I traveled back to the early days of Nome in the company of two fine writers, popular in their own day and hardly known at all today. Rex Beach’s best seller The Spoilers deserves yet another generation of readers, or perhaps another movie version to add to the five that have already been made, beginning with a silent film in 1914 (preceding The Birth of a Nation) and ending with a 1942 version starring John Wayne and Marlene Dietrich. I also feel privileged to have stumbled upon the work of actor, writer, and activist Elizabeth Robins. Her time in Nome in search of her brother Raymond inspired two novels and several short stories. Her journal was edited by Victoria J. Moessner and Joanne E. Gates and published as The Alaska-Klondike Diary of Elizabeth Robins, 1900. The original is in the Fales Library and Special Collections of New York University.
The development of the San Francisco Jewish community is an important backdrop for Josephine’s life. For the Marcus family, the tale began in Europe and in the Prussian province of Posen (sometimes known as Posnan); I found Hasia Diner’s A Time for Gathering: The Second Migration, 1820–1880 an invaluable introduction, which led me to Isaac Benjamin and his fascinating account of Jewish life in America right after the Civil War, Three Years in America: 1859–1862. Benjamin did have a prejudice against the Emanu-El crowd, as Ava Kahn notes in her indispensable Jewish Voices of the California Gold Rush.
For excellent histories of Tombstone, see William Shillingberg, Tombstone, A.T.: A History of Early Mining, Milling, and Mayhem, and Lynn Bailey’s Tombstone, Arizona: “Too Tough to Die”; The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of a Silver Camp, 1878 to 1990. All Tombstone historians are indebted to Lynn Bailey and Don Chaput for Cochise County Stalwarts: A Who’s Who of the Territorial Years.
And then there is Wyatt Earp and the O.K. Corral. Most roads begin with Stuart Lake’s Frontier Marshal, Walter Noble Burns’s Tombstone: An Iliad of the Southwest, and William Breakenridge’s Helldorado: Bringing the Law to the Mesquite. With a groaning bookshelf of modern Wyatt Earp biographies to choose from, the discriminating reader will start with Casey Tefertiller’s Wyatt Earp: The Life behind the Legend. Jeff Guinn’s Last Gunfight is the most definitive (and most enjoyable) book about Wyatt Earp in decades. Other important sources include Allan Barra, Inventing Wyatt Earp: His Life and Many Legends; Don Chaput, The Earp Papers: In a Brother’s Image; William Shillingberg, Dodge City: The Early Years, 1872–1886; and Gary Roberts, Doc Holliday: The Life and Legend.
Roger Jay filled in some critical gaps—and documented the existence of Wyatt’s first common-law relationship, with Sally Earp—in Wyatt Earp’s Lost Year and Reign of the Rough-Scuff, Law and Lucre in Wichita. Carol Mitchell wrote one of the earliest and most important reconsiderations of Josephine in her article “Lady Sadie.” I am indebted to Anne Collier for new documentation on Josephine’s early days, and to Bob Palmquist for his encyclopedic knowledge of all things Tombstone.
For the essential trio of Tombstone contemporary observers, see George Parsons’s original diaries at the Arizona Historical Society, Tucson. A portion of the diaries has been edited by Lynn R. Bailey in A Tenderfoot in Tombstone: The Private Journal of George Whitwell Parsons; The Turbulent Years, 1880–82. Endicott Peabody’s observations on Tombstone are available in A Church for Helldorado: The 1882 Tombstone Diary of Endicott Peabody and the Building of St. Paul’s Episcopal Church. Of the three observers, only Clara Spalding Brown wrote for the public; see Lynn R. Bailey, Tombstone from a Woman’s Point of View: The Correspondence of Clara Spalding Brown, July 7, 1880, to November 14, 1882.
I am grateful to these people and places, especially to the heroic librarians and archivists who are a writer’s best friend.
For additional sources, see ladyattheokcorral.com.
| Sources
BOOKS
Alexander, Bob. John H. Behan: Sacrificed Sheriff. Silver City, N.M.: High-Lonesome Books, 2002.
Bailey, Lynn R., and Don Chaput. Cochise County Stalwarts: A Who’s Who of the Territorial Years. Tucson, Ariz.: Westernlore Press, 2000.
Bailey, Lynn R. Tombstone, Arizona: “Too Tough to Die”; The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of a Silver Camp, 1878 to 1990. Tucson, Ariz.: Westernlore Press, 2004.
Barra, Allen. Inventing Wyatt Earp: His Life and Many Legends. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1998.
Beach, Rex. The Spoilers. New York: Harper & Bros, 1906.
Benjamin, I. J. Three Years in America, 1859–1862. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1956.
