by David Riggs
At a theatre: Erasmus 1974 24 577.
harmony in discord: Wind 1968 86–96.
Baines: Kuriyama 2002 220–21.
Polybius: Polybius 1962 I 506; Ovid 1976 II 375.
‘Scorpions and locusts’: Quotations in this paragraph are taken from Allen 1964 2n4, Lake 1982 31 and Kuriyama 2002 221-22.
That atheist Tamburlaine: MacLure 1979 29.
A sphere of private unbelief: Wooton 1983 60.
Little about Christianity: Holdsworth 1956 645; Curtis 1959 185.
Explicated a passage: Hardin 1984 387–88. Barrow quoted from Hunt 1964 I 303n20.
A manuscript list of theses: ‘Stilus scripturae sacrae non est barbarus’; ‘Est locus inferni’; ‘Reprobi deum vere non invocant’; ‘Deus non vult omnes salvos fieri’; ‘Voluntas libere agit’; ‘Nihil faciendum nisi prius consulto ac volenti deo’. University Archives, Cambridge University Library, Miscellaneouus Collections 10 1–15.
Archbishop Parker: Parker 1853 478. See also Curtis 1959 170, Kearney 1970 22 and O’Day 1979 73–74, 133.
Puritan academics opposed: Travers 1574 143, 146; Cartwright 1572 17.
Programmes of Christian education: Kearney 1970 38–45; Lake 1982 36–37 and passim; Morgan 1986 109, 113.
A select group of Cambridge colleges: Cliffe 1984 92–103; Morgan 1986 232–38; Porter 1958 119–135, 183–276. The Master’s oath is quoted from Morgan 1986 249.
Archbishop Parker … Corpus Christi: Porter 1958 146–55.
Petitions and lists: Porter 1958 208–210.
Key leaders of the radical Puritans: See DNB s.v. Browne, Harrison, Greenwood and Barrow for biographical details of the Separatist leaders. Masters 1831 457 notes Barrow’s (?) enrolment with Corpus Christi.
Bought him dinner: Bakeless 1937 336.
The Separatists’ experience of college life: Barrow 1966 213–15; Harrison 1953 188.
Tobias Bland: DNB.
Spread of moral licence: Beaumont quoted from Porter 1958 111; Greenham 1612 722.
Prolonged meditation: Chaderton quoted from Lake 1982 156; Rainolds quoted from Morgan 1986 112, italics added; Calvin 1582 Sig. Vv3r ff.
Calvin’s words: Calvin 1961 I 48.
The prescribed form: Peacock 1841 x–xv, liv–lxxix; Tanner 1917 349; Masson 1965 I 140–42.
The sole surviving transcript: Costello 1958 19–24.
The university rank list: Kuriyama 2002 51–52; Tanner 1917 355.
CHAPTER SIX The Teacher of Desire
The absences: Bakeless 1937 333–347 reprints the entries for Marlowe in the Corpus Christi Buttery Book. See also Bakeless 1942 I 71–75.
Discontinuers: Roberts 1996 25.
Gained a brother-in-law and lost a sister: Urry 1988 15.
The widow Katherine Benchkin: Kuriyama 2002 59–64.
Katherine Benchkin’s house: Kuriyama 2002 59–64.
The teacher of desire: The phrase ‘praeceptor Amoris’ appears in Ovid’s Artis Amatoriae (i.17 and ii.497) and in his Tristia (I.i.67). See STC II 201 for Vautrollier’s edition of Ovid’s love poems, which appeared twice in 1583. Jacobsen 1958 154–55 describes the ‘conspiracy of silence’ surrounding the Amores.
Sir Philip Sidney: Smith 1904 I 186–87, 173.
Robert Greene: Keach 1995 208–12; DNB s.v. Robert Greene.
Apprenticeship in verse composition: Pearcy 1984 8–20.
His most notorious howler: Ovid 1977 383; Gill 1968 135–50.
His main concern: Pearcy 1984 5–10.
To be impotent in bed: Prose translation quoted from Ovid 1977 475.
