coinage, 27, 32, 69, 73, 114, 118
combat elephants, 72, 74
Communists, 131–32, 138
Constantinople, 38–39, 58, 65, 108
Cossacks, 128
Crimea Tatars, 117
Crimean khanate, 101, 112
cuisine, 88
Curtius, Quintus, 16–17
Cyrillic, 135, 137
Cyrus, 23, 25
Da Gama, Vasco, 100
Dadu, 85, 86
Daghestan, 9
Dalai Lama, 105, 110–11, 155n14
Damascus, 96
dancing, 52, 70
Dandânqân, 74
Dâr al-Islâm, 69
Darius I, 25
Darius the Great, 17
Delhi, 97, 115
Demchukdongrob, 138–39
desertification, 137–38
desiccation, 4
Dêwâshtîch, 54–55, 59–60
dihqân, 71
Dîwân Lughât at-Turk, 73
Dmitrii Donskoi, 93
Don River, 93
Dravidians, 9, 21
Dunhuang, 40, 48
East Turkestan Islamic Movement, 138
Edigei, 100–101
Egypt, 11
Elam, 9–10
Eltüzer, 115
Enlightenment, 115
Erdeni-yin Tobchi, 111
Esen Khan, 102
Eucratides I the Great, 27
Eurasia, 84
Europe, 6, 9, 21, 37, 104, 115–16, 129
famine, 41, 48, 74, 132–33
Ferghana, 25, 29–30, 58–59, 71
Finland, 21–22
Finno-Ugric peoples, 50, 108
Firdowsî, 72
fishing, 4, 10, 14
flintlock rifles, 105
fur trade, 33, 63
Fusûl al-Hikam, 67
Gabdennasïr al-Kursavî, 129
Galdan, 118, 119, 121
Galiev, Mirsaid Sultan, 132–33
Gandhara, 32–33
Gansu, 3, 27, 29–30, 37, 47, 50, 62
Gaochang, 46
Gawhar Shâd, 98
Gelupga sect, 110–12
Gerard of Cremona, 68
Ghaznavid dynasty, 71–72, 74
ghulâm, 64
Ghûrak, 59–60
Girey, 103, 105
Gobi Desert, 3, 36
gold, 4, 5
Golden Horde, 91–92, 100–102
golden peaches of Samarkand, 16, 42
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 136
Graeco-Bactria, 25–26, 27, 29, 31–32
Graeco-Macedonians, 25
Graeco-Roman language, 67
Great Horde, 117, 120
Great Wall of China, 3, 26, 110, 113
Greece, 30, 75
Greek language, 32, 52
Güchülük, 82
gunpowder weapons, 104, 116
Han Dynasty, 26–31, 35
Haqq Nazar Khan, 117
Harappans, 9–10, 21
head-binding, 37
Hebrew, 47
Henry the Pious, 84
Hephthalites, 35, 38, 52
Heqin diplomacy, 27–30
Herat, 98
Herodotus, 24
Hidâyat Allâh, 121
Himalayan Mountains, 3
Hindi-Urdu language, 6
Hinduism, 36, 58
History of Bukhara, 20, 53
Hö’elün, 79
Homo sapiens, 9
Hong Taiji, 109
horizontal migrations, 14
horses. See steppes
Huhanye, 31
Hui, 28
Hülegü, 84, 86
Hungary, 3–4, 21–22, 38, 63, 84
Huns, 31, 33
hunter-gatherer, 10, 11
hunting, 17, 23, 24
Husayn Bayqara, 98
Huvishka, 32
Ibaq Khan, 101–2
Ibn al-Athîr, 70
Ibn al-Faqîh, 47
Ibn Battûta, 89
Ibn Khaldûn, 96
Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 67
Ibrâhîm Altïnsarin, 130
Ibrahim Tamghach Bughra Khan, 70
Ice Age, 9
Ili river, 29
Ili River, 118, 126
Ilkhânids, 86, 88
Ilterish, 42–43
India, 25, 36, 52, 71–72, 100, 107, 116
Indo-Aryans, 21
Indo-Europeans, 6, 11
Indonesia, 90
Indus River, 2
Indus valley, 9
industrialization, 128
Inner Mongolia, 38
Iran
Alexander the Great conquest, 25
Arab conquests, 44, 58, 61–62
Ashina Türks, 37
Brahui, 9
and Byzantium, 40
Chinese hegemony, 42
Ghaznavid dynasty, 71–72
