Smaller Faster Lighter Denser Cheaper
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39. BBC, “AK-47: Iconic Weapon,” December 5, 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4380348.stm.
40. Vaclav Smil, Creating the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations of 1867–1914 and Their Lasting Impact (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 186.
41. Nobelprize.org, http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/.
42. Bosch’s award was for his contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods, which he shared with Friedrich Bergius. See: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1931/index.html.
43. Earth Policy Institute, http://www.earth-policy.org/data_center/C24.
44. Smil, Creating the Twentieth Century, 195.
45. Ibid., 196.
46. Vaclav Smil, Prime Movers of Globalization: The History and Impact of Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines, (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010), 18.
47. Ibid, 19.
48. Diesel Technology Forum, press release, March 21, 2012, http://www.dieselforum.org/news/-president-obama-a-successful-all-of-the-above-energy-policy-must-not-seek-to-pick-winners-and-losers-allen-schaeffer-diesel-technology-forum.
49. Diesel Technology Forum, “Diesel Powers the U.S. Economy,” undated, http://www.dieselforum.org/files/dmfile/DTF_economrpt_full.pdf, 4.
50. Diesel’s energy density is about 147,000 Btu per gallon. Gasoline contains about 125,000 Btu per gallon.
51. Smil, Prime Movers of Globalization, 49.
52. Ibid., 47.
53. Ibid., 62.
54. For more on this company, see my last book, Power Hungry: The Myths of “Green” Energy and the Real Fuels of the Future (New York: PublicAffairs, 2010), 43.
55. Vaclav Smil, “The Two Prime Movers of Globalization,” Journal of Global History (2007): 377–378.
56. Ibid, 391.
57. International Air Travel Association, “2012 Annual Review,” June 2012, http://www.iata.org/about/Documents/annual-review-2012.pdf, 10.
58. Edwin McDowell, “Business Travel; Air Fares to Europe are Cheap and May Stay Low for a While,” New York Times, February 17, 1999, http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/17/business/business-travel-air-fares-to-europe-are-cheap-and-may-stay-low-for-a-while.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm.
59. Using an inflation calculator for 2011 (http://www.westegg.com/inflation/infl.cgi), the sum was $7,700.
60. United-states-lines.org, “Remembering the Days of Civilized Air Travel,” undated, http://united-states-lines.org/Pam%20Am%20Stratocruiser.html.
61. Smil, Prime Movers of Globalization, 79.
62. Ibid., 82.
63. Airlines for America data, http://www.airlines.org/Pages/Annual-Round-Trip-Fares-and-Fees-Domestic.aspx.
64. For more on the B-29, see Boeing’s website: http://www.boeing.com/history/boeing/b29.html. For the density of the Wright engine, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Flyer#Specifications_.28Wright_Flyer.29.
65. Image available here: http://www.airlinereporter.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/GEnx-1B-with-person-d42657B.jpg.
66. GE Aviation data, http://www.geaviation.com/engines/commercial/genx/.
67. In 2011, 2.8 billion people traveled on commercial airlines. That works out to 7.6 million people per day. By 2016, the IATA expects 3.6 billion passengers. See: International Air Transport Association, “Airlines to Welcome 3.6 Billion Passengers in 2016,” December 6, 2012, http://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/pages/2012–12–06–01.aspx.
68. Debora MacKenzie, “Haiti Caught Cholera from UN Peacekeepers,” NewScientist.com, May 6, 2011, http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2011/05/haiti-caught-cholera.html.
69. Mark Doyle, “Haiti Cholera Epidemic ‘Most Likely’ Started at UN Camp–Top Scientist,” BBC.co.uk, October 22, 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-20024400.
70. For more on the Hobby-Eberly, see Robert Bryce, “Frugal Texans Build Cutting-Edge Telescope,” Christian Science Monitor, November 22, 1996, http://www.csmonitor.com/1996/1122/112296.us.us.2.html. For Manchester device, see Dailymail.co.uk, “World’s most powerful optical microscope ‘could view live viruses,’” March 1, 2011, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1361863/Most-powerful-optical-microscope-world-soon-view-live-viruses.html.
71. James E. McClellan III and Harold Dorn, Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 224.
72. Wikipedia.org, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereus_Nuncius.
73. Arthur Koestler, The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man’s Changing Vision of the Universe (London: Penguin Books, 1959), 356.