Ovid’s resolve: Cf. Elegies II. i.1, 4–7, I. viii.39–42, I. xv.7–8. See also Barchiesi 1997 4, 16–18, 31–33; Braudy 1986 135; Thibault 1964; Cheney 1997 21–22.
To be burned: Boose 1994 188.
Two formats: My account of Certain of Ovid’s Elegies is indebted to Pearcy 1984 21–36.
In response to Virgil’s example: Cheney 1997 31–48; Boyd 1997 168–69.
The ‘greater ground’: Cheney 1997 49–67.
The ‘Virgil of England’: Nashe 1958 I 299.
Marlowe’s lyric derives: My paragraphs on ‘Come live with me’ draw upon Alpers 1996 223–29 and Bruster 1991 49–72.
Ovid remarks: Amores II.xviii.13–16 quoted from Ovid 1977 437.
John Lyly: Hunter 1962 36–88. Euphues quoted from Lyly 1964 12; Lyly’s editor Edward Blount and Thomas Nashe quoted from Hunter 1962 72.
Child actors: Hunter 1962 89–158; Shapiro 1977 1–44.
The Earl of Oxford: ProfessorAlan Nelson of UC Berkeley has posted on the web his transcriptions of all the manuscript sources for Oxford cited herein; see his website at http:/socrates.berkeley.edu/~ahnelson/oxdocs.html. For assertions about Oxford in this paragraph, see PRO SP 12/151 [/57] ff 118–19 – ‘confessed’ is written in the left margin of fol. 118; PRO 12/151 [/46] ff. 103–04; and PRO 12/151 [45] ff. 100–02 as cited in Nelson.
Oxford’s blasphemies: PRO SP 12/151[/57] ff. 118–19; BL Cotton Titus C.6 ff. 7–8; PRO SP 12/151 [46]/fols. 103–04. Baines’s Note quoted from Kuriyama 2002 220–222. See Nicholl 2002 222–225 for Watson and Cornwallis.
The critics: Smith 1904 II 65, 320, I 243.
The children’s companies: Chambers 1923 III 413–14, 458–59, 426; Hunter 1962 77.
Thomas Nashe: Nashe 1958 III 131 and Nicholl 1984 30.
A poetic strain: Holdsworth 1956 643.
Puttenham: Smith 1904 II 5.
Polysyllabic words: Surrey 1985 38; Sackville 1970 41.
George Gascoigne’s Certain Notes: Smith 1904 I 50–51. See Shapiro 1983 15–66 for a wide-ranging account of English prosody in the 1570s and 1580s, and 23–26 for pertinent commentary on Gascoigne’s Certain Notes.
The Latin hexameter: Allen 1978 92–94.
The mismatch: My analysis of Marlowe’s blank verse line is continuously indebted to Shapiro 1983 67–148 and esp. 101–105, though he does not discuss the specific case of Dido. For ‘relative stress’, see Kiparsky 1975 and 1977.
A rival tradition: Desmond 1994.
What can you charge me with but love?: Ovid 1977 95.
Two reasons: Virgil 1999 I 265.
Orpheus, the legendary founder: Ovid 1976 II 71.
Jove’s choice of Ganymede: Barkan 1991 17–74.
Eroticized male friendship and sodomy: Bray 1990.
Children were uniquely qualified: Chambers 1923 II 17n2; Roberts 1996 19–21; Harvey quoted from Chambers 1923 III 412; Middleton quoted from Orgel 1996 37.
A causal relationship: Rainolds quoted from Orgel 1996 28; Stubbes from Chambers 1923 IV 224.
His paedophiliac vision: My reading of Dido is indebted to Goldberg 1992 129–37, esp. 131–32.
A leaver of women: Godshalk 1971 esp. 5, 8–11.
One modern feminist critic: Helene Cixous, The Newly Born Woman, quoted from Desmond 1994 vii; I translate jouissance as ‘sensuality’.
CHAPTER SEVEN Plots and Counter Plots
The Queen’s Privy Council: Kuriyama 2002 202–203 provides a transcript of the Council’s memorandum.
He began to spend more lavishly: Nicholl 2002 120.
The papal bull: Ehler 1954 180–83.