Indo-European language, 6
Kushan Empire, 31
Manichaeism, 36
map, 2
and the Medes, 23
migration, 10, 75
and the Mongol Empire, 83–84, 86–87
naming of, 21
oasis city states, 18–19
religion, 18, 22
revolts, 131
Sâmânids, 65
Sasanid Empire, 33
Seljuks, 74
Shibanids, 114
Silk Road, 16
Sima Qian, 24–25
Siyâvûsh, 57
Sûfîsm, 105
textiles, 4
trade, 24–25
women, 24
Iraq, 86
ironsmiths, 37
irrigation systems, 9–10, 25, 26, 33, 71
Irtysh River, 77, 83
Ishâq Walî, 121
Ishtemi, 37–39
Isker, 109
Islam. See also Muslims
ancestor worship, 70
branches of, 69–70
Bulghars, 70
in Central Asia, 1–3, 61, 67–68, 114–15
Chaghadaids, 93
and Chinggis Khan, 81
Dâr al-Islâm, 69
East Turkestan Islamic Movement, 138
expansion of, 75
Golden Horde, 91–92, 100–102
Ivan the Terrible’s conquest, 108
Jihâd, 69
Khwarazm, 61
Kyrgyz, 121
madrasa, 67–68
Moghulistani, 103
and the Mongol Empire, 91–92
Naqshbandiyya, 106
pagans, 69
Qarakhanid dynasty, 70
religious fanaticism, 125, 129
in Russia, 126–28
Sâmânids, 67–68
Seljuks, 74
and shamanism, 92, 116, 124
Sharî’ah law, 95, 128
Shi’ites, 69–70, 105, 134
under the Soviet Union, 135–36
Sûfîsm, 69, 92, 99–100, 105, 114–16, 128, 152n6
Sunnîs, 69–70, 137
and Tamerlane, 95
Transoxiana, 60–61
Turfan, 103
Turkic peoples, 70, 74
Wahhâbis, 137
and Zoroaster, 23
Ismâ’îl Bey Gaspïralï, 130
Ismâ’îl ibn Ahmad, 66, 105
Issedones, 24
Istanbul, 2
Itakh, 64
Ivan III, 93
Ivan IV (the Terrible), 108, 114
jade, 52
Jâmi’ at-Tavârîkh, 88
Jadîdism, 130, 132, 134
Jamûg, 53
Jamuqa, 79
Jand, 74
Jânî Muhammad, 114–15
Janïbeg, 103, 105
Japan, 7, 85, 86, 130–31, 138–39
Java, 90
Jenkinson, Anthony, 114
Jesuits, 110, 119
Jihâd, 69
Jin Dynasty, 75, 77, 81–82, 109
Jizhu, 28–29
Jochids, 83, 85–86, 91, 105
Ju
daism. See religion
Juluhui, 35–36
Jungaria, 83, 117–18, 120–21, 126
Jurchens, 75, 109
Jürki, 87
Kalmyks, 6, 117, 120
Kamâl al-Dîn Bihzâd, 98–99
Kamikaze, 85
Kangju region, 31
Kangxi, 119
Kanishka I, 32
Karimov, Islam, 137
Kashghar, 2, 52, 121, 126
Kashkath clan, 53
Kashmir, 107–8
Kazakhs, 105, 112, 114, 117, 120, 124, 131–32
Kazakhstan, 1, 2, 5, 33, 63, 93, 103, 116, 128, 136–37
Kazan, 101
Keluo, 37
Kemijkath, 63
Kereits, 77, 79
Kerenskii, Alexander F., 131
Kerulen River, 4, 77
Kesh, 95
Khanate of Khoqand, 115, 123–24
Khangai Mountains, 45
Khara Khula, 117
Khazar Qaghanate, 64–65, 70
Khazars, 58
Khiva, 115, 122, 125
Khô Örlökh, 117
Khojas, 123, 126
Khökh Ordung, 45
Khoqand, 125
Khotan, 40, 52
Khotanese Saka, 24
Khudâyâr, 125
Khurâsân, 74
Khwarazm, 24–25, 50, 53, 57, 59, 61, 67, 74–75, 82
Kiakhta, 110, 113
Kimek Qaghanate, 63
Kirakos Gandzakets’i, 84
Kitâb al-Mûsîqî al-Kabîr, 67
Kocho, 41
Koguryo, 41
Kök Saray (Blue Palace), 95, 154n10
Korea, 3, 7, 36, 82, 85–86
Koryo, 82
Kucha, 40, 41, 52, 113
Küchüm, 109
Kujula Kadphises, 31–32
Kül Tegin, 42
Kulja, 118
Kushan Empire, 31, 33, 52
Kyrgyz, 47, 63–64, 81, 92–93, 103, 109, 121