74. Alan Cowell, “After 350 Years, Vatican Says Galileo Was Right: It Moves,” New York Times, October 31, 1992, http://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/31/world/after-350-years-vatican-says-galileo-was-right-it-moves.html.
75. http://www.scitechantiques.com, “Galileo’s Original Telescopes: New measurements of their dimensions with special optical rulers, undated, http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/telescope.html.
76. Rice.edu, The Galileo Project, “The Telescope,” undated, http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/telescope.html.
77. Vision Engineering, “Ancient History,” undated, http://www.visioneng.com/history-of-the-microscope.php.
78. For more, see, for instance, opticsplanet.com.
79. Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThomasEdison.
80. Rutgers.edu, “Edison’s Patents,” undated, http://edison.rutgers.edu/patents.html.
81. Kevin Maney, “Search for the Most Prolific Inventors Is a Patent Struggle,” USA Today, December 6, 2012, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/technology/maney/2005–12–06-top-patent-hoders_x.htm?goback=%252Egde_3718887_member_39658477.
82. Baseball-almanac.com, http://www.baseball-almanac.com/feats/feats3.shtml; Nba.com data, http://www.nba.com/sixers/news/wilt_boxscore.html.
83. David E. Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992), 2.
84. Ibid., 225.
85. Ibid., 159.
86. Smil, Creating the Twentieth Century, 89.
87. Rakteem Katakey & Winnie Zhu, “Coal 4-Year Low Lures Utilities Ignoring Climate: Energy Markets,” Bloomberg, October 11, 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013–10–11/coal-4-year-low-lures-utilities-ignoring-climate-energy-markets.html.
88. The paper is still operating today. Its tag line is “Shining light on Wabash County since 1859.” For more, see: http://www.chronicle-tribune.com/wabashplaindealer/.
89. Nye, Electrifying America, 3.
90. US Patent Office, patent number 930,759. See: http://www.google.com/patents/US930759.
91. Ford data, http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=858.
92. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, “Hughes Two-Cone Drill Bit,” August 10, 2009, http://files.asme.org/MEMagazine/Web/20779.pdf, 1.
93. Ibid., 5.
94. EIA data, http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MCRFPUS2&f=A.
95. Ibid, 2.
96. Fishtail bit from the Houston Museum of Natural Science, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fishtail_Bit_(drag_bit)_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01337.JPG.
97. See: http://www.reformation.org/saint-martin-luther.html.
98. Anthony Shadid, “Syria’s Sons of No One,” New York Times Magazine, August 31, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/04/magazine/syrias-sons-of-no-one.html?pagewanted=all.
99. Bruce Schneier, Crypto-gram email, April 15, 2013.
100. Peter Maass and Megha Rajagopalan, “That’s No Phone. That’s My Tracker,” New York Times, July 13, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/15/sunday-review/thats-not-my-phone-its-my-tracker.html?_r=2&.
101. Economist, “Look Who’s Listening,” June 15, 2013, http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21579473-americas-national-security-agency-collects-more-information-most-people-thought-will.
102. Alexis Madrigal, “I’m Being Followed: How Google—a
nd 104 Other Companies—are Tracking Me on the Web,” the Atlantic, February 29, 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/02/im-being-followed-how-google-151-and-104-other-companies-151-are-tracking-me-on-the-web/253758/.
103. Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York: Viking, 2011), 478.
Notes to Chapter 3
1. Abdel R. Omran, “The Epidemiologic Transition: A Theory of the Epidemiology of Population Change,” Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 49, no. 4, pt. 1, (1971): 509–538. http://pingpong.ki.se/public/pp/public_courses/course07443/published/0/resourceId/0/content/20.11%20The%20Epidemiologic%20Transition.pdf.
2. US Census Bureau, “Health, United States, 2010,” Table 22, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus10.pdf#022.
3. UNICEF data, http://www.unicef.org/sowc2013/files/Table_6_Stat_Tables_SWCR2013_ENGLISH.pdf.
4. World Health Organization, World Health Statistics, Part III, Global health indicators, Table 1, 61, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/EN_WHS2012_Part3.pdf.
5. WHO, World Health Statistics 2012, 13, http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS2012_Full.pdf.
6. Matthew Ridley, “Apocalypse Not,” Wired, August 17, 2012, http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/ff_apocalypsenot/all/.