Cuthbert Mayne: See Kendall 1998 235–37, 239–245, which cites Anstruther 1969 I 224–26, Anon [i.e. Catholic Church] 1968 110–11 and Rowse 1937 139–44.
Justice Manwood: Kendall 1998 245–49. Kuriyama 2002 203 transcribes and translates the charges against Marlowe and Watson. See Marlowe 1968a 263 for MacLure’s translation of the lines quoted from Marlowe’s epitaph on Manwood.
Deadliest foes: McCoog 1996 156–57.
Thomas Watson: Eccles 1934a 129–144; Nicholl 2002 212–18; Kendall 1998 230–39, 248–56.
Richard Baines: See English College 1878 154 for the date of Baines’s entry into the seminary at Rheims. Kuriyama 1988 9 notes Baines’s high standing in his BA and MA classes at Cambridge. See Persons 1975 Sig. 3v–4r and Ely 1602 12–13 (both texts are quoted in Kendall 1998 1
61–64) for contrasting accounts of Baines’s motives for joining the seminary. Baines’s recollections about his time at Rheims may be consulted in three versions. (1) Kendall 1994 546–48 provides an English translation of the oral confession that Baines gave in Latin to the authorities at Rheims in 1582. (2) A contemporary English translation of the written recantation that Baines penned, again in Latin, at Rheims in 1583 appears in William Allen’s A True Report of the Late Apprehension and Imprisonment of John Nichols … Whereunto is Added the satisfaction of certain, that of fear or frailty have lately fallen in England (Rheims, 1583), 24–27. This document is transcribed in Kendall 1998 697–706. (3) There is an English translation, published in 1588, of the original Latin text of Baines’s 1583 written recantation in Kendall 1994 543–546. For the lines quoted from Baines’s oral confession in this paragraph, see Kendall 1994 547. For Baines’s contact with Secretary Walsingham and the Council, see Kendall 1994 508n4, 510, 518–19, 527. My account of Baines’s stay at Rheims is continuously indebted to Kendall 1994 and 1998.
The most reliable account: See Kendall 1994 546–48 for quotations from the oral confession in these paragraphs. Italics added.
The echoes of this performance: Kendall 1994 520–531 and Kendall 1998 35–43, 60–76, discuss similarities between Baines’s oral confession of 1582, his written recantation of 1583 and the views that Baines attributed to Marlowe in his 1593 ‘Note’ about the playwright’s blasphemies. See Kuriyama 2002 219–22 for Baines’s 1593 ‘Note’.
In the written recantation: Quoted from the transcript in Nicholl 1998 700.
The final part of Baines’s oral confession: Kendall 1994 546–48.
The Lennox plot: Kendall 1998 101–104, 107–22. See Plowden 1991 77 for the Spanish ambassador’s remark and 76–83 for a succinct and pertinent account of the Lennox plot.
The best time for the Secretary and Baines to have met: Kendall 1998 250.
When Baines became a deacon: Kendall 1994 549–50 describes Baines’s progress through the ranks at Rheims. See Nicholl 2002 216–17 for ‘our Thomas Watson’.
‘By the waters of the Seine’: Watson 1997 II 117.
Pastoral poetry: Smith 1904 II 40.
Father Baines … the months that followed: Kendall 1994 549 gives the date of Baines’s first mass. See McCoog 1996 178–188, 198, on negotiations during the months that followed 4 October 1581. See Burghley 1965 xxxvi and Kendall 1994 534n51 respectively for Castelli’s letter to Cardinal Como and Allen’s letter to Castelli. McCoog 1996 187 notes the involvement of English priests in the proposed invasion. Cf. Carrafiello 1994.
Baines has had the strappado: Kendall 1994 518–19. For Father Allen’s letter of 12 May, see Allen 1882 135. Kendall 1994 508n4 provides relevant extracts from Allen’s letter of 28 May; for the full text, see Allen 1882 135–39. Kendall 1994 535n53 quotes Allen’s letter of 11 June from Allen 1882 144–45. See Kendall 1994 519n28 for Allen’s letter of 18 July 1582, which is in Allen 1882 149–51.
