by Robert Bryce
16. Ian Bremmer and Nouriel Roubini, “Ian Bremmer and Nouriel Roubini Unveil the New Abnormal,” Institutional Investor, June 17, 2013, http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/Article/3218470/Banking-and-Capital-Markets/Ian-Bremmer-and-Nouriel-Roubini-Unveil-the-New-Abnormal.html#.UcDEe_Z4ZDu.
17. Abigail Haworth, “Why Have Young People in Japan Stopped Having Sex?” Guardian, October 19, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/20/young-people-japan-stopped-having-sex.
18. For the latest data, see the US Department of Agriculture’s World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates, http://www.usda.gov/oce/commodity/wasde/latest.pdf.
19. For more, see: Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_use_of_the_US_dollar. Regarding Zimbabwe, see: Lydia Polgreen, “Using US Dollars, Zimbabwe Finds a Problem: No Change,” New York Times, April 24, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/25/world/africa/using-us-dollars-zimbabwe-finds-a-problem-no-change.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
20. National Venture Capital Association data, http://www.nvca.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=344&Itemid=103.
21. National Science Foundation press release, November 26, 2012, http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=126135.
22. CIA data, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html.
23. Nobelprize.org, http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/year/. Cross-referenced with list of winners on Wikipedia.org, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country. Data was current as of June 2013.
24. Ibid.
25. Http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/.
26. Wikipedia.org, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country.
27. US Census Bureau data. In 2013, the United States had 316 million people out of a global population of 7 billion.
28. Eurostat.ec, press release, May 27, 2013, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/8–27052013-AP/EN/8–27052013-AP-EN.PDF.
29. IEA data, Key World Energy Statistics 2012, http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/kwes.pdf, 42–3. For more recent data, see EIA data, http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/update/end_use.cfm. In March 2013, the average price of electricity was 9.7 cents, with residential electricity costing 11.6 cents, commercial costing 10 cents, and industrial costing 6.7 cents.
30. Financial Times, “US Ahead of Europe on Energy Policy,” May 13, 2012, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/45afd57a-9abf-11e1–9c98–00144feabdc0.html#axzz1urNAcPVV.
31. IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2013, 11–27.
32. EIA data, http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_exp_dc_NUS-Z00_mbblpd_m.html. In mid-2013, the United States was exporting 3.9 million barrels of oil per day, mostly in the form of diesel fuel.
33. IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2013, op. cit.
34. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012. In 2011, China produced about 2,427 million tons of oil equivalent of energy, including 1,956 Mtoe in coal, 92 Mtoe in gas, 203 Mtoe in oil, 19.5 Mtoe in nuclear, and 157 Mtoe from hydro.
35. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013.
36. Congressional Research Service, “US Fossil Fuel Resources: Terminology, Reporting, and Summary,” March 25, 2011, 14, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R40872_20110325.pdf.
37. OPEC data, http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/data_graphs/330.html.
38. EIA data, http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=10711&src=email.
39. See, for instance, BP Statistical Review 2013 slidepack, http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/ppt/Statistical-Review-2013/statistical_review_of_world_energy_2013.pptx, 19.
40. Debi Durham, “Iowa Defends Orascom Fertilizer Plant Incentives,” Quad City Times, February 28, 2013, http://qctimes.com/news/opinion/editorial/columnists/iowa-defends-orascom-fertilizer-plant-incentives/article_f5ac78ba-815b-11e2-a9f1–001a4bcf887a.html. For the project’s total value, see Ventures-africa.com, August 29, 2013, http://www.ventures-africa.com/2013/08/work-orascoms-iowa-fertiliser-plant-schedule/.
41. The Business Journal, “Vallourec Execs Hail ‘Great Day’ for Youngstown Mill,” June 12, 2013, http://businessjournaldaily.com/company-news/vallourec-execs-hail-great-day-youngstown-mill-2013–6–12.
42. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013. Russia came in second at about 57.1 billion cubic feet of gas per day.
43. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013.
44. EIA data, Short-term energy outlook, February 14, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/steo/special/pdf/2013_sp_02.pdf?scr=email. Note that some estimates, including the BP Statistical Review 2013, use a higher number. BP put the increase at 1 million barrels per day.
45. Geology.com, http://geology.com/rocks/shale.shtml.
46. EIA, “Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources: An Assessment of 137 Shale Formations in 41 Countries Outside the United States,” June 10, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/.
47. WTRG.com, http://www.wtrg.com/rotaryrigs.html. See also Baker Hughes data, http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=79687&p=irol-rigcountsoverview.
