[387] Mary D. Edsall and Thomas Byrne Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics, Revised edition (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1992).
[388] David Osborne, Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit Is Transforming the Public Sector, New edition (New York, N.Y: Longman, 2000).
[389] Stanley B. Greenberg, Middle Class Dreams: The Politics and Power of the New American Majority, Revised and Updated Edition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996).
[390] David Graeber, “Capitalism’s Secret Love Affair with Bureaucracy,” The Financial Times, March 6, 2015,
https://www.ft.com/content/73212b74-c1ba-11e4-8b74-00144feab7de.
[391] Tim O’Reilly, “Networks and the Nature of the Firm,” WTF?, August 14, 2015,
https://medium.com/the-wtf-economy/networks-and-the-nature-of-the-firm-28790b6afdcc.
.
[392] Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail, Reprint edition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Review Press, 2016).
[393] Michael Grunwald, The New New Deal: The Hidden Story of Change in the Obama Era, Reprint edition (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013).
[394] Jonathan Chait, The Big Con: Crackpot Economics and the Fleecing of America (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2007).
[395] Brink Lindsey and Steven Teles, The Captured Economy: How the Powerful Become Richer, Slow Down Growth, and Increase Inequality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017).
[396] Matt Bai, “What Steve Jobs Understood That Our Politicians Don’t,” The New York Times, October 6, 2011,
https://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/06/what-steve-jobs-understood-that-our-politicians-dont/.
[397] Babak Nivi, “The Entrepreneurial Age,” Venture Hacks, February 25, 2013,
http://venturehacks.com/articles/the-entrepreneurial-age.
[398] John Harris, “The Lesson of Trump and Brexit: A Society Too Complex for Its People Risks Everything,” The Guardian, December 29, 2016,
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/dec/29/trump-brexit-society-complex-people-populists.
[399] Franklin Foer, “Obamacare’s Threat to Liberalism,” The New Republic, November 24, 2013,
https://newrepublic.com/article/115695/obamacare-failure-threat-liberalism.
[400] Younès Rharbaoui, “Entrepreneurs, Let’s Finance Businesses Better!,” The Family, February 5, 2018,
https://salon.thefamily.co/entrepreneurs-lets-finance-businesses-better-bf4a6e14df4b.
[401] Tim O’Reilly, “Government as a Platform,” Innovations, MIT Press Journals 6, no. 1 (Winter 2011),
http://www.mitpressjournals.org/toc/itgg/6/1.
[402] Jennifer Pahlka, “Beyond Tech: Policymaking in a Digital Age,” The Code for America Blog, March 30, 2017,
https://medium.com/code-for-america/beyond-tech-policymaking-in-a-digital-age-2776b9a17b69.
[403] Ben Hammersley, “Concerned about Brexit? Why not become an e-resident of Estonia,” Wired UK, March 27, 2017,
http://www.wired.co.uk/article/estonia-e-resident.
[404] Diego Piacentini, “Towards the new “operating system” of the country,” Team Per La Trasformazione Digitale, December 21, 2016,
https://medium.com/team-per-la-trasformazione-digitale/new-operating-system-country-technological-competence-plans-11b50a750ea7.
[405] Romain Dillet, “France wants to rethink the state as a platform,” TechCrunch, July 6, 2016,
https://techcrunch.com/2016/07/06/france-wants-to-rethink-the-state-as-a-platform/.
[406] Mariana Mazzucato, The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public Vs. Private Sector Myths (London: Anthem Press, 2015).
[407] Rainer Kattel and Erkki Karo, “Start-Up Governments, or Can Bureaucracies Innovate?,” Institute for New Economic Thinking, January 4, 2016,
https://www.ineteconomics.org/perspectives/blog/start-up-governments-or-can-bureaucracies-innovate.
[408] Patrick Sisson, “How cities can work with Uber and Lyft to create bigger, better transportation networks,” Curbed, September 8, 2016,
https://www.curbed.com/2016/9/8/12846470/uber-transportation-public-transit-lyft-report.
[409] Critical Art Ensemble, The Electronic Disturbance (New York: Autonomedia, 1994).
[410] Robert Reich, The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21st Century Capitalism (New York: Vintage, 1992).
[411] Anthony Giddens, The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy (London: Polity Press, 1998).
[412] Jeremy Rifkin, The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era (New York: Tarcher, 1996).
[413] John F. Harris, “Indispensable Or Irrelevant?,” The Washington Post, January 18, 2001,
https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/01/18/indispensable-or-irrelevant/0c1028c4-1fc2-40fd-abea-a26da0e5bff5/?utm_term=.e8fdc3016ce0.
