idealism, 146, 151–153
independent work, 33–34, 51, 193
intelligence, 189
marriage and life with Pierre, 34, 194–195
medical work, 199
Nobel prizes, 57–58, 196–197, 199
perseverance, 77–78
radioactivity work, 195–197, 198–199, 202
recognition, 198
scandal about affair, 57–58, 180, 199
scientific activity and discoveries, 195–200
self-efficacy, 77–78
self-learning, 33–34
self-reinforcing pathways, 51–52
separateness, 13, 32, 34–35, 37, 51–52, 59, 60–61
sexism towards, 197–198, 200
situational advantage for timing, 200–201, 202, 239–240
social life, 56–58
women in science, 199, 200
women in university, 33, 188, 191, 192, 194, 200, 201–202
work as solace, 34, 197, 199
Curie, Pierre (husband of Marie)
biographic details, 194
death, 56, 197
electrometer and work with Marie, 194, 195, 196–197, 240
idealism, 146
marriage and life with Marie, 34, 194–195
Nobel prize, 196
separateness, 34
“current wars” (AC vs. DC), 98–99, 171
“dailies” at Pixar, 247–248
Dickson, W. K. L., 172
Diehl, Michael, 45–46, 47
diet and idealism, 153–154
disruption in innovation, 6
“divergent thinking,” 108–110
Dogood, Silence (B. Franklin), 80–81, 126–127
dopamine and creativity, 116–121
drive
and hard work, 157–158
in innovators, 115–116, 177–178
and need for achievement, 177–178
pleasure of work, 181–185
and working ethos, 176–181
Dudman, Jack, 218
Dyer, Frank Lewis, 168, 175
Dyson, Freeman, 30–31
early wins and self-efficacy, 80–82, 85, 254
Eberhard, Martin, 71–72
echolalia, 22
Edison, Madeleine (daughter), 170
Edison, Nancy (mother), 158, 159
Edison, Samuel (father), 158, 159
Edison, Thomas
achievements, 44
car battery work, 173–174
character and traits, 99, 169–170
childhood, 36, 158–160
drive, 157–158, 161–164, 167–168, 171–176, 179, 183, 184
early successes, 80, 161–162
education and self-education, 36, 42, 98, 108, 158–160
electrical power work and commercialization, 98, 99–100, 169–171
entrepreneurial spirit, 160–163, 166, 171, 174
filaments for light bulbs, 49, 78, 167–169
and flow, 182, 183
health, 158, 166, 170
idealism (lack of), 143–144, 157, 176
intelligence, 108
inventions and scientific activity, 143–144, 159–174
iron ore extraction, 172, 173
kinetoscope, 172–173
and N. Tesla, 97–98, 99–100
need for achievement, 179
nonconformity, 49
patents, 160–161, 168, 179
perseverance, 49, 78
phonograph and telephone work, 163, 164–166, 167, 169–170
power for work, 183, 184, 185
and the public, 166–167
self-efficacy, 78, 80, 175–176
separateness, 14, 36, 44–45
situational advantage, 209
telegraph work, 160, 161, 162, 166
wives and family, 162, 170–171, 172, 179
work as pleasure, 16
Edison General Electric Company, 171
education (formal), and innovators, 17, 211–212, 241, 250–251
See also self-education
“The Education of Women” (Dafoe), 127
effort and persistence in innovators, 18
See also perseverance
Einstein, Albert
achievements, 3
authority disrespect, 3, 24–25, 26–27, 30–31
character and traits, 3, 21, 32
childhood and education, 22–26
on M. Curie, 152–153
diet, 153–154
drive, 115
education at polytechnic, 25, 26–27
first job and early adulthood, 27–28
idealism, 147, 153–154
music and inspiration, 109
nonconformity, 48–49
openness to experience, 114
physics papers and breakthroughs, 28–32
physics self-education, 24, 25, 26
predicted future of, 23–24
as professor of physics, 27, 32
publication of academic papers, 27–29
recognition (lack of), 55, 147
separateness, 13–14, 20, 21–23, 32, 37
social skills, 26
special theory of relativity, 29–31
spirituality and religion, 24–25
wife and children, 27
Einstein, Hans Albert (son), 109
electric cars, development, 70–73, 74
electric commutator and alternating current (AC) work, 95, 96–97, 98–99, 100–101, 102, 111, 177–178
electrometer, 194, 195, 240
endoscopic images, 5–6
energy expenditure, 183–185
England, and American colonies, 135–137
EV1 car, 70–71
extrinsic rewards, 179
failure, and self-efficacy, 84, 254
Fairchild Semiconductor company, 208
faith in own ability. See self-efficacy
family, birth order in, 9–10
Fanning, Shawn, 231–232
Favreau, Jon, 75
feasibility and ideas, 47–48
filaments for light bulbs, 49, 78, 167–169
film projectors, 172–173
financial resources, as resource for innovation, 211–212, 242–243
Fleming, Lee, 53–54, 55
flow and pleasure from work, 182–183, 255–256
Forbath, Theodore, 254
Ford, Henry, 174