48. Pipeline101.com, http://www.pipeline101.com/overview/natgas-pl.html.
Notes to Chapter 24
1. Michael Tobias, “The Ehrlich Factor: A Brief History of the Fate of Humanity, with Dr. Paul R. Ehrlich,” Forbes, January 16, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltobias/2013/01/16/the-ehrlich-factor-a-brief-history-of-the-fate-of-humanity-with-dr-paul-r-ehrlich/.
2. Christine Shearer, “The Climate Movement Takes on Fracking: Interview With Bill McKibben,” Truthout, April 17, 2012, http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/8518-the-climate-movement-takes-on-fracking-interview-with-bill-mckibben.
3. Michael Brune, “The Opposition’s Opening Remarks,” The Economist, February 5, 2013, http://www.economist.com/debate/days/view/934.
4. Associated Press, “‘March Against Monsanto,’ Protesters Rally Against U.S. Seed Giant and GMO Products,” May 25, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/25/march-against-monsanto-gmo-protest_n_3336627.html.
5. YouTube, “Why March Against Monsanto?” May 19, 2013, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnKtv2GDEyA.
6. Fortune, “World’s Most Admired Companies 2013,” undated, http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/most-admired/2013/snapshots/670.html. For market capitalization information, see Google Finance. Data current as of July 2013.
7. Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus, “Evolve: A Case for odernization as the Road to Salvation,” Orion, September/October 2011, http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/6402/.
8. Mark Lynas, The God Species: Saving the Planet in the Age of Humans (Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2011), 243–244.
Notes to Appendix C
1. This assumes an average male can sustain power output of 100 watts. That may be generous. An elite cyclist can sustain nearly 400 watts over the course of several hours. See: http://mapawatt.com/2009/07/19/bicycle-power-watts/. It also assumes a male weight of 170 pounds, which was Lance Armstrong’s weight when he was champion. It’s also the approximate average weight of the average resident of North America. See: http://voices.yahoo.com/fun-facts-2009-tour-de-france-3700950.html.
2. Answers.com, which puts average at 900 to 1100 lbs. A 1000 lb horse would weigh 454 kilos. This calculation assumes 450 kg.
3. C. Morris, The Dawn of Innovation: The First American Industrial Revolution (New York: PublicAffairs, 2012), 110.
4. Ibid., 177.
5. Ibid., 102.
6. John H. White, A History of the American Locomotive: Its Development, 1830–1880 (NewYork: Dover Publications, 1980), 75–6. See: http://books.google.com/books?id=1A4iiGAz628C&pg=PA497&lpg=PA497&dq=Cleveland,+Columbus+%26+Cincinnati+Railroad+engine+specs&source=bl&ots=ps2xxrsZOr&sig=UpDbFFRPyUTEbX0DS1ixZUAmuug&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2kPjUM_pHoXu2QXE2oC4Cw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=horsepower&f=false.
7. C. Morris, The Dawn of Innovation, 232. Note the calculation only counts the weight of the flywhe
el. The weight of the engine itself was not available. For more, see: http://twain.lib.virginia.edu/yankee/cymach1.html. For displacement, see: http://www.newsm.org/steam-engines/corliss-centenial.html. Note that stroke is 10 feet (304.8 cm) while diameter is 44 inches (112 cm). Therefore, displacement—pi × 305 cm × (56 cm)2 = 3M cm3, or 3000 l for each cylinder. Total displacement was 6,000 l.
8. Vaclav Smil, Prime Movers of Globalization: The History and Impact of Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010), 29–30.
9. Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Flyer#Specifications_.28Wright_Flyer.29; for displacement, see: http://www.wright-brothers.org/Information_Desk/Just_the_Facts/Engines_&_Props/1903_Engine.htm.
10. Http://www.modelt.ca/faq-fs.html; power output from T. Collings, The Legendary Model T Ford: The Ultimate History of America’s First Great Automobile (Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 2007), 136. See: http://books.google.com/books?id=r61b2-M1zr4C&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=model+t+engine+and+22+hp&source=bl&ots=RiN3nOgDfT&sig=RwB3hypsbMxKnfJ4asDlIcMU9ZA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zSGzUuaNNIOQ2gXir4GAAg&ved=0CLABEOgBMA4#v=onepage&q=model%20t%20engine%20and%2022%20hp&f=false.
11. Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-3350_Duplex-Cyclone.
12. Http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/Drives/Search-Results/First-drives/Ford-Focus-10-Ecoboost-review/.