[414] Paul Krugman, “Sympathy for the Luddites,” The New York Times, June 13, 2013,
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/14/opinion/krugman-sympathy-for-the-luddites.html.
[415] Scott D. Anthony, S. Patrick Viguerie, Evan I. Schwartz, John Van Landeghem, 2018 Corporate Longevity Forecast: Creative Destruction is Accelerating, Innosight, 2018, https://www.innosight.com/insight/creative-destruction/.
[416] Adam Davidson, “Welcome to the Failure Age!,” The New York Times, November 12, 2014,
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/magazine/welcome-to-the-failure-age.html.
[417] Michael Mandel, "Can the Internet of Everything Bring Back the High-Growth Economy?," Policy Paper, Progressive Policy Institute, September 12, 2013,
http://www.progressivepolicy.org/issues/economy/can-the-internet-of-everything-bring-back-the-high-growth-economy/.
[418] The Economist, “Occupational licensing blunts competition and boosts inequality,” The Economist, February 17, 2018,
https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21737053-how-high-earning-professions-lock-their-competitors-out-market-occupational.
[419] Richard Susskind, Daniel Susskind, The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).
[420] The Economist, “Occupational licensing blunts competition and boosts inequality,” The Economist, February 17, 2018, https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21737053-how-high-earning-professions-lock-their-competitors-out-market-occupational.
[421] Tim O’Reilly, “Networks and the Nature of the Firm,” WTF?, August 14, 2015,
https://medium.com/the-wtf-economy/networks-and-the-nature-of-the-firm-28790b6afdcc.
[422] Gabrielle Gurley, “Underserved Communities Rely on Uber, but Challenges Remain,” Prospect, October 5, 2016, http://prospect.org/article/underserved-communities-rely-uber-challenges-remain.
[423] Sarah O’Connor, “Customers in the digital economy have the whip hand,” The Financial Times, November 29, 2016, https://www.ft.com/content/c04ccc22-b584-11e6-961e-a1acd97f622d.
[424] Barry Ritholtz, “Taxi Cab Owners and Regulators Created Uber,” Bloomberg, May 4, 2018,
https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2018-05-04/taxi-cab-owners-and-regulators-created-uber.
[425] Laetitia Vitaud, “The Age of Amateurs,” Switch Collective, August 22, 2016,
https://medium.com/switch-collective/the-age-of-amateurs-d7eaa7d8f799.
[426] Teddy Pellerin, “Heetch: 3 Years in Review and a Vision for the Future,” Medium, November 22, 2016,
https://medium.com/@teddypellerin/heetch-3-years-in-review-and-a-vision-for-the-future-b59ca1b6d2c6.
[427] Chris Taylor, “Sorry, Taxis: You’re History,” Mashable UK, June 12, 2014,
http://mashable.com/2014/06/11/sorry-taxis/#e.63w_lKGEqI.
[428] Kim-Mai Cutler, “How Burrowing Owls Lead To Vomiting Anarchists (Or SF’s Housing Crisis Explained),” TechCrunch, April 14, 2014, http://social.techcrunch.com/2014/04/14/sf-housi
ng/.
[429] Kim-Mai Cutler, “Silicon Valley Lost, and Found,” TechCrunch, January 4, 2014,
https://techcrunch.com/2014/01/04/silicon-valley-lost-and-found/.
[430] Olivier Zunz, Why the American Century?, 1st edition (Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1998).
[431] Kim-Mai Cutler, “Nothing Like This Has Ever Happened Before,” TechCrunch, January 29, 2016,
https://techcrunch.com/2016/01/29/nothing-like-this-has-ever-happened-before/.
[432] David Levitus, “YIMBYism and the Cruel Irony of Metropolitan History,” StreetsBlog LA, February 27, 2018,
https://la.streetsblog.org/2018/02/27/yimbyism-and-the-cruel-irony-of-metropolitan-history/.
[433] Statistisches Bundesamt, “Building, buying, renting: the situation on the German housing market”, STATMagazin, January 21, 2014,
https://www.destatis.de/EN/Publications/STATmagazin/Prices/2014_01/2014_01HousingMarket.html.
[434] Jennifer Warburg, “Forecasting San Francisco’s Economic Fortunes,” Spur, February 27, 2014,
http://www.spur.org/news/2014-02-27/forecasting-san-francisco-s-economic-fortunes.
[435] Sarah Kendzior, “Expensive cities are killing creativity,” Al Jazeera, December 17, 2013,
https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/expensive-cities-are-killing-creativity-2013121065856922461.html.
