16. “committed dimensionalist”: Allen Frances e-mail, May 17, 2012.
17. “I believe I was chosen”: Thomas Widiger e-mail, May 21, 2012.
18. “under active investigation”: DSM-IV, 633–34.
19. a paper, published just before DSM-IV: Frances, “Dimensional Diagnosis of Personality Disorders—Not Whether but When and Which.”
20. “It might be more consistent”: First et al., “Personality Disorders and Relational Disorders,” 130.
21. “uniform classification of general personality functioning”: Ibid., 131.
22. “That is why I pushed”: Michael First e-mail, May 15, 2012.
23. Regier, he said, had asked him: Thomas Widiger e-mail, May 21, 2012.
24. According to Widiger’s distillation: See Widiger and Simonsen, “Alternative Dimensional Models of Personality Disorder.”
25. “basic science research”: Ibid., 123.
26. “The devil, of course”: Ibid., 126.
27. “Nobody on the work group”: Thomas Widiger e-mail, May 21, 2012.
28. “a sense of self-identity”: For the original proposal, see http://web.archive.org/web/20100323205756/http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/PersonalityandPersonalityDisorders.aspx.
29. insufficient “empirical evidence”: Skodol, “Personality Disorder Types Proposed for DSM-5,” 138.
30. “We knew we couldn’t incorporate”: Andrew Skodol interview, May 24, 2012.
31. “embarrassingly bad”: Thomas Widiger e-mail, September 23, 2010.
32. “lost opportunity” that “negates years of progress”: Livesley, “Confusion and Incoherence in the Classification of Personality Disorder,” 307.
33. “cumbersome hodgepodge”: Frances, “The DSM-5 Personality Disorders,” DSM-5 in Distress (blog), http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/dsm5-in-distress/201004/the-dsm5-personality-disorders-great-intentions-unusable-result.
34. “an unwieldy conglomeration”: Shedler et al., “Personality Disorders in DSM-5,” 1027.
Chapter 17
1. “There has been a continual struggle”: Helena Hansen, e-mail, September 27, 2011.
2. “This is amazing!”: Helena Hansen e-mail, September 28, 2011.
3. “Approaching endgame”: Allen Frances e-mail, November 14, 2011.
4. “A random and geographically diverse”: Allen Frances e-mail, October 31, 2011.
5. “pretty Spockean”: Allen Frances e-mail, September 21, 2010.
6. an open letter to the APA: Available at http://www.ipetitions.com/petition/dsm5/.
7. a letter on behalf of his 115,000: Available at http://www.counseling.org/Resources/pdfs/ACA_DSM-5_letter_11-11.pdf.
8. “bring Darrel to see DSM-5”: Allen Frances e-mail, August 28, 2010.
9. “trying to negotiate”: Allen Frances e-mail, November 15, 2011.
10. “Cast of fascinating and colorful characters”: Ibid.
11. “This will likely be the most important”: Allen Frances e-mail, October 25, 2011.
12. “Don’t waste your best brains”: Ibid.
13. “I was in Dubuque”: Allen Frances e-mail, November 4, 2011.
14. “your brilliant opening”: Allen Frances e-mail, October 16, 2011.
15. “Paula Caplan in drag”: Allen Frances e-mail, January 5, 2012.
16. “one-time pillar of the psychiatric establishment”: Rob Waters, “Therapists Revolt Against Psychiatry’s Bible,” http://www.salon.com/2011/12/27/therapists_revolt_against_psychiatrys_bible/.
17. “Fate has an ironic sense of humor”: Allen Frances e-mail, July 14, 2011.
18. “Everything I say”: Allen Frances e-mail, October 16, 2011.
19. “Where you see intelligent conspiracy”: Allen Frances e-mail, September 18, 2011.
20. “Dereification is just as dumb”: Allen Frances e-mail, January 15, 2012.
21. “I like to think the best of you”: Allen Frances e-mail, January 5, 2012.
22. “What’s the ending mean?”: Allen Frances telephone interview, November 23, 2011.
23. I received this message: Eve Herold e-mail, November 7, 2011.
24. “We realize how challenging it is”: Lisa Countis e-mail, November 7, 2011.
25. “This behavior pattern”: DSM-I, 35.
26. “The journey into the future”: The newsletter is available at http://api.ning.com/files/AbciMXSvxet4NaqPJajU41T2kvOhgvc3JLSZdblrTDlfSyH4b2tKRiorseSDWZFCrifi7jgzHZyn7S5TvwzCpddFjQN—kLt/DSM5.fieldtrials.pdf.