formal education, as resource for innovators, 17, 211–212, 241, 250–251
France, and American colonies, 136–137
Frank, Phillipp, 22–23
Franklin, Benjamin
beliefs and virtues, 127, 128–131, 134, 137–139, 151
and books, 240–241
character and traits, 124
childhood and family background, 124–125
early successes, 80–81
education and self-education, 125
electrical power work, 132–133
hard work (industriousness), 130–131, 134
idealism, 15–16, 124, 136, 138, 139, 140, 143, 151
intelligence, 107–108
and libraries, 131–132, 241, 256–257
political activity and unity of colonies, 134–137
on population growth, 133–134
and pride, 131
printing work, 125, 128, 130
scientific activity and inventions, 132–134, 137, 139
self-efficacy, 80
slavery and abolition, 137–138
social networks and Junto, 55, 131–132
spirituality and moral philosophy, 124, 125, 128–129, 138–139
writing and oration of, 55–56, 80–81, 125–127, 128–129
Franklin, James (brother), as publisher, 80, 127
Franklin, Josiah (father), 124–125
Franklin, Thomas II (grandfather), 124
Franklin, William (son), 135–136
Frankston, Bob, 221
Freud, Sigmund, 105, 108–109
frog Design, failure at, 254
Ga
ge, Tom, 71
gastrointestinal images, 5–6
Gates, Bill, 23, 226–227, 236–237
General Electric Company, 171
genius, 4, 120
Genspace, 261
germanium diodes, 208
Global Link Information Network (renamed Zip2), 68
GM, electric cars, 70–71
Gmail, creation, 252
Goldsmith, Barbara, 77, 240
Google, 59, 236, 252, 255, 257
Google News, creation, 252
Gracia, Antonio, 73
Gray, Elisha, 163
Green Cargo company, flow at, 255–256
Grossman, Marcel, 27
group
and brainstorming, 45–48, 251
and time alone, 59, 251–253
Habicht, Conrad, 28–29
Haldeman, Joshua (Musk’s grandfather), 63–65
Haldeman, Scott (Musk’s uncle), 66
Haldeman, Winnifred (Musk’s grandmother), 65
hard work
as drive, 157–158
as pleasure, 16
Hayden Planetarium, 243
Henrietta (M. Curie’s cousin), 33
hero stories, 83
Hertzfeld, Andy, 50, 225, 226
higher purpose. See idealism
Homebrew Computing Club, 219
Hopper, Grace, 206–207
hotel business, innovation and disruption, 6
humanity, self-destruction, 70
Hutchinson, Thomas, 136
hypomania, 119
IBM and early computers, 221–222, 226
iBook and iMac, 231
iBot development, 51, 143
Iddan, Gavriel, 5
idealism
description and role, 120–121, 139–140, 141, 147, 152, 254–255
and devotion to cause, 152–153
and goals, 141–142, 254–255
in innovators, 15–16, 123, 141, 142–143, 147, 151, 153–154
as motivator, 15, 139–141
negative aspects, 144–145, 153–155
perseverance, 147, 152–153
and self-denial, 153–154
source of, 151–152
and war, 154–155
ideas
association paths, 109–111
brainstorming, 45–48, 251
difficulty of understanding new ideas, 235
and feasibility, 47–48
primary process thinking, 108–109
iMac and iBook, 231
information, access to, 257–259
information technology (IT), and shocks in technology or economy, 202–203
innovation
capital for, 211–212, 242–243
characteristics and traits for, 1, 3–4, 6–7, 9–10, 13–14, 16–17
and disruption, 6
mechanisms in, 16–17
and outsiders, 5–6, 259–260
potential for, 6–7, 11, 246–261
process of, 17–18
research on, 4, 7
and shocks in technology and economy, 202–204
war’s impact, 205–208
See also specific topics
innovators (in general)
achievements, 16, 179, 180–181
and books, 240–241
capital, 212
commonalities in, 8–11, 13–17
creativity, 17–18, 247–248
drive, 115–116, 177–178
family ties, 246
formal education, 17, 211–212, 241, 250–251
idealism in, 15–16, 123, 141, 142–143, 147, 151, 153–154
information available on, 12–13
intelligence of, 87, 106–108
memory of, 89, 112–113
multiple case study, 9
nature vs. nurture, 87
one-time vs. serial innovators, 7, 10, 11–12
openness to experience, 114–115
others’ help, 44, 45, 259–260
parents and working ethos, 176–177, 181
quirks in, 13–14, 16
recognition and praise, 180
research on, 3–4, 7–8, 9–11, 16–17
selection for study, 11–13
self-education, 40–42
self-efficacy, 14, 51, 76, 79
self-reinforcing pathways, 51–52
separateness, 13–14, 21, 23, 35, 247
and situational advantage, 18, 209–210, 211, 240, 246
and sleep, 88–89, 119–120
social networks in patents, 54, 55
study from USPTO, 54
traits and factors (convergence of), 245–246
understanding of new ideas, 235
See also specific innovators
intellectual resources (access to), 212, 238–242, 244, 256–261