Kyrgyzstan, 1, 2, 13, 93, 133, 135, 137
Lake Baikal, 30, 36, 40
Lake Issyk Kul, 45
Lamaistic Buddhism. See Buddhism
languages. See linguistic history
Latin, 110, 135, 137
Lattimore, Owen, 14
Levshin, Aleksei I., 116
Liao Dynasty, 49
linguistic history Altaic language, 7
Arabic, 61
Aramaeo-Syriac script, 47
Aramaic, 61–62
Bactrian, 52
Bulgharo-Turkic, 101
Burushaski language, 9
in Central Asia, 2, 7, 62
Chaghatay Turkic, 107
China, 6
Cyrillic, 135
Daghestan, 9
and ethnic identity, 6–7
Finland, 21–22
Hephthalites, 36
Hindi-Urdu language, 6
Hungary, 21–22
Huns, 33
Indo-European language, 6, 21
Japan, 7
Kalmyks, 6
Khwarazm, 61
Korea, 7
Latin, 110, 135
Manchu language, 6, 155n9
Medes, 23
modern reforms, 137
Mongol Empire, 88–89
Mongolia, 31, 49, 138–39
Mughal dynasty, 107
and nationalism, 130
oasis city states, 53
Pakistan, 9
Persian language, 61–62, 66, 91, 98
Punjabi language, 6
Qazaq, 154n16
Russia, 6
Sanskrit, 72
Sogdia, 50, 54–55
Soviet Union, 134
Tamerlane, 94
Tatars, 81
Tibet, 2, 111
Tokharian, 52–53
Turkic language, 62, 64, 72–75, 91, 98, 100, 148n12, 149n4
Turkic-Slavic language, 65
Turko-Persian, 107
Ugric languages, 148n12
Uighurs, 138
Uzbekistan, 134
literacy, 55
literature, 47
Lithuania, 100
Little Horde, 112, 117, 120
livestock, 12–14, 47, 49, 53
Lop Nor, 4
Luoyang, 35, 40, 42
madrasa, 67–68, 98
Mahmûd al-Kâshgharî, 62, 71, 73
Mahmûd ibn Walî, 121
Majapahit, 90
Mamai, 93
Mamlûks, 84–85, 92, 100
Manas tale, 120
Manchu Empire, 105, 109, 119–20
Manchu language, 6, 155n9
Manchuria, 2, 3, 4, 11, 31, 36–37, 40, 49, 75, 86
Manchus, 47
Mandukhai Qatun, 103–4
Manghïts, 115
Manichaeism. See religion
manufactured goods, 19
Manzikert, 74
Margiana, 25
maritime trade, 100, 115–16
Massagetae, 24
Mas’ûd, 74
mathematics, 67
Mazdaism, 23, 55
Medes, 23
medicines, 67, 73
Mediterranean, 6, 60
Merkits, 77, 79, 82
Merv (Mary), 2, 59, 112, 125
Mesopotamia, 36, 61
metallurgy, 10, 12, 19
Middle East, 9, 11, 61
Middle Horde, 112, 117, 120
Middle Kingdom, 29
migration. See also nomads
Ashina Türks, 37
Avars, 38
Avar-Wei wars, 37
Central Asia, 9
Great Calamity, 120
Hun incursions, 33
Indo-Aryans, 21
Iranians, 10
linguistic history, 7–8
Merkits, 82
Mongols, 102
Oghuz, 75
Oirats, 117
Pechenegs, 63
from Russia, 128
Sogdians, 61
Tai people to Burma, 89
Torghuts, 117
and the Turks, 49, 63
vertical nomadism, 13
Xiongnu, 29, 31
Ming dynasty, 96, 98, 102, 104, 109–10
mining, 19
Mîr ‘Alî Shîr Navâ’î, 98–99
Mirza Haidar Dughlat, 103, 107–8
Modun, 27–28
Mogao Caves, 48
Moghulistani, 93–94, 103
Möngke, 84–85, 88
Mongol Empire
Buddhism, 110–13, 126
Chinggis Khan, 79, 80, 81–83
conquests, 81–85
defeated by Mamlûk soldiers, 84–85
extent of, 86
fall of, 89
Islam and, 91–92
Jâmi’at-Tavârîkh, 88
and the Jin, 81
linguistic history, 88–89
migration to Mongolia, 102
Mongol-Oirat Code, 118
political organization, 77, 83
