4The dramatist was Chang Feng-i (1527–1613). Six of his works are still extant.
1Another woman writer, Liang Te-sheng, tidied up the story after Chen died. Quite predictably, everything ends happily in the extended version.
2These were the sort of promptbooks Big Sister Kuo used in her t’an-tz’u performance.
3A yamen was where a magistrate had his office and residence.
1The actor and opera critic Hsü Ling-yun thought that these two roles are artistically demanding. In his view, only one other role could be their rival, the young scholar from the drama The Lute. (See his K’un-chü piao-yen i-te, p. 104.)
2In T’u Lung’s original play, this scene is called “Taking Off the Boots and Holding Up the Inkstone.”
1Erh-mao-tzu means “Second Kitten.” Lu Ying and her husband called their children by their diminutives. Daughters were kittens (mao-tzu). Sons were puppies (kou-tzu).
2Rilke, “First Duino Elegy,” Mitchell’s translation, p. 155. Rilke, of course, believes that the dead do not need us to hold them back. In the elegy, he says: “In the end, those who were carried off early no longer need us: / They are weaned from earth’s sorrows and joys, as gently as children / outgrow the soft breasts of their mothers.” In another poem, he writes: “I have my dead, and I have let them go, / and was amazed to see them so contented, / so soon at home in being dead, so cheerful, / so unlike their reputation.” (“Requiem for a Friend,” Mitchell’s translation, p. 73.)
3The Yang Pa-chieh in this song is not Yang Chia-chiang, the famous woman warrior from the southern Sung dynasty, who was called by the same nickname.
4The first characters in the names Yuan-ho, Yun-ho, Chao-ho, and Ch’ung-ho all share the same radical, jen. Jen means a human being. In certain contexts, it also can mean “a person walking,” and it looks like two legs.
5A yuan is a Chinese dollar, about forty cents in U.S. currency in 1964. It is difficult, however, to assess its purchasing power in China at the time.
6Lu Ying had nine children, and Wei Chün-i had one. The Chang sisters always regarded their half-brother as a sibling.
1During their courtship, Shen Ts’ung-wen would sometimes address Chao-ho as X X in his letters to her.
2Three Knights-Errant was a modern play Kuo Mo-jo adapted from the Ming drama The Story of Hung-fu. (See chapter 8, p. 126.)
3To be consistent with the romanization system I am using, this should be Pipi. Her name, however, is pronounced Bibi.
4San-san is also the main character in a short story of the same title he wrote in 1931.
5The fifth-century poet T’ao Ch’ien, in the preface, or prose account, to his poem “Peach Blossom Springs,” tells the story that around 221 B.C., a group of men and women, fleeing from tyranny, had settled in T’ao-yuan (Peach Blossom Springs). Because of this work, T’ao-yuan or T’ao-hua-yuan suggests an otherworldly existence in the Chinese imagination.
6Thirty chang is about 100 meters.
7Pai-tzu is the main character from a 1928 short story with the same title. Ts’ui-ts’ui is the female character in his novel Frontier City.
8Ling Yen-ch’ih was the brother of Yuan-ho’s best friend, Ling Hai-hsia. A successful Shanghai banker, he had become a sort of guardian angel to the Chang family. Ling helped Yun-ho and her family move to Wuhan during the war and put up the money for Yuan-ho’s wedding expenses. He was also a collector and a man of refined taste. He and Ch’ung-ho shared a love for calligraphy.
9Traditionally this is considered “women’s work.” The phrase has come to mean managing a household.
10She uses the English word spoil.
11Shen wrote this letter just before he and his friends left his brother’s house in April 1938 to get on the road again, heading toward Yunnan.
12Hsiao-hu is their younger son and Hsiao-lung their older son. They are also called Hu-hu and Lung-lung.
13Even though Shen is the second son, hence Second Brother, in his family, he is also the fourth child. So sometimes he refers to himself as “Fourth Brother.”
14This opera is from the hsi-p’i tradition, a type of music that uses a lot of drums, gongs, and clappers. The story is from the history of the Three Kingdoms. Ts’ao Ts’ao, the prime minister of the Wei kingdom, asks a smart and talented man, called Mi Heng, to play the drum for his guests. By using Mi Heng as an entertainer, Ts’ao Ts’ao is hoping to humiliate him. Knowing that this is Ts’ao Ts’ao’s intent, Mi Heng strikes back. As he drums, he chants a long diatribe against the host. (See Hsi-tien, vol. 1, pp. 254–66.)
15A linguist and a historian of China’s medieval period, Chen was, perhaps, the most respected scholar at the university.
16Chu Tzu-ch’ing, a great stylist of the vernacular essay, was also a professor of Chinese literature at the university.
17I have not yet found the story of this Indian prince and so could only approximate his name from the Chinese transliteration.
18The term sheng-mu can mean a holy mother, a sage mother, an emperor’s natural mother, a goddess, or the Madonna.
19This was January 31, 1949, the day the Communist troops moved into the city.
20This is Chao-ho’s cousin from the fifth branch. To avoid confusion with her sister Ch’ung-ho’s name, I have romanized his as Chong-ho.
21“Here” means Hunan. Shen was writing from Ch’ang-sha.
22This Chang Ting-ho also appeared in chapter 7, p. 99.
1The collection of commentaries is the Huang-ch’ing ching-chieh in 1,400 chüan (chapters).
2This person was the radical scholar and early Communist Party member Ch’en Tu-hsiu.
3This would be the fourth century. China’s best calligraphers lived during the Han and the Chin dynasties.
4Wu-ling is the river that leads to the Peach Blossom Springs, which is a sort of earthly paradise. See note on p. 235.
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