Berner, Richard C. Seattle, 1900–1920: From Boom-town Urban Turbulence, to Restoration. Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1991.
Boyer, Glenn G. Suppressed Murder of Wyatt Earp. San Antonio, Tex.: Naylor, 1967.
Breakenridge, William M. Helldorado, Bringing the Law to the Mesquite. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1928.
Brooks, Alfred H., George B. Richardson, and Arthur J. Collier. A Reconnaissance of the Cape Nome and Adjacent Gold Fields of Seward Peninsula, Alaska, in 1900. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1901.
Brown, Clara S., and Lynn R. Bailey. Tombstone from a Woman’s Point of View: The Correspondence of Clara Spalding Brown, July 7, 1880, to November 14, 1882. Tucson, Ariz.: Westernlore Press, 1998.
Burns, Walter N., and Will James. Tombstone: An Iliad of the Southwest. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran, 1929.
Butler, Anne M. Daughters of Joy, Sisters of Misery: Prostitutes in the American West, 1865–90. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985.
Chaput, Donald. The Earp Papers: In a Brother’s Image. Encampment, Wyo.: Affiliated Writers of America, 1994.
Cole, Terrence, and Jim Walsh. Nome: City of the Golden Beaches. Anchorage: Alaska Geographic Society, 1984.
Dempsey, David, and Raymond P. Baldwin. The Triumphs and Trials of Lotta Crabtree. New York: Morrow, 1968.
Diner, Hasia R. A Time for Gathering: The Second Migration, 1820–1880. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
Earp, Josephine S. M., and Glenn G. Boyer. I Married Wyatt Earp: The Recollections of Josephine Sarah Marcus Earp. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1976.
Earp, Wyatt, Holliday, J. H., & Stephens, J. R. Wyatt Earp speaks!: My side of the O.K. Corral shoot-out : plus interviews with Doc Holliday. Cambria Pines by the Sea, California: Fern Canyon Press, 1998.
Fradkin, Philip L. The Great Earthquake and Firestorms of 1906: How San Francisco Nearly Destroyed Itself. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
French, L. H. Nome Nuggets: Some of the Experiences of a Party of Gold Seekers in Northwestern Alaska in 1900. New York: Montross, Clarke & Emmons, 1901.
Glasscock, Carl B. Gold in Them Hills: The Story of the West’s Last Wild Mining Days. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1932.
Guinn, Jeff. The Last Gunfight: The Real Story of the Shootout at the O.K. Corral and How It Changed the American West. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011.
Harrison, E. S. Nome and Seward Peninsula: A Book of Information about Northwestern Alaska. Seattle: E. S. Harrison, 1905.
Heilbrun, Carolyn G. Writing a Woman’s Life. New York: Norton, 1988.
Kahn, Ava F. Jewish Voices of the California Gold Rush: A Documentary History, 1849–1880. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2002.
Kintop, Jeffrey, and Guy L. Rocha. The Earps’ Last Frontier: Wyatt and Virgil Earp in the Nevada Mining Camps, 1902–1905. Reno, Nev.: Great Basin Press, 1989.
Lake, Stuart N. Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931.
Levy, Harriet L., with Mallette Dean. 920 O’Farrell Street. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1947.
Lockley, Fred. History of the First Free Delivery Service of Mail in Alaska at Nome, Alaska, in 1900. Seattle: Shorey Book Store, 1966.
Marks, Paula M. Precious Dust: The American Gold Rush Era, 1848–1900. New York: Morrow, 1994.
———. And Die in the West: The Story of the O.K. Corral Gunfight. New York: Morrow, 1989.
McBride, Joseph. Searching for John Ford: A Life. New
York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001.
Palenske, Garner A., and Ben T. Traywick. Wyatt Earp in San Diego: Life after Tombstone. Santa Ana, Calif.: Graphic, 2011.
Parsons, George W., and Lynn R. Bailey. A Tenderfoot in Tombstone: The Private Journal of George Whitwell Parsons; The Turbulent Years, 1880–82. Tucson, Ariz.: Westernlore Press, 1996.
Pogrebin, Abigail. Stars of David: Prominent Jews Talk about Being Jewish. New York: Broadway Books, 2005.
Pourade, Richard F. The History of San Diego. San Diego, Calif.: Union-Tribune, 1960.
Reidhead, S. J. A Church for Helldorado: The 1882 Tombstone Diary of Endicott Peabody and the Building of St. Paul’s Episcopal Church. Roswell, N.M.: Jinglebob Press, 2006.
Rischin, Moses, and John Livingston. Jews of the American West. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1991.
Roberts, Gary L. Doc Holliday: The Life and Legend. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
———. Trailing an American Mythmaker: History and Glenn G. Boyer’s “Tombstone Vendetta.” Hamilton, Mont.: Western Outlaw-Lawman History Association, 1998.