[436] Sarah Kendzior, “Geography is making America’s uneven economic recovery worse,” Quartz, April 29, 2016,
https://qz.com/672589/geography-is-making-americas-uneven-economic-recovery-worse/.
[437] Robert Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York: Knopf, 1974).
[438] Kim-Mai Cutler, “A Conversation on Future Urbanism, Tech Hubs,” TechCrunch, October 9, 2014,
http://social.techcrunch.com/2014/10/09/urbanism-tech-hubs/.
[439] Sarah Buhr, “Ron Conway And Chamath Palihapitiya Debate SF Housing And Google At Next Big Thing Conference,” TechCrunch, June 9, 2014,
https://techcrunch.com/2014/06/09/eruption-over-sf-housing-and-google-breaks-out-at-next-big-thing-conference/.
[440] Clayton M. Christensen, “How Healthcare Can Become Higher in Quality, Lower in Cost & Widely Accessible,” Faculty Perspectives on Healthcare, Harvard Business School, February 8, 2012, https://youtu.be/yoW5x71vbJc?t=27m53s.
[441] Sarah Goodyear, “A New Way of Understanding 'Eyes on the Street',” City Lab, July 22, 2013,
https://www.citylab.com/equity/2013/07/new-way-understanding-eyes-street/6276/.
[442] Frederic Laloux, “We are Wired to Raise Children in Community,” Medium, December 11, 2017,
https://medium.com/@fredlaloux/we-are-wired-to-raise-children-in-community-103cd4e9e9bf.
[443] Kim-Mai Cutler, “Nothing Like This Has Ever Happened Before,” TechCrunch, January 29, 2016,
https://techcrunch.com/2016/01/29/nothing-like-this-has-ever-happened-before/.
[444] Robert J. Shiller, The New Financial Order: Risk in the 21st Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003).
[445] Adam Davidson, “Welcome to the Failure Age!,” The New York Times, November 12, 2014,
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/magazine/welcome-to-the-failure-age.html.
[446] Natasha Lomas, “Lambda School aims to cash in by upskilling untapped talent,” TechCrunch, August 7, 2017,
https://techcrunch.com/2017/08/07/lambda-school-aims-to-cash-in-by-upskilling-untapped-talent/.
[447] Alex Rampell, “Point,” Andreessen Horowitz, September 13, 2016, https://a16z.com/2016/09/13/point/. For an overview of the discussion around “shared equity”, see Richard Morris, “Don’t Reform Housing Finance – Reinvent It,” Knowledge@Wharton, November 21, 2013,
http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/dont-reform-housing-finance-reinvent/.
[448] Richard Waters, “Data open doors to financial innovation,” The Financial Times, December 13, 2012,
https://www.ft.com/content/3c59d58a-43fb-11e2-844c-00144feabdc0.
[449] Nicolas Colin, “11 Notes on Goldman Sachs,” The Family Papers, May 16, 2017,
https://salon.thefamily.co/11-notes-on-goldman-sachs-d6103213759.
[450] Reena Jana, “Facebook’s Design Strategy: A Status Update Behind the scenes with the team that’s redefining human connection,” TBJ 100 Blog, August 22, 2011,
https://tbj100.wordpress.com/2011/08/22/facebook%E2%80%99s-design-strategy-a-status-update-behind-the-scenes-with-the-team-that%E2%80%99s-redefining-human-connection/.
[451] Colin Crouch, “Privatised Keynesianism: An Unacknowledged Policy Regime,” The British Journal of Politics & International Relations 11, no. 3 (August 1, 2009): 382–99.
[452] Charles D. Ellis, The Partnership: The Making of Goldman Sachs (New York: Penguin Books, 2009).
[453] Gillian Tett, Fool’s Gold: How Unrestrained Greed Corrupted a Dream, Shattered Global Markets and Unleashed a Catastrophe (London: Abacus, 2010).
[454] Aaron Klein, “Why is Glass-Steagall so politically popular and what does it really mean?,” The Brookings Institution, July 19, 2016,
https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/why-is-glass-steagall-so-politically-popular-and-what-does-it-really-mean/.
[455] The Economist, “The great pruning,” The Economist, May 9, 2015,
http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21650593-banks-are-thinning-their-branch-networks-more-drastic-cuts-may-come-great.
[456] Madison Marriage, “Tech giants pose threat to fund houses,” The Financial Times, April 20, 2014,
https://www.ft.com/content/0ceee29c-c594-11e3-a7d4-00144feabdc0.
[457] Matt Bai, “What Steve Jobs Understood That Our Politicians Don’t,” The New York Times, October 6, 2011,
https://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/06/what-steve-jobs-understood-that-our-politicians-dont/.