7. Gregg Easterbrook, The Progress Paradox: How Life Gets Better While People Feel Worse (New York: Random House, 2003), 69.
8. UNESCO, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, “Adult and Youth Literacy,” September 2011, http://www.uis.unesco.org/FactSheets/Documents/FS16–2011-Literacy-EN.pdf.
9. http://www.uis.unesco.org/literacy/Pages/adult-youth-literacy-data-viz.aspx.
10. Data from UNESCO shows a close correlation between wealth and literacy. The countries that have per-capita GDP of about $5,000 or more per year have literacy rates approaching 100 percent. Thus as poverty declines, we can assume that literacy increases.
11. John Mackey and Raj Sisodia, Conscious Capitalism: Liberating the Heroic Spirit of Business (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2013), 12.
12. World Bank data, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20040961~menuPK:435040~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:430367~isCURL:Y,00.html.
13. Maxim Pinkovskiy and Xavier Sala-i-Martin, “Parametric Estimations of the World Distribution of Income,” National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2009, http://www.nber.org/papers/w15433.pdf, 1.
14. http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/FIW%202012%20Booklet—Final.pdf, p. 29.
15. Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York: Viking, 2011), xxi.
14. Pinkovskiy and Martin, “Parametric Estimations of the World Distribution of Income,” Figure 24, 53.
17. Richard Heinberg, Peak Everything: Waking up to the Century of Declines (Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society, 2007).
18. John Boyce, “Peak Oil: Mountain or Molehill? An Empirical Assessment,” November 2010, 30. Boyce published an expanded version of this paper in July 2012. See: https://webdisk.ucalgary.ca/~boyce/public_html/Peak%20Oil%20Paper%20Final%20LaTeX%20version.pdf.
19. The Economist, “Crowded Out,” September 24, 2011, http://www.economist.com/node/21528986.
20. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, “2010 Solar Technologies Market Report,” November 2011, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/51847.pdf, 60.
21. EIA data, http://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_photo/pdf/pv_report.pdf, 3.
22. Eric Wesoff, “First Solar Surprises with Big 2013 Guidance, 40 Cents per Watt Cost by 2017,” Greentechmedia.com, April 9, 2013, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/First-Solar-Surprises-With-Big-2013-Guidance-40-Cents-Per-Watt-Cost-by-201.
23. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013. Throughout this book, I refer to BP data that I downloaded in an Excel spreadsheet, which I then used to calculate various percentages and growth rates. The original data can be downloaded here: http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/statistical-review-of-world-energy-2013.html.
24. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, “2010 Solar Technologies Market Report,” November 2011, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/51847.pdf, 60.
25. Bureau of Transportation Statistics data.
26. Countdowntokittyhawk.com, undated, http://www.countdowntokittyhawk.com/news/031017_fact_sheet.html.
27. Andy Pasztor, “Virgin Galactic Spacecraft Tests Rocket in Flight,” Wall Street Journal, April 29, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323798104578452901565132188.html.
28. Bureau of Transportation Statistics data.
29. US EPA data, http://cfpub.epa.gov/eroe/index.cfm?fuseaction=detail.viewInd&lv=list.listByAlpha&r=188208&subtop=341.
30. US EPA data, http://cfpub.epa.gov/eroe/index.cfm?fuseaction=detail.viewInd&lv=list.listbyalpha&r=219697&subtop=341.
31. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013. In 1990, US energy consumption was 1.97 billion tons of oil equivalent. In 2005, it was 2.35 billion tons of oil equivalent.
32. Earth Policy Institute, “World Grain Yields, Annual Percent Increase by Decade, 1950–2010,” http://www.earth-policy.org/datacenter/xls/book_wote_ch12_4a.xls.
33. Sarah Brown, “London 2012: The women’s Olympics?” CNN.com, August 10, 2012, http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/10/sport/london-olympics-women.
34. Wikipedia.org, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women’s_suffrage.
35. Cooperative Institutional Research Program, “The American Freshman: National Norms Fall 2012,” undated (approximately January 2013), http://heri.ucla.edu/monographs/TheAmericanFreshman2012.pdf, 51.
Notes to Chapter 4
1. Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus, “Evolve: A Case for Modernization as the Road to Salvation,” Orion, September/October 2011, http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/6402/.