intelligence
and creativity, 87–88, 106–108
of innovators, 87, 106–108
and memory, 111–112, 113
interpersonal networks, 53–55
intrinsic motivation, 140
intrinsic rewards, 179
introversion, 35, 44
iPad, 236–237
iPhone, 234–237
iPod, 232–233, 249
IQ of innovators, 106–107
Isaacson, Walter, 48–49
isolation. See separateness
iTunes and iTunes Music Store, 233–234
Ive, Jonathan, 231, 233
Jandali, Abdulfattah “John” (Jobs’s birth father), 212
Jenkins, C. Francis, 173
jet fighters, development, 253
Jobs, Paul and Clara (Jobs’s adoptive parents), 213–214
Jobs, Steve
Apple I and II, 220–221
Apple Lisa project, 224
Atari work, 59–60, 218
and blue boxes, 81–82, 217
character and traits, 8–9, 214, 217, 218, 224–225
childhood and family background, 35–36, 212–214, 216–217
computers development, 81, 147–150, 219–220
demands on employees, 225
early successes, 81–82
education and self-education, 40, 214, 217–218, 242
financial resources, 242
friendship with S. Wozniak, 216–217, 239
and Gates, 226
and Heathkits, 214
idealism, 122, 147–150, 151
and iMac, 231
influence of technological shocks and counterculture, 204–205
intelligence, 214
and interface/GUI of computer, 223–225, 226
Macintosh project, 224–227
music industry and iPod, 232–234
NeXT computers and Pixar, 150, 228–229
nonconformity, 49–50, 59–60
perseverance, 228
research on, 7–8
resignation/firing at Apple, 149–150, 227–228
return to Apple, 150, 230–238
rules disregard, 8, 9
self-efficacy, 81–82
separateness, 35–36, 38
Silicon Valley’s influence, 216–217, 238–239
situational advantage for resources, 186, 215, 223–224, 237, 238–239, 242
vision, 148, 237–238, 239
wife and children, 35–36
and Xerox, 222–224
and Zen, 151
Johnson, Craig, 46–47
Johnson, Edward, 167
Joliot-Curie, Irène (daughter of M. Curie), 197
See also Curie, Irène
Kamen, Dean
achievements and innovations, 40, 140–141
character and traits, 8–9
education and self-education, 40–41
financial resources, 243
idealism, 140–141, 143
nonconformity, 50–51
social purpose, 140–141
Kamen, Mitch (brother), 50
Kelvin, Lord, 101–102, 198
kinetoscope, 172–173
Kleiner, Alfred, 29,
32
Kottke, Daniel, 151
L-DOPA, 117, 118
Lafley, A. G., 254
Langevin, Paul, affair with M. Curie, 57, 180, 199
latent inhibition, 116–117
Levchin, Max, 75
libraries, development and access, 131–132, 241, 256–257
Library Company of Philadelphia, 241
lightning and lightning rods, 133
Lippman, Gabriel, 194
Lockheed, 253
long paths of association, 109–111
long-term memory, 111–112
Macintosh/Mac computers, 148–150, 224–227, 229
See also Apple company
madness and genius, 120
Mallory, Walter S., 78, 173–174
Malthus, Thomas, 133
Manhattan, lighting of, 169
mania, 118–119
maniacal focus, 114
Marconi, Guglielmo, 103–104, 145
Marić, Mileva, 27
Markkula, Mike Jr., 220–221, 224
Mars, travel and colonization, 69–70
Marshall, Alfred, 215–216
Martin, T. C. (Thomas Commerford), 102, 168, 175
mathematics, women’s role in WWII, 206–207
Mayer, Marissa, 257
McClelland, David, 178, 180–181
memory
in innovators, 89, 112–113
and intelligence, 111–112, 113
Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry System (MITS), 219
Microsoft, 222, 226, 236–237
Miller, Mina (wife of Edison), 170–171, 172, 179
Mingo, Santiago, 54, 55
mobile phones, 234–237
Morgan, J. P., 144–146, 171
mothers of innovators, and working ethos, 176–177
motion picture projectors, 172–173
motivation
and drive, 178
and flow, 255–256
and idealism, 15, 139–141
research on, 140
MP3 format, 231–232
Mullen, Brian, 46–47
multiple case study of innovators, 9
multiple innovators. See innovators
Murray, Henry, 178
Murray, Joseph, 162
music, innovation in, 11
music industry, and S. Jobs/Apple, 231–234
Musk, Elon
achievements, 1–2
association paths and creativity, 110
business and personal skills, 73–75
character and traits, 5, 74
computers and video game creation, 67
demands on employees, 225
education and self-education, 41
electric cars, 70–73, 74
energy consumption and production, 70
family background and childhood, 63–67
financial resources, 212
and flow, 182–183
idealism and motivation, 122, 141–142
intelligence, 107
Internet ventures, 68–69
memory skills, 67, 112–113
move to Canada and US, 67, 68
as outsider, 260
photographic memory, 112–113
primary process thinking, 109
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