[458] Beth Seidenberg, “Obamacare Spurring A New Generation Of Startups,” TechCrunch, February 22, 2014,
http://techcrunch.com/2014/02/22/obamacare-spurring-a-new-generation-of-healthcare-startups/.
[459] Kim-Mai Cutler, “Oscar Raises $145M At A $1.5B Valuation To Build A New Healthcare, Insurance Giant,” TechCrunch, April 20, 2015, https://techcrunch.com/2015/04/20/oscar-145m/.
[460] Q Bio, “A Positive Feedback Loop for Humanity,” Medium, November 2, 2016,
https://medium.com/@qbio/a-positive-feedback-loop-for-humanity-437762f6725c.
[461] Sam Altman, “YC Research: Universal Healthcare,” Y Combinator, February 7, 2017,
https://blog.ycombinator.com/yc-research-universal-healthcare/.
[462] Clayton M. Christensen, Jerome H. Grossman, M.D., and Jason Hwang, M.D., The Innovator’s Prescription: A Disruptive Solution for Health Care (New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2009).
[463] Clayton M. Christensen, Jerome H. Grossman, M.D., and Jason Hwang, “Disrupting The Hospital Business Model,” Forbes, March 31, 2009,
https://www.forbes.com/2009/03/30/hospitals-healthcare-disruption-leadership-clayton-christensen-strategy-innovation.html#4a6e82b96512.
[464] David Barstow, Susanne Craig, Russ Buettner, and Megan Twohey, “Donald Trump Tax Records Show He Could Have Avoided Taxes for Nearly Two Decades, The Times Found,” The New York Times, October 1, 2016,
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html.
[465] Matthew Yglesias, “How Donald Trump made millions running failed casinos in Atlantic City,” Vox, June 12, 2016,
https://www.vox.com/2016/6/12/11909176/trump-atlantic-city-business.
[466] The Economist, “The key to industrial capitalism: limited liability,” The Economist, December 23, 1999,
https://www.economist.com/node/347323.
[467] As defined on https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/losscarryforward.asp (accessed March 15, 2018). See also Low Incomes Tax Reform Group, “What if I make a loss?”, December 2, 2017,
https://www.litrg.org.uk/tax-guides/self-employment/working
-out-profits-losses-and-capital-allowance/what-if-i-make-loss.
[468] Matthew Yglesias, “How Donald Trump made millions running failed casinos in Atlantic City,” Vox, June 12, 2016, https://www.vox.com/2016/6/12/11909176/trump-atlantic-city-business.
[469] Matthew Desmond, “How Homeownership Became the Engine of American Inequality,” The New York Times, May 9, 2017,
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/09/magazine/how-homeownership-became-the-engine-of-american-inequality.html.
[470] Nick Grossman, Elizabeth Woyke, Serving Workers in the Gig Economy, Emerging Resources for the On-Demand Workforce, O’Reilly, October 2015, http://www.oreilly.com/iot/free/serving-workers-gig-economy.csp.
[471] Venkatesh Rao, “Getting Reoriented,” Breaking Smart, Season 1, 2015,
https://breakingsmart.com/en/season-1/getting-reoriented/.
[472] Ryu Spaeth, “The Trump tax story is a big, beautiful gift for Hillary Clinton,” The New Republic, October 3, 2016,
https://newrepublic.com/minutes/137374/trump-tax-story-big-beautiful-gift-hillary-clinton.
[473] Matthew Yglesias, “Leaked tax documents reveal how Trump could have avoided paying income tax for a decade,” Vox, October 1, 2016, https://www.vox.com/2016/10/1/13134976/trump-tax-documents.
[474] Richard Straub, “The Promise of a Truly Entrepreneurial Society,” Harvard Business Review, March 25, 2016,
https://hbr.org/2016/03/the-promise-of-a-truly-entrepreneurial-society.
[475] Venkatesh Rao, “Getting Reoriented,” Breaking Smart, Season 1, 2015,
https://breakingsmart.com/en/season-1/getting-reoriented/.
[476] Ryan Lawler, “Stripe Partners With Intuit To Help On-Demand Workers Keep Track Of Their Finances,” TechCrunch, January 26, 2015, https://techcrunch.com/2015/01/26/stripe-intuit-on-demand-workers/.
[477] Jacob Silverman, “China's Troubling New Social Credit System—And Ours,” The New Republic, October 29, 2015,
https://newrepublic.com/article/123285/chinas-troubling-new-social-credit-system-and-ours. For a more nuanced view, see Simina Mistreanu, “Life Inside China’s Social Credit Laboratory,” Foreign Policy, April 3, 2018,
Hedge Page 29