbard, A Narrative of the Indian Wars in New-England (Stockbridge: Heman Willard: 1893), 59.
“they have learned from the Prince of Darkness”: Ibid., 334.
“diabolical miscreant”: Ibid, 355.
“Some young persons through a vain calamity to know their future condition”: John Hale, A Modest Inquiry into the Nature of Witchcraft (Boston: Benjamin Eliot, 1702), 132–33.
“I knew a man in the East”; “those that ignorantly use charms”: Ibid.
“It is altogether undeniable that our great and blessed God”: Reverend Parris’s sermon, quoted in Charles Upham, Salem Witchcraft, with an Account of Salem Village and A History of Opinions on Witchcraft and Kindred Subjects (Boston: Wiggin and Lunt, 1867), 95.
“Tituba, what evil spirit have you familiarity with?”: This and the following dialogue can be found in the transcript of Tituba’s examination online at http://salem.lib.virginia.edu/texts/tei/swp?div_id=n125.
“improvised a new idiom of resistance”: Breslaw, 117.
“fictional depictions of Tituba’s life”: Dramatic interpretations of the events in Salem include Arthur Miller’s The Crucible (1953) and its various screen adaptations (1957 and 1996), Maryse Condé’s I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem (1986), Ann Petry’s Tituba of Salem Village (1964), and, most recently, the television drama Salem (2014).
“did much to preserve African ideas”: Jeffrey Anderson, Conjure in African American Society (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2008), 68.
“Jack beat de Devil”; “the great human culture hero of Negro folklore”: Zora Neale Hurston, Mules and Men (New York: Knopf, 1935), 237.
“If you think you are hoodooed”: Harry Middleton Hyatt, Folk-lore from Adams County, Illinois (New York: Alma Egan Hyatt Foundation, 1935), 543.
“Conjurelike practices”: Anderson, 158.
“Why do people go to Lourdes?”: Miami Herald, April 9, 1995.
Notes to Chapter 6
“Cotton Mather was afraid”: This account of Mather’s fears concerning the coming of smallpox to Boston relies on the Diary of Cotton Mather, 1681–1708 (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1911).
“venomous, contagious, loathsome Chambers”: Ibid., 451.
“daily celebrated and multiplied”: Ibid., 365.
“How often have there been Bills desiring Prayers”: Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, Or, The Ecclesiastical History of New England (Hartford: S. Andrus and Son, 1855), 92.
“Now the Small Pox”: Diary of Cotton Mather, 443.
“Thou shalt have no other god but me”: Exodus 20:3.
“the town could be made too Hot for these Dangerous Transgressors”: Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, 99.
“sore throat, and such tremor, and such dolor, and such danger of choking, and such exhaustion of strength”: Abijah Perkins Marvin, The Life and Times of Cotton Mather; Or, A Boston Minister of Two Centuries Ago, 1663–1728 (Boston: Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society, 1892), 228.
“The dreadful Disease, which is raging in the Neighbourhood”: Diary of Cotton Mather, 445.
“divinatory”; “Unto my Amazement”: Ibid., 446.
“There was a certain nobleman”: John 4:46.
“I saw, that the whole Bible afforded not a more agreeable or profitable Paragraph”: Diary of Cotton Mather, 446.
“my lovely consort… the desire of me eyes”: Ibid., 447–48.
“Go then, my Dove”: Ibid., 450.
“Has not the Death of my Consort”: Ibid., 451.
“Was ever man more tempted”; “Sometimes, Temptations to Impurities”: Ibid., 475.
“This Day, a surprising Thing befel me”: Ibid., 579.
“feare of famine”; “twenty negars”; “heathen… would surprise us”: “The General Historie of Virginia by Captain John Smith,” in Narratives of Early Virginia, 1606–1625, Volume 5, edited by Lyon Gardiner Tyler (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1946), 337.
“some cotton, and tobacco, and negroes, etc.”: John Winthrop, The History of New England from 1630 to 1649 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1908), 260.
“Every man of or within this Jurisdiction”: “Massachusetts Body of Liberties,” in American Historical Documents, 1000–1904, 73.
“Every marryed woeman”: Ibid., 61.
“Servants that have served”: Ibid., 62.
“No man shall exercise any Tirranny”: Ibid., 63.
“There shall never be any bond slaverie”: Ibid., 62.