Robins, Elizabeth, Victoria J. Moessner, and Joanne E. Gates. The Alaska-Klondike Diary of Elizabeth Robins, 1900. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 1999.
Schlissel, Lillian. Women’s Diaries of the Westward Journey. New York: Schocken, 1982.
Seagraves, Anne. Soiled Doves: Prostitution in the Early West. Hayden, Idaho: Wesanne, 1994.
Shillingberg, William B. Dodge City: The Early Years, 1872–1886. Norman, Okla.: Arthur H. Clark, 2009.
———. Tombstone, A.T.: A History of Early Mining, Milling, and Mayhem. Spokane, Wash.: Arthur H. Clark, 1999.
Stegner, Wallace. Angle of Repose. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday, 1971.
Tanner, Karen H., and Robert K. DeArment. Doc Holliday: A Family Portrait. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.
Tefertiller, Casey. Wyatt Earp: The Life behind the Legend. New York: J. Wiley, 1997.
Traywick, Ben T. Behind the Red Lights. Tombstone, Ariz.: Red Marie’s, 1993.
Turner, Frederick J., Everett E. Edwards, and Fulmer Mood. The Early Writings of Frederick Jackson Turner: With a List of All His Works. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1938.
Turner, Frederick J., and John M. Faragher. Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner: The Significance of the Frontier in American History, and Other Essays. New York, N.Y.: H. Holt, 1994.
Walsh, Raoul. Each Man in His Time: The Life Story of a Director. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1974.
Waters, Frank. The Earp Brothers of Tombstone: The Story of Mrs. Virgil Earp. New York: C. N. Potter, 1960.
Wells, E. H., and Randall M. Dodd. Magnificence and Misery: A Firsthand Account of the 1897 Klondike Gold Rush. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1984.
NEWSPAPER AND JOURNAL ARTICLES
Carlson, T. H. “The Discovery of Gold at Nome, Alaska.” Pacific Historical Review 15, no. 3 (1946): 259–78.
Chandler, Robert J. “A Smoking Gun? Did Wells Fargo Pay Wyatt Earp to Kill Curly Bill and Frank Stilwell? New Evidence Seems to Indicate Yes.” True West, July 2001.
———. “Under Cover for Wells Fargo: A Review Essay.” Journal of Arizona History 41 (Spring 2000).
———. “Wells Fargo and the Earp Brothers: The Cash Books Talk.” California Historical Quarterly, no. 78 (Summer 2009).
Collier, Anne E. “Harriet ‘Hattie’ Catchim: A Controversial Earp Family Member.” Western Outlaw-Lawman History Association (WOLA) Journal 16, no. 2 (Summer 2007).
———. “Stuart N. Lake’s Wyatt Earp and the Great Depression.” B.A. thesis, University of La Verne, 2011.
Dworkin, Mark. “Wyatt Earp’s 1897 Yuma and Cibola Sojourns: Wyatt Earp Returned to Arizona Numerous Times after 1882 Despite Stillwell and Cruz Murder Warrants.” Western Outlaw-Lawman History Association (WOLA) Journal 14, no. 1 (Summer 2005).
———. “Henry Jaffa and Wyatt Earp: Wyatt Earp’s Jewish Connection; A Portrait of Henry Jaffa, Albuquerque’s First Mayor.” New Mexico Jewish Historical Society 19, no. 4 (December 2005).
Earl, Phillip I. “Tex Rickard—The Most Dynamic Fight Promoter in History.” Boxing Insider, April 15, 2008. http://www.boxinginsider.com/history/tex-rickard-the-most-dynamic-fight-promoter-in-history.
Gatto, Steve. “Wyatt Earp Was a Pimp.” True West, July 2003.
Hutton, Paul Andrew. “Showdown at the Hollywood Corral: Wyatt Earp and the Movies,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Vol. 45, No. 3 (Summer, 1995), 2-31.
Isenberg, Andrew C. “The Code of the West: Sexuality, Homosociality, and Wyatt Earp.” Western Historical Quarterly 40, no. 2 (2009): 139.
Hornung, Chuck, and Dr. Gary L. Roberts. “The Split: Did Doc and Wyatt Split Because of a Racial Slur?” True West, December 2001.
Kahn, Ava F. and Eisenberg, Ellen. “Western Reality: Jewish Diversity Through the ‘German’ Period.” American Jewish History, Volume 92, No. 4 (December, 2004): 455–479.
Jay, Roger. “Wyatt Earp’s Lost Year.” Wild West 16, no. 2 (August 2003): 46.