The son of perdition: Kendall 1994 551–52 quotes the relevant extract in Allen’s letter of 5 August from Allen 1882 153–55. See Kendall 1998 57–59 for Allen’s reluctance to admit that he had tortured Baines.
A revealing exchange: Kendall 1994 548. Italics added.
Allen complained to Agazzari: See Kendall 1994 509 and Allen 1882 166, 187, for Allen’s letters of 20 October 1582 and 14 April 1583.
The Confession: See Kendall 1994 and Kendall 1998 50–60 for differences between the 1592 ‘oral confession’ and the recantation published in 1593. Passages quoted from the transcription of The Confession (that is, the printed English text of the 1583 written recantation) are in Kendall 1998 697–706.
Our imprisoned priest: Quoted by Kendall 1998 96n26 from Allen 1882 194.
Allen published the book at Rheims: See Kendall 1994 533 and Kendall 1998 87–91 for a description of the book.
Lennox, the forgotten man: See Normand 1996 175–76, 183, 185–86 and 187–92 for Lennox, James and Marlowe’s Edward II.
Spy work: Nicholl 2002 125; Archer 1993 3–5 and passim. See Bossy 1991 for Bruno.
Targets of the Jesuit mission: Nicholl 2002 114–17; McCoog 1996 163.
Nicholas Faunt: Nicholl 2002 129–30, 143, 144; Roberts 1996 26–27; Kuriyama 2002 85–86.
The Throckmorton plot: Read 1925 II 381–88.
The tactic of political assassination: Pollen 1922 xix–xxx, lxxv, 170; Acquaviva quoted from McCoog 1996 196; Read 1925 II 383n1.
The Act for the Queen’s Surety: Pollen 1922 xxv, cxcii; Edwards 2002 134, 153.
Thomas Walsingham assisted Sir Francis: Nicholl 2002 140.
Secretary Walsingham’s annual outlay: Nicholl 2002 125, 131–32; McMillin 1998 203n24.
Robert Poley: Nicholl 2002 157–59, 492–93, 156–72 passim; Boas 1929 30–55.
The jailer Richard Ede: PRO SP 12/222/14.
Poley later bragged: PRO SP 12/222/13.
A double bind: Hicks 1964 247–49 reprints the text of Poley’s letter to Leicester. See also Nicholl 2002 109–13 and passim for the ‘double bind’.
‘To lay himself any way open’ to Poley: Walsingham quoted from Nicholl 2002 160.
Burghley’s Execution: Burghley 1965 9–10; Corthell 1989 273 and passim. These two paragraphs are indebted to Corthell’s essay, which in turn builds on essential studies by Joel Hurstfield, John Bossy, Arnold Pritchard, Christopher Haigh and others.
Allen’s … Defence of English Catholics: Burghley 1965 88. See Corthell 1989 for the passages quoted from Campion’s Challenge (277) and Burghley’s letter to his son Robert Cecil (278). Burghley 1965 xxxvi–vii quotes Allen’s communication to Sixtus V – cf. McCoog 1996 216–17. For English anti-Catholicism, see Weiner 1971 42 and passim.
Conformist policy: Bacon 1861 I 98. Francis Hastings’ Watchword to all Religious and True-Hearted Englishmen (1598) quoted from Weiner 1971 38. Munday 1582 Sig. G1v is quoted in Maus 1995 6.
‘The high way to infidelity’: Baines quoted from Kendall 1998 700.
Gifford’s oath remained in force: Poley quoted from Great Britain 1898 8 600.
See Pollen 1922 xlv–xlvii on Savage and the Giffords and passim for a narrative and documentary history of the Babington plot.
John Ballard: See Nicoll 2002 174–75 (on Ballard’s demeanour) and 173–195 (on the Babington plot). See also Pollen 1922 lxxviii, lxxvii, lxxxi–lxxxiii, lxxxiv–lxxvii, and Bossy 1962 51–52.
Gilbert Gifford: Pollen 1922 xlix–liii, 60, cxviii.
Bernardino de Mendoza: Pollen 1922 xciv–xcv.
Anthony Babington: Pollen 1922 cvi–cix, cxi–cxiii.
Robert Poley: Pollen 1922 cxxii–cxxvi, 59–61.