2. David Deming, “What the Oil Business Could Learn from the NRA,” Wall Street Journal, March 1, 2013, A11
3. Pascal Bruckner, “The Ideology of Catastrophe,” Wall Street Journal, April 10, 2012.
4. See these two posts on Gore’s blog in September 2013: http://blog.algore.com/2013/09/.
5. See: http://blog.algore.com/2012/09/planetary_emergency.html.
6. Greenpeace.org, http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/about/reports/#a0.
7. Rex Weyler, “Deep Green: Why De-Growth? An Interview,” Greenpeace.org, June 27, 2011, http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/Blogs/makingwaves/deep-green-why-de-growth-an-interview/blog/35467/.
8. Naomi Klein, “Capitalism vs. the Climate,” The Nation, November 11, 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/164497/capitalism-vs-climate?page=full.
9. Worldwatch Institute, “The Path to Degrowth in Overdeveloped Countries,” April 2012, http://blogs.worldwatch.org/sustainableprosperity/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Chapter-2-Summary.pdf.
10. Ibid.
11. John M. Broder, “Obama’s Remarks Offer Hope to Opponents of Oil Pipeline,” New York Times, July 5, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/06/us/obamas-remarks-offer-hope-to-opponents-of-oil-pipeline.html?src=recg.
12. McKibben quoted by Matthew C. Nisbet, “The Opponent,” Options Politiques, April–May 2013, http://www.irpp.org/assets/po/arctic-visions/nisbet.pdf. Quote is from McKibben’s 2007 book, Deep Economy.
13. Bill McKibben, “Global Warming’s Terrifying New Math,” Rolling Stone, July 19, 2012, http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/global-warmings-terrifying-new-math-20120719?print=true.
14. McKibben quoted by Matthew C. Nisbet, “The Opponent,” Options Politiques, April–May 2013, http://www.irpp.org/assets/po/arctic-visions/nisbet.pdf.
15. Atlantic, “How and When Will the World End,” June 19, 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/07/how-and-when-will-the-world-end-/309400/.
16. McKibben, Eaarth: Making a Life on a Tough New Planet (Toronto: Vintage, 2010), 184, http://books.google.com/books?id=wwbwUDpoPrkC&pg=PA184&lpg=PA1
84&dq=“to+cut+our+fossil+fuel+use+by+a+factor+of+twenty+over+the+next+few+decades.”&source=bl&ots=uO4fXn7lcI&sig=TWEb0CktfvRtVdJzcQa6zgBdukE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-9ybULjWMsPmygHG3oGQCQ&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=false.
17. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013.
18. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2011.
19. Energy Information Administration data, http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=5&pid=62&aid=2&cid=ww,&syid=2009&eyid=2010&unit=TBPD.
20. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013. Total hydrocarbon use in 2011 averaged 215 million barrels of oil equivalent per day. That equals 34.1 billion liters. Divided by 7 billion people equals 4.88 liters/person.
21. This assumes the global average of 87 percent of all energy being produced from hydrocarbons.
22. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013.
23. One liter is equal to 0.26 gallons. The 2013 Prius gets 50 miles per gallon. A standard 2013 Suburban 1500 with two-wheel drive gets 17 mpg. See: http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=33324&id=32470.
24. Bill McKibben and Marlene Spoerri, “Ethics Matter: A Conversation with Bill McKibben,” Policy Innovations, October 16, 2012, http://www.policyinnovations.org/ideas/audio/data/000644.
25. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013.
26. John Noble Wilford, “Don’t Blame Columbus for All the Indians’ Ills,” New York Times, October 29, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/29/science/don-t-blame-columbus-for-all-the-indians-ills.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm.
27. Pascal Bruckner, The Fanaticism of the Apocalypse (Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2013), 145.
28. Encyclopedia Britannica, “noble savage,” undated, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416988/noble-savage.
29. Rousseau wrote the essay in 1754. It was published in 1755. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality.
30. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, “A Discourse upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality Among Mankind,” 1755, Full text available: http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/11136/pg11136.txt.
31. Jennifer Schuessler, “Thoreau’s Pencil,” New York Times, May 1, 2009, http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/01/thoreaus-pencil/.
32. From Walden, cited by Randy Alfred, “Aug. 9, 1854: Thoreau Warns, ‘The Railroad Rides on Us,’” Wired.com, August 9, 2010, http://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2010/08/0809thoreau-walden-published/.