———. “Reign of the Rough-Scruff: Law and Lucre in Wichita.” Wild West 18, no. 3 (October 2005): 22.
Mayer, Carl J. “The 1872 Mining Law: Historical Origins of the Discovery Rule.” The University of Chicago Law Review 53, no. 2 (1986): 624–53.
Mitchell, Carol. “Lady Sadie.” True West, February/March 2001, 58.
Morey, Jeff. “ ’Blaze Away!’ Doc Holliday’s Role in the West’s Most Famous Gunfight.” http://home.earthlink.net/~knuthco1/
Itemsofinterest4/blazeawaysource.htm.
———. “The Curious Vendetta of Glenn G. Boyer.” Quarterly of the National Association for Outlaw and Lawman History (NOLA) 18, no. 4 (October–December 1994): 22–28.
Ortega, Tony. “How the West Was Spun.” Phoenix New Times, December 24–30, 1998. http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1998-12-24/
news/how-the-west-was-spun/.
———. “I Varied Wyatt Earp.” Phoenix New Times, March 4, 1999. http://www.phoe nixnewtimes.com/1999-03-04/news/i-varied-wyatt-earp/.
Potter, Pamela. “Wyatt Earp in Seattle,” Wild West 20, no. 3 (October 2007): 46.
Prescott, Cynthia. “ ’Why She Didn’t Marry Him’: Love, Power, and Marital Choices on the Far Western Frontier.” Western Historical Quarterly 38, no. 1 (Spring 2007).
Raine, William M. “Helldorado: Stories of Arizona’s Wild Old Days, When You Couldn’t Keep a Bad Man Down.” Liberty, July 16, 1927.
Roberts, Gary L. “The Real Tombstone Travesty: The Earp Controversy from Bechdolt to Boyer.” Western Outlaw-Lawman History Association (WOLA) Journal 8, no. 3 (Fall 1999).
———. Trailing an American Mythmaker: History and Glenn G. Boyer’s “Tombstone Vendetta.” Hamilton, Mont.: Western Outlaw-Lawman History Association, 1998.
———. “Allie’s Story: Mrs. Virgil Earp and the Tombstone Travesty.” http://home.earthlink.net/~knuthco1/
Travesty/AlliesStory1source.htm.
Shillingberg, William. “Wyatt Earp and the ‘Buntline Special’ Myth.” Kansas Historical Quarterlies 42, no. 2 (Summer 1976): 113–54.
———. Introduction and notes to the catalog for the John Gilchriese Collection, John’s Western Gallery, 2004.
St. Johns, Adela Rogers. “I Knew Wyatt Earp.” American Weekly, May 22, 1960 reprinted in John Richard Stephens, ed., Wyatt Earp Speaks!, Cambria, CA: Fern Canyon Press, 1998.
Tefertiller, Casey, and Jeff Morey. “O.K. Corral: A Gunfight Shrouded in Mystery.” Wild West 14, no. 3 (October 2001): 48.
———. “What Was Not in Tombstone Travesty.” http://home.earthlink.net/~knuthco1/Travesty/notintravestysource.htm.
UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS AND COLLECTIONS
Various documents, Glenn Boyer Collection, Special Collections, University of Arizona. Made available by permission of Glenn Boyer.
Various documents and photographs, Boyer Collection. Made available by permission of Glenn Boyer.
Cason manuscript (original), Special Collections, Ford County Historical Society. Made available by permission of Glenn Boyer.
John Clum Collection, Special Collections, University of Arizona.
Various documents, Scott Dyke Collection. Made available by permission of Scott Dyke.
Louisa Houston Earp letters, Special Collections, Ford County Historical Society. Made available by permission of Glenn Boyer.
John Flood interview notes, letters of Josephine Marcus Earp, and various documents and photographs, Ragsdale Collection. Made available by Mark Ragsdale.
Various documents, Gary Greene Collection. Made available by Gary Greene.
Various documents, Stuart N. Lake Collection, Huntington Library, San Marino, California.
“The Private Journal of George Whitwell Parsons, January 1, 1880–June 28, 1882.” Edited by Carl Chafin. Made available by Christine Rhodes.
Avaloo Boyd, “Alaska, I Love You,” unpublished memoir. Carrie M. McLain Memorial Museum, Nome, Alaska.
Various documents, Ellsworth Collection, Arizona Historical Society, Tucson, Arizona.
Edna Lehnhardt Cowing Stoddard Siegriest diaries. Made available by Suzanne Westaway.
Various documents and letters, Houghton Mifflin Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
Celia Earp Inquest, Arizona Department of Library, Archives Division, Pinal County Inquests,/filmfile 88.6.1.
Lady at the O.K. Corral: The True Story of Josephine Marcus Earp Page 32