Gilbert Gifford: Pollen 1922 120, clxiv–clxv.
Nicholas Skerres: Nicholl 2002 32–33; Phelippes quoted from Pollen 1922 cl.
After her arrest: See Fraser 1969 507 for the quotation from Queen Mary and 528–29 for the signing of the warrant and Davison’s role as scapegoat.
Extraordinary measures: Godman 1996 82–83 quotes Burgoyne from Cowan 1907 181 and notes the foul conditions in which Mary was incarcerated. Kendall 1998 126–27 quotes Fraser 1969 439 on ‘the famous middens of Tutbury’.
That miserable accident: See Fraser 1969 541 for Davison’s role as scapegoat. Queen Elizabeth is quoted from Elizabeth 2000 296. McCoog 1996 240–41 connects the execution of Mary with Philip’s claims on the English monarchy.
The world and the stage: Pollen 1922 clxxii note 2; Southwell quoted from Corthell 1989 286; Nicholl 2002 191–93, which also cites William Camden’s opinon of Poley. See Hughes 1969 III 91 for Burghley’s opinion of missionary priests.
Secret service agent and playwright: Nicholl 2002 199–208; Maus 1995 72–103 and passim.
Elizabeth’s performance foreshadowed: Godman 1996 82–85 points out the parallels between the last act of Edward II and the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots.
Marlowe’s Massacre at Paris: The next three paragraphs are indebted to Br
iggs 1983, esp. 262-74.
CHAPTER EIGHT Proceeding in the Arts
Work required for the MA: Bakeless 1942 I 59, 77; Tanner 1917 349; Kuriyama 2002 201–202.
Upon stages in the City of London: Marlowe 1981 ii.
The Elizabethan MA programme: Curtis 1959 92n31; Cormack 1997 17–47 and passim.
The theatre of the world: Ortellius quoted from Gillies 1994 71.
Cosmography syllabus: Polybius 1962 I 1; Strabo 1917 I 31; Mela 1988 2; Pliny Natural History III.v.46 quoted from Nicolet 1991 173.
An elaborate geographical conceit: Gillies 1994 56–57, Raman 2002 285.
Their sense of class privilege: Passages quoted from Feingold 1984b 191, 192.
A social escalator: See Feingold 1984b and DNB, s.v. Hariot, Percy, Warner and Watson; Nicholl 2002 228–40; Kuriyama 2002 209–210.
The celebrated clash: Johnson 1937 167, 181: ‘An terra quiescat in medio mundi’.
Copernicus recuperated: Raman 2002 112.
Calvin emphasizes: Quoted from Taylor 1989 31.
The study of the heavens: Quintilian 1920 I 63; Harvey quoted from Johnson 1937 193; Virgil 1999 I 63; Virgil 1580 52; Virgil 1575 26.
The poet and the cosmos: Virgil 1999 I 171; Lucretius 1994 12; Virgil 1580 97: ‘Si physicam Philosophiam nosse non licuerit’. My reading of the passages quoted from Virgil and Lucretius follows Hardie 1986 31–69.
The line of Orpheus: Virgil 1999 I 313, 579; Virgil 1575 190; Virgil 1580 277: ‘Theologus fuit post Orpheum’; Brink 1963 384–394; Hardie 1986 11–17, 59–66.
The ‘first’ poets: Attridge 1974 152–58; Smith 1904 II 9.
Hesiod: Hesiod 1988 6.
Plato: Plato 1963 624–25.
The first thing that the Muses say: Hesiod 1986 3.
An archaic model of universal history: Hardie 1986 7, 87–89, 91–92; Ovid 2000 8.
The Titans: Hardie 1986 381.
The occult science of astrology: Clulee 1977 645–64 and esp. 647; Thomas 1971 283–92; Feingold 1984a 82–83 and passim.
MA candidates in the 1580s disputed: Feingold 1984a 78-9; Clark 1885 II.ii.171, 173: ‘An divinatio astrologica sit probanda’, ‘An ulla sit vis incantationis’, ‘An ex ignobilioribus metallis aurum possit confici’; Harvey 1583 44–45.