27. the treasurer delivered grim news: http://www.ncpsychiatry.org/APA/APA%20Assembly%20ReportNov2011.pdf.
28. running a blog called Dsm5watch: It can now be found at dxrevisionwatch.com.
29. “It has come to our attention”: Cecilia Stoute e-mail to Suzy Chapman, December 22, 2011.
30. “I thought it was a hoax”: Suzy Chapman e-mail, June 11, 2012.
31. “I could not finance a legal wrangle”: Suzy Chapman e-mail, February 27, 2012.
Chapter 18
1. “The idea of medicalizing normality”: Elizabeth Lopatto, “Psychiatric Group Push to Redefine Mental Illness Sparks Revolt,” Bloomberg Businessweek, January 27, 2012.
2. “I wasn’t exactly hiding it”: Fred Volkmar e-mail, June 26, 2012.
3. “It was one thing to make a change”: Michael Carley e-mail, June 28, 2012.
4. “damage control”: http://grasp.org/profiles/blogs/very-important-dsm-5-update.
5. “We have to make sure”: Amy Harmon, “A Specialists’ Debate on Autism Has Many Worried Observers,” The New York Times, January 20, 2012.
6. “There has never been an agenda”: Debra Brauser, “Concern over Changes to Autism Criteria Unfounded,” Medscape Medical News, January 25, 2012.
7. “10,000 plus e-mails”: This exchange, not reported in the press, is available at http://grasp.org/profiles/blogs/dsm-5-update-a-poor-poor-descent-into-pettiness.
8. a Carey-penned DSM piece: Benedict Carey, “Grief Could Join List of Disorders,” The New York Times, January 24, 2012.
9. a World Psychiatry article by Jerry Wakefield and Michael First: Wakefield and First, “Validity of the Bereavement Exclusion to Major Depression: Does the Empirical Evidence Support the Proposal to Eliminate the Exclusion in DSM-5?”
10. “set out realistic expectations”: Kraemer et al., “DSM-5: How Reliable Is Reliable Enough?,” 13.
11. a pair of op-ed columns: Paul Steinberg, “Asperger’s History of Overdiagnosis,” and Benjamin Nugent, “I Had Asperger Syndrome, Briefly,” The New York Times, January 31, 2012.
12. “The proposals in DSM-5”: See “Psychologists Fear US Manual Will Widen Mental Illness Diagnosis,” The Guardian, February 9, 2012.
13. The Lancet . . . in a single issue, a report: See http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/issue/vol379no9816/PIIS0140-6736%2812%29X6007-0.
14. “I still feel sadness”: Kleinman, “Culture, Bereavement, and Psychiatry,” 608.
15. “even if,” as the Illinois version put it: Public Act 097-0972 available at http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/publicacts/fulltext.asp?Name=097-0972.
16. “the door is still very much open”: John Gever, “DSM-5 Critics Pump Up the Volume,” MedPage Today, February 29, 2012.
17. “You’ve got to feel sorry”: Gary Greenberg, “Not Diseases, but Categories of Suffering,” The New York Times, January 29, 2012.
18. “Wonderful news”: “Wonderful News: DSM 5 Finally Begins Its Belated and Necessary Retreat,” Psychology Today (blog), May 2, 2012. http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/dsm5-in-distress/201205/wonderful-news-dsm-5-finally-begins-its-belated-and-necessary-retreat.
19. “stain on psychiatry” . . . “Cassandra”: Allen Frances e-mail, April 29, 2012.
20. “We encourage the wide dissemination”: Roger Peele provid
ed the memo via e-mail, April 29, 2012.
21. “What possible copyright excuse”: Allen Frances e-mail, April 23, 2012.
22. “It is just too nutty” . . . “I used to compare”: Allen Frances e-mail, April 30, 2012.
Chapter 19
1. a DSM-5-related 60 percent increase: Mewton et al., “An Evaluation of the Proposed DSM-5 Alcohol Use Disorder Criteria Using Australian National Data,” 947.
2. “I wanted to avoid a repeat of Axis V”: Roger Peele interview, August 2, 2012.
3. “Conceptual questions are not minor ‘side issues’”: Kendler et al., “Issues for DSM-V,” 175.
4. “Yes,” he said, “but I do like a challenge”: Michael First e-mail, May 12, 2012.
5. “I felt if I just addressed”: Swedo, “Making National Headlines,” American Psychiatric Association annual meeting, May 6, 2012.
6. “Newsflash from APA Meeting”: See http://www.huffingtonpost.com/allen-frances/dsm-5-reliability-tests_b_1490857.html.