Boston slave population: According to a census taken in 1715, there were at that time two thousand slaves in Massachusetts, with most living in Boston. See Evarts Boutell Greene and Virginia Draper Harrington, American Population Before the Federal Census of 1790 (New York: Columbia University Council for Research in the Social Sciences, 1932), 4. See also Douglas Harper, “Slavery in the North” (online at http://slavenorth.com/massachusetts.htm), and Edgar J. McManus, Black Bondage in the North (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1973), 14–15.
“The music consisted of two drums and a stringed instrument”: Benjamin Henry Latrobe, The Journal of Latrobe (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1905), 180.
“a Negro of a promising Aspect and Temper”: Diary of Cotton Mather, 579.
“without any Application of mine to them for such a Thing”; “that I wanted a good Servant”; “Smile of Heaven”; “I putt upon him the Name of Onesimus”: Ibid.
“I appeal to you for my child, Onesimus”; “Formerly he was useless to you”: Philemon 1:10 (Paul’s Letter to Philemon).
“floods of tears”; “Who can tell, but that I have this day found an Onesimus?”: Diary of Cotton Mather, 272.
“more true glory in them”: Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, 29.
“Yes and no”; “Many months before”: Quoted in George Kittredge, Some Lost Works of Cotton Mather (Cambridge: Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1912), 422.
“Guramantese”: According to Walter Rucker, “The various terms Koromantyn, Coromantee, Corornantin, Korman-tine, Kromnantine, and Cormentine all refer to an important trading port located on the Gold Coast of Africa during the 17th and 18th centuries. The correct appellation, Kromantine, was the name of a key commercial region controlled by the Fante Kingdom of Efutu. Africans exported from this region of West Africa were principally Akan speakers.” Walter Rucker, “Only Draw in Your Countrymen: Akan Culture and Community in Colonial New York City,” Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 34 (July 2010): 76–118.
“ancient in the Kingdoms of Tripoli, Tunis and Algier”: Cassem Algaida Aga, quoted in Arthur Boylston, “The Origins of Inoculation,” JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the History of Treatment Evaluation, 2012, online at http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/illustrating/articles/the-origins-of-inoculation.
“mixture of medicine and magic performed by Taoist healers and Buddhist monks”: Ibid.
“If any man after legall conviction”: “Massachusetts Body of Liberties” in American Historical Documents, 1000–1904, 84.
Babalu Aye: See Migene González-Wippler, Santería: The Religion: a Legacy of Faith, Rites, and Magic (New York: Harmony, 1989), 53.
“mass inoculations took on the character of a religious festival”: Eugenia W. Herbert, “Smallpox Inoculation in Africa,” The Journal of African History 16, no. 4 (1975): 548.
“upon the approach of the disorder”; “magic stick”: quoted in Richard Pankhurst, “The History and Traditional Treatment of Smallpox in Ethiopia.” Medical History, Volume 9, Number 04 (October 1965): 347.
“fetish woman”; “mallams”: Herbert, 546.
“consternation and disorder”: Zabdiel Boylston, An historical account of the smallpox inoculated in New England upon all sorts of persons, whites, blacks, and of all ages and constitution, 1726.
“great and visible decay of piety in the country”: Mather, May 27, 1725, quoted in William Stevens Perry, ed., Papers Relating t
o the History of the Church in Massachusetts, 1676–1785 (1873), 172.
“The Rest of the Practitioners”: Cotton Mather, The Angel of Bethesda, in Otho T. Beall and Richard Harrison Shyrock, Cotton Mather: The First Significant Figure in American Medicine (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1954), 223.
“with the blessing of God”: An account of Boylston’s bladder stone surgery can be found in L. H. Toledo-Pereyra’s “Zabdiel Boylston: First American Surgeon of the English Colonies in North America,” Journal of Investigative Surgery 19, no. 1 (January–February 2006): 5–10.
“The vilest Arts were used”: Mather, The Angel of Bethesda, 113.
“I have since mett with a considerable Number of these Africans”: Some Lost Works of Cotton Mather, 431.
“I don’t know why ’tis more unlawful to learn of Africans, how to help against the Poison of the Small Pox”: Ibid., 430.