13. F1technical.net, “Formula One Engines,” undated, http://www.f1technical.net/articles/4; Formula1.com, “Formula One Fuel and Oil—F1’s Top Secret Tuning Aids,” undated, http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2011/9/12524.html.
14. Note that the conversion from thrust to horsepower depends on several factors. This calculation is done using peak speed at sea level. Calculations done by Rex Rivolo, a former military pilot, who holds a PhD in astrophysics. For GEnx data, see: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric/Genx.
Notes to Appendix E
1. General Purpose Standing Committee, “Rural Wind Farms,” December 2009, http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/Prod/parlment/committee.nsf/0/ea247659081d31fdca25768e001a2e2a/$FILE/091216%20Report%20-%20Rural%20wind%20farms.pdf, xv.
2. Ibid, xvii.
3. Bruce Rapley and Huub Bakker, eds. Sound, Noise, Flicker and the Human Perception of Wind Farm Activity (Palmerston North, New Zealand: Atkinson & Rapley Consulting Ltd, 2010), 7.
4. Http://www.epaw.org/echoes.php?lang=en&article=n19.
5. Http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011–06–27/wind-farm-setbacks-policy-to-remain/2772716.
6. Robert Bryce, “The Party’s Over For Big Wind,” Energy Tribune, August 15, 2011, http://www.energytribune.com/8549/the-partys-over-for-big-wind#sthash.5XnneCAw.dpbs.
7. Lou Wilin, “Can Turbines Generate Health Problems?” The Courier, October 5, 2011, http://www.thecourier.com/Issues/2011/Oct/05/ar_news_100511_story4.asp.
8. Http://www.suncor.com/en/about/3680.aspx.
9. Http://www.ert.gov.on.ca/files/201107/00000300-AKT5757C7CO026-BGI54ED19RO026.pdf.
10. Http://www.library.ucla.edu/pdf/Chen.Paper.pdf.
11. Michael A Nissenbaum, Jeffery J. Aramini, and Christopher D. Hanning, “Effects of Industrial Wind Turbine Noise on Sleep and Health,” Noise & Health 2012; 14:237–43, http://www.noiseandhealth.org/text.asp?2012/14/60/237/102961.
Notes to Appendix F
1. Reuters, “E.ON Completes World’s Largest Wind Farm in Texas,” October 1, 2009, http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/10/01/wind-texas-idUSN3023624320091001.
2. Graham Lloyd, “What You Can’t Hear Can Hurt You,” The Australian, January 25, 2012, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/what-you-cant-hear-can-hurt-you/story-e6frg6z6–1226252801681.
3. Nrgenergy.com, http://www.nrgenergy.com/econrg/wind.html.
4. Steve Clark, “Duke Energy Announces Wind Farm for Willacy County,” Brownsville Herald, August 12, 2011, http://www.brownsvilleherald.com/articles/wind-129933-energy-farm.html.
5. Http://www.semprausgp.com/energy-solutions/wind-flat-ridge2.html.
6. BP.com, http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/alternative_energy/alternative_energy_english_new/STAGING/local_assets/downloads_pdfs/Flat_Ridge_1_Wind_Farm_Fact_Sheet110811.pdf.
7. Bureau of Land Management data, http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/wy/information/NEPA/rfodocs/chokecherry/feis.Par.91515.File.dat/CCSM_Vol_ll-ExSum.pdf.
8. Infigen Energy, “The Capital Wind Farm,” undated, http://www.infigenenergy.com/Media/docs/Capital-Wind-Farm-Brochure-fb268c8e-e14b-4c44–8d95-e8ec2a23e31a-0.pdf, 4.
9. Trustpower.co.nz, undated, http://www.trustpower.co.nz/index.php?section=163.
10. Ontario Power Authority data, http://www.powerauthority.on.ca/wind-power/ripley-wind-power-project-76-mw-huronkinloss-twp.
11. Ontario Power Authority data, http://www.powerauthority.on.ca/wind-power/erie-shores-wind-farm-99-mw-port-burwell.
12. Ontario Power Authority data, http://www.powerauthority.on.ca/wind-power/greenwich-windfarm-989-mw-district-thunder-bay.
13. Ontario Power Authority data, http://www.powerauthority.on.ca/wind-power/kingsbridge-i-wind-power-project-396-mw-goderich.
14. Ontario Power Authority data, http://www.powerauthority.on.ca/wind-power/melancthon-i-wind-plant-675-mw-melancthon-twp.
15. BP.com, http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/alternative_energy/alternative_energy_english_new/STAGING/local_assets/downloads_pdfs/mehoopany_wind_farm_factsheet.pdf.
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