7. “The controversy stirred by my critique”: Allen Frances e-mail, June 29, 2012.
Chapter 20
1. “Melancholia,” they wrote: Parker et al., “Issues for DSM-5: Whither Melancholia?,” 745.
2. “distinct, identifiable, and specifically treatable”: Ibid., 747.
3. “I believe the inclusion of a biological measure”: William Coryell e-mail to Max Fink, October 16, 2008.
4. “I [am] flabbergasted”: Max Fink e-mail to William Coryell, April 9, 2010.
5. “I believe you and your colleagues”: William Coryell e-mail to Max Fink, April 12, 2010.
6. “The APA owns all products”: http://www.dsm5.org/Pages/PermissionsPolicy.aspx.
7. “arrogance, secretiveness” . . . “is no longer capable”: Allen Frances, “Diagnosing the DSM,” The New York Times, May 11, 2012.
8. “Our resources are more likely”: Thomas Insel e-mail, October 13, 2010.
9. What Insel heard “over and over again”: Thomas Insel and Bruce Cuthbert interview, December 12, 2011.
10. “So many of our disorders”: Ibid.
11. “We call this attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder”: Thomas Insel, “Rethinking Mental Illness,” American Psychiatric Association annual meeting, May 14, 2011.
12. “Why do you hate psychiatrists”: Allen Frances e-mail, October 20, 2012.
13. “DSM-IV-TR attempts to describe”: Sadock and Sadock, Kaplan & Sadock’s Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry, 33.
14. “difficulty of distinguishing a manic episode”: Ibid., 218.
15. “depressive symptoms are present”: Ibid.
16. “every sign or symptom seen in schizophrenia”: Ibid., 167.
17. “Once a diagnosis has been established”: Ibid., 222.
18. “no one drug is predictably effective”: Ibid., 224.
19. “Often,” advise Sadock and Sadock, “it is necessary”: Ibid.
20. “the objective of pharmacologic treatment”: Ibid.
21. “Not everyone needs to see”: Allen Frances e-mail, October 20, 2012.
22. “Whatever we’ve been doing for five decades”: Thomas Insel and Bruce Cuthbert interview, December 12, 2011.
23. Seventy-two percent: Mojtabai and Olfson, “Proportion of Antidepressants Prescribed Without a Psychiatric Diagnosis Is Growing,” 1436.
24. “abnormal sensations” and “nonspecific pain”: Ibid., 1437.
25. “The future belongs to illness”: Sedgwick, “Illness—Mental and Otherwise,” 37.
Afterword
1. an occasion to release some details: “American Psychiatric Association Board of Trustees Approves DSM-5,” news release, December 1, 2012.
2. “We do ask that you focus”: This e-mail was provided to me by Roger Peele.
3. one article—in The Washington Post: Peter Whoriskey, “Antidepressants to Treat Grief? Psychiatry Panelists with Ties to Drug Industry Say Yes,” The Washington Post, December 26, 2012.
4. “DSM-5 includes material”: Statement of David Kupfer, http://www.psychnews.org/files/Response_to_Wash_Post.pdf.
5. Dilip Jeste, the APA president, told Congress: Letter from Dilip Jeste to Harry Reid, John Boehner, Mitchell McConnell, and Nancy Pelosi, http://www.psychiatry.org/advocacy—newsroom/advocacy/apa-sends-letter-to-congress-regarding-recent-shooting-in-newtownct.
6. Not only was LaPierre’s language “offensive”: “American Psychiatric Association Responds to NRA Comments,” news release, December 23, 2012, http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Advocacy%20and%20Newsroom/Press%20Releases/2012%20Releases/12-45-APA-Response-to-NRA-Comments.pdf.
7. “The saddest day”: Allen Frances, “DSM 5 Is Guide Not Bible—Ignore Its Ten Worst Changes,” DSM-5 in Distress (blog), http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/dsm5-in-distress/201212/dsm-5-is-guide-not-bible-ignore-its-ten-worst-changes.
8. “one last act”: Allen Frances, “One Last Chance for the APA to Make the DSM-5 Safer,” The Huffington Post (blog), http://www.huffingtonpost.com/allen-frances/one-last-chance-for-the-apa-to-make-the-dsm-5-safer_b_2294868.html.
9. “Any new boycott must unify the diverse opposition”: Allen Frances, “DSM 5 Boycotts and Petitions: Too Many, Too Sectarian,” Saving Normal: Mental Health and What Is Normal (blog), February 8, 2013, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/saving-normal/201302/dsm-5-boycotts-and-petitions.
10. “I can confirm”: Michael First e-mail, November 27, 2012.