“the hero in this farce of calumny”: William Douglas, The abuses and scandals of some late pamphlets in favour of inoculation of the small pox, modestly obviated, and inoculation further consider’d in a letter to A-S-, M.D. & F.R.S., in London (Boston: J. Franklin, 1722), introduction.
“Can they not give into the method or practice”: Boston Gazette, July 31, 1721.
“A Dialogue between a Clergyman and a Layman Concerning Inoculation. By an Unknown Hand”: New-England Courant, January 8, 1722.
“Some Negro Slaves here of ye Nations of Caramantee”: Chaplain John Sharpe, quoted in Thelma Wills Foote, Black and White Manhattan: The History of Racial Formation in Colonial New York City (New York: Oxford University Press), 133.
“It was agreed to on New Years Day”: Walter Rucker, “Only Draw in Your Countrymen: Akan Culture and Community in Colonial New York City,” Afro-Americans in New York Life and History (July 2010); see also Rucker’s The River Flows On: Black Resistance, Culture, and Identity Formation in Early America (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006), 28.
“Cotton Mather, you dog, dam you! I’l inoculate you with this; with a pox to you”: Abijah Perkins Marvin, The Life and Times of Cotton Mather (Boston: Congregational and Sunday-School Publishing Society, 1892), 480.
“Though we don’t pray that it may not spread”: Quoted in Perry Miller, The New England Mind from Colony to Province (Boston: Beacon Press, 1961), 363.
“There was no social niche for the infidel”: Ibid., 363.
“My Servant Onesimus, proves wicked, and grows useless”; “Froward”; “Immorigerous”; “My Disposing of him”: Cotton Mather, “Diary 1716,” Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1912) 363.
“My servant Onesimus, having advanced a Summ”: Ibid.
Notes to Chapter 7
“great concourse of people”: Witham Marshe, “Witham Marshe’s Journal of the Treaty Held with the Six Nations,” Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society for the Year 1800 (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1846), 178.
“true Friends and Brothers”: Society of Friends, Some account of the conduct of the Religious Society of Friends towards the Indian tribes in the settlement of the colonies of East and West Jersey and Pennsylvania: with a brief narrative of their labours for the civilization and Christian instruction of the Indians, from the time of their settlement in America, to the year 1843, London Yearly Meeting, Meeting for Sufferings, Aborigines’ Committee, 1844.
“Among the ancients there were two worlds in existence”; “A large turtle came forward”: David Cusick, Sketches of the Ancient History of the Six Nation (Lockport: Turner & McCollum, 1848), 13.
“very full chest, and brawny limbs”: Marshe, 179.
“He who holds the reins”: Henry Melchior Muhlenberg Richards, “The Weiser Family,” The Pennsylvania German Society, Proceedings and Addresses at Allentown, October 7, 1921 (Lancaster: Lancaster Press, 1924), 12.
“frightful”: Marshe, 180.
“entrapped in the net of his own wisdom”; “We may term Conrad Weiser a sort of religious vagrant”: Clement Zwingli Weiser, The life of (John) Conrad Weiser, the German pioneer, patriot, and patron of two races (Reading: Daniel Miller, 1876), 95, 142.
“If by the word of religion”; “for a journey of five hundred English miles”; We saw that if the Indian had slipped”; “extremely weak”: Conrad Weiser, quoted in Robert Proud, The History of Pennsylvania, in North America, from the Original Institution and Settlement of that Province (Philadelphia: Z. Poulson, 1798), 316–18.
“An Indian came to us in the evening”: Conrad Weiser, quoted in Israel Rupp, History of the Counties of Berks and Lebanon (Lancaster: G. Hills, 1844), 26.
“I have had occasion to be in council with them”: Conrad Weiser, quoted in C. Z. Weiser, 140. In this letter “respecting the Indian’s views on the subject of religion,” Weiser seems to have borrowed from the writings of William Penn, to whom a similar quote is attributed in John Warner Barber’s The History and Antiquities of New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania (Hartford: Allyn S. Stillman & Son, 1856), 539.
“He began to sing with an awful solemnity”: Weiser, quoted in Rupp, 207.
“charge and command them”: Weiser, quoted in C. Z. Weiser, 141. These words, too, have also been attributed to William Penn.
“Dunkers nunnery”: Marshe, 181.
“Our Great King of England, and His subjects”: Indian Treaties Printed by Benjamin Franklin, 1736–1762 (Philadelphia: The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1938), 48.