rise of, 77
Secret History of the Mongols, 77
Tamerlane, 93–94, 97, 104, 137, 154n10
Tibet, 87
warfare, 81, 84, 89–90
Mongolia
Altaic language, 6
Aramaeo-Syriac script, 47
Avars, 35
Buddhism, 2
Chakhars, 104
and China, 86, 138–39
Gobi Desert, 16
Indo-Aryans, 21
Jin Dynasty, 77
Khökh Ordung, 45
linguistic history, 31, 49, 138–39
Manchu Empire, 109
map, 3
Mongol Empire, 81
political organization, 102, 104, 139
population of, 122
Qitan, 49
and Tibet, 120
and Touman, 27
Uighur alphabet, 82
Uighur Qaghanate, 44, 63
Moscow, 93, 112, 117
Mt. Mugh, 55, 59
Mughal dynasty, 107, 115
Mugulü, 35–36
Muhakamat ul-Lughâtayn, 98
Muhammad, 58
Muhammad al-Farâbî, 67
Muhammad Khwârazmshâh, 82
Muhammad Shîbânî, 105–7
Muhammad Yûsuf, 121
Muscovy, 105, 108
music, 6, 7, 17, 40–41, 52, 67, 88–89
Muslims. See also Islam
Alpamïsh tale, 120
Catherine the Great, 124
combat elephants, 72
and Communism, 132
education under the Soviet Union, 135–36
and European civilization, 129
Ittifâq al-Muslimîn, 131
Khazar Qaghanate, 65
Kimek Qaghanate, 63
and the Mongol Empire, 89
Ottoman Empire, 130
power struggle with China, 60
religious fanaticism, 122–23
revolt against Qing, 126
in Russia, 125
scholars, 67, 73
slavery, 64, 95–96
Muzaffar ad-Dîn, 125
Nâdir Shâh, 115
Naimans, 77, 82
Naqshbandiyya, 100, 106
Narshakhâ, 20, 53
National Delimitation, 132–33
nationalism, 129–30, 134, 138–39
Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 137
Nestorians. See religion Niyazov, Saparmurat, 137
Noghai Horde, 101–2, 109, 112, 117
nökürs, 79
nomads
Buddhism, 110
clothing, 17, 28
decline of, 122
empire building, 15–16
fishing, 14
flintlock rifles, 105
gunpowder weapons, 116
horizontal migrations, 14
and Islam, 70, 106
livestock, 12–14
migration, 31
military organization, 27
Mongol Empire, 81, 84
music, 6
paganism, 93
patriarchal society, 12, 14
poetry, 6
political organization, 15
Scythians, 22
slaves, 12
and the Soviet Union, 135
stringed instruments, 17
succession systems, 39
trade, 14–15, 17
vertical nomadism, 14
war-chariots, 22
warfare, 12, 97
Xiongnu census, 30–31
Northern Wei Dynasty, 35, 37
Nûh ibn Mansûr, 67
Nurhaci, 109
oasis city states, 1, 4, 17–20, 24, 29, 46, 50, 52–53, 61, 64
Oghur, 37
Oghuz, 63, 75
Ögödei, 83–85, 87
Oirats, 77, 81, 102, 109–11, 113, 117, 120
Okhotsk, 109
On Oq, 40
Onan River, 77
Önggüt, 81
Orda, 83
Ordos, 27, 40
Ordu Balïq, 40, 45
Orkhon River, 4, 42–43, 45, 77
Osetins, 33
Otrar oasis, 71
Ottoman Empire, 74, 89, 96, 107–8, 112, 125, 130–31
Ötüken Highlands, 43
Oxus River, 58–59, 85
Özbeks (Uzbeks), 92–93, 102
Pâdishâh-i Islâm, 95
Pagan, 89
pagans, 65, 69, 74, 93, 108
‘P’ags-pa, 87
Pakistan, 2, 9, 21, 31
Panjîkand, 54
Pannonia, 34, 38
paper currency, 87
paper making, 60
Pashtun language, 6
pastoral nomadism, 10–11, 43
patriarchal, 12, 14
Pechenegs, 63
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