11. “The good news”: Michael First e-mail January 7, 2013.
Bibliography
Akinbami, Lara J., Xiang Liu, Patricia M. Pastor, and Cynthia A. Reuben. “Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children Aged 5–17 Years in the United States 1998–2009.” NCHS Data Brief, no. 70 (August 2011).
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Mental Disorders (DSM-I). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1952.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-III. Washington, DC.: American Psychiatric Association, 1980.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-III-R. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1987.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
American Psychiatric Association. Statistical Manual for the Use of Hospitals for Mental Diseases. Albany, NY: State Hospitals Press, 1942.
Anglada, Tracy, Toby Ferguson, and Jennifer Taylor. Brandon and the Bipolar Bear: A Story for Children with Bipolar Disorder. Victoria, Canada: Trafford, 2004.
Ash, P. “The Reliability of Psychiatric Diagnosis.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 44 (1949): 272–77.
Bayer, Ronald. Homosexuality and American Psychiatry: The Politics of Diagnosis. New York: Basic Books, 1981.
Beard, George Miller. American Nervousness: Its Causes and Consequences; A Supplement to Nervous Exhaustion (Neurasthenia). New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1881.
Beck, Aaron T. “Reliability of Psychiatric Diagnoses: 1. A Critique of Systematic Studies.” American Journal of Psychiatry 119 (1962): 210–16.
Biederman, Joseph. “Pediatric Bipolar Disorder Coming of Age.” Biological Psychiatry 53, no. 11 (2003): 931–34.
Biederman, Joseph. “Resolved: Mania Is Mistaken for ADHD in Prepubertal Children (Affirmed).” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 37, no. 10 (October 1998): 1091–93.
Blanchard, Ray. “The Concept of Autogynephilia and the Typology of Male Gender Dysphoria.” The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 177, no. 10 (1989): 616–23.
Blanchard, Ray, Amy D. Lykins, Diane Wherrett, et al. “Pedophilia, Hebephilia, and the DSM-V.” Archives of Sexual Be
havior 38, no. 3 (2009): 335–50.
Blanchard, Ray, Nathan J. Kolla, James M. Cantor, et al. “IQ, Handedness, and Pedophilia in Adult Male Patients Stratified by Referral Source.” Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 19, no. 3 (2007): 285–309.
Carley, Michael John. Asperger’s from the Inside Out: A Supportive and Practical Guide for Anyone with Asperger’s Syndrome. New York: Perigee, 2008.
Carpenter, W. T. “Anticipating DSM-V: Should Psychosis Risk Become a Diagnostic Class?” Schizophrenia Bulletin 35, no. 5 (2009): 841–43.
Cartwright, Samuel. “Diseases and Peculiarities of the Negro Race,” Part 1. In DeBow’s Review, Vol. 11, Series 4 (New Orleans, 1851): 331–36.
Cartwright, Samuel. “Diseases and Peculiarities of the Negro Race,” Part 2. In DeBow’s Review, Vol. 11, Series 4 (New Orleans, 1851): 504–8.
Charman, Tony. “The Highs and Lows of Counting Autism.” American Journal of Psychiatry 168, no. 9 (2011): 873–75.
Clayton, Paula J., J. A. Halikes, and W. L. Maurice. “The Bereavement of the Widowed.” Diseases of the Nervous System 32, no. 9 (1971): 597–604.
Cornblatt, Barbara A., and Christoph U. Correll. “A New Diagnostic Entity in DSM-5?” Medscape, September 3, 2010.
Cosgrove, Lisa, Sheldon Krimsky, Manisha Vijayaraghavan, and Lisa Schneider. “Financial Ties Between DSM-IV Panel Members and the Pharmaceutical Industry.” Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 75, no. 3 (2006): 154–60.
Feighner, John. P., Eli Robins, Samuel B. Guze, George Winokur, Robert A. Woodruff, Jr., and Rodrigo Muñoz. “Diagnostic Criteria for Use in Psychiatric Research.” Archives of General Psychiatry 26 (1972): 57–63.
First, Michael B., Carl C. Bell, Bruce Cuthbert, et al. “Personality Disorders and Relational Disorders: A Research Agenda for Addressing Crucial Gaps in DSM.” In A Research Agenda for DSM-V, ed. David J. Kupfer, Michael B. First, and Darrel A. Regier, 123–200. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2002.
Fombonne, Eric. “The Epidemiology of Autism: A Review.” Psychological Medicine 29 (1999): 769–86.
Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. New York: Pantheon Books, 1965.
The Book of Woe: The DSM and the Unmaking of Psychiatry Page 42