“What is one hundred years”; “You came out of the ground”; “Above One Hundred Years ago”; “By way of Reproach”: Ibid., 51–52.
“We heartily recommend Union”: Ibid., 78.
“Typically it had from three to five fires”: William Nelson Fenton, The Great Law and the Longhouse: A Political History of the Iroquois Confederacy (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998), 23–24.
“It would be a very strange thing”: Benjamin Franklin, “To James Parker,” The Writings of Benjamin Franklin, Volume 3 (London: Macmillan, 1907), 42.
“A smith is more likely to influence them than a Jesuit,” Ibid., 45
“a plan for the union of all the colonies under one government”; “Two gentlemen of great knowledge in public affairs”: Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (New York: American Book Company, 1896), 147–48.
“When the first ship arrived here from Europe”: Archibald Kennedy, The Importance of Gaining and Preserving the Friendship of the Indians to the British Interest Considered (London: E. Cave, 1752), 1.
“Being fortified by their approbation”; “appointed and supported by the crown”; “a grand council”; “In England it was judged”; “I am still of opinion”: Franklin, Autobiography, 148–49.
Discussion of Iroquois influence theory: “shoddy-yet-trendy multiculturalism”: Ed White, “The Challenge of Iroquois Influence,” American Quarterly 52, no. 1 (March 2000); “fanciful”: Gordon S. Wood, “Federalism from the Bottom Up,” The University of Chicago Law Review 78 (2011): 705.
“Franklin’s plan of union,” Herbert M. Lloyd, introduction to Lewis Henry Morgan’s League of the Ho-de-no-sau-see, quoted by Francis W. Halsey in the New York Times, June 7, 1902: 27.
“the original framers of the Constitution”: H. Con. Res. 331, online at http://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/hconres331.pdf.
“The worst is that they are the worse for the Christians”: Weiser, quoted in C. Z. Weiser, 142. Again, Weiser here uses words similar to those earlier written by William Penn.
“Highest Quality and Best Workmanship”: Conrad Weiser cigar box label, online at http://www.cigarlabeljunkie.com/Html/Archives_F10.html.
Notes to Chapter 8
“They have a droll theory of the Creation”; “The government among them”: Dean R. Snow et al., In Mohawk Country: Early Narratives About a Native People (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1996), 45–46.
“the genius and the manners”
: Thomas Sedgwick, A Memoir of the Life of William Livingston (New York: J.J. Harper, 1833), 46.
“by the people, for the people”: Lincoln used this description of American government in the Gettysburg Address.
“missionaries who practise”; “persuade these people”; “Jesuitical craft”; “a squaw by the name of St. Catharine”: Sedgwick, 97–98.
“he wanted nothing so much as to be a painter”: P. G. Davidson, “Whig Propagandists of the American Revolution,” American Historical Review 39 (April 1934): 442–53.
“collapse of the Puritan canopy”; “From the revivals”: Mark Noll, America’s God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 31.
“While one laughs at the other’s preaching”: “To the editor of the New-England Courant,” New-England Courant, October 15, 1722.
“one of the most eminent”; “It is a pity”: reprinted in The Works of the Late Right Honorable Joseph Addison, Esq., Volume 3 (Birmingham: John Baskerville, 1761), 546.
“An atheist is but a mad ridiculous Derider of Piety”; “Atheists put on false Courage”: “The Good Reception, Mr. Pope’s Thoughts on Various Subjects,” Boston Evening-Post, February 16, 1741.
“I fear neither Atheist, nor Jew, Deist, nor Turk”: “A Letter to Rev. Thomas Sheridan, D.D.,” The New-York Weekly Journal, December 4, 1738.
“An atheist is an overgrown libertine”: “The Character of an Atheist,” New-York Weekly Journal, February 27, 1749.
“account of his sickness, Convictions, Discourses”; “Published for an Example to others”; “If anyone doubts the truth”: The Second Spira (John Dunton at the Raven in the Poultry, 1693).
“This man an Atheist, he was bred”: Rev. Dr. Jones, The Atheist Converted, or, The Unbeliever’s Eyes Opened (Bennington, VT: Collier and Stockwell, 1802), 2.
“If I must sacrifice my Reason”: “And to be dull was constru’d to be good,” New England Weekly Journal, August 28, 1727.
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