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textbook conditions: Zeyno Baran of the Nixon Centre. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Middle East and Central Asia, Committee on International Relations, 15 June 2004. Baran was clear that things were going wrong: ‘The United States and Uzbekistan are losing the battle for the hearts and minds of the Uzbek people.’
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a hub for CIA rendition: According to the European Parliament, from the end of 2001 to the end of 2005, forty-six suspect plane stopovers occurred in Uzbekistan, placing it fifth in line for most popular rendition hub. Jordan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Egypt saw more CIA flights; Iraq, Afghanistan, Morocco, Libya and Guantanamo Bay all saw fewer. European Parliament, Giovanni Claudio Fava, ‘Working Document No. 8 on the Companies Linked to the CIA, Aircraft Used by the CIA and the European Countries in which CIA Companies have Made Stopovers’, Rapporteur, 16 November 2006, p. 7.
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When you stand for your liberty: George W. Bush, Inaugural Address, 20 January 2005.
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[Karimov] had signed . . . It’s hard to argue . . . We’re not the kind of country: Interview, Tom Malinowski, 7 October 2009.
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For us, at the DoD: Interview, Colonel Jon Chicky, 2 September 2009.
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You had the State Department: Interview with Dr Stephen Blank, 21 July 2009.
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You’ve got the bureaucratic technique: Interview, Lawrence Wilkerson, 3 September 2009.
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That will screw the State Department!: Reported by Danish journalist Michael Andersen, who was present.
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like watching a train wreck: Interview, Pentagon negotiator, 2009.
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Karimov wrote to the United States: ‘Over a period of time stretching from late 2003 to early 2005, Tashkent presented no less than six drafts of a permanent agreement for the US use of Khanabad. Each draft was carefully considered in Tashkent, as the leadership attempted to divine which words and concepts were necessary to convince the US to come to the bargaining table . . . [T]he State Department’s sanguine views were summed up in one senior staffer’s comment that, “Uzbekistan needs us more than we need them. They’ll come around.”’ Lt-Col Kurt Meppen, ‘US–Uzbek Bilateral Relations: Policy Options’, p. 14, in Daly et al. (eds.), Anatomy of a Crisis: US–Uzbekistan Relations 2001–2005.
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These letters from the Uzbek side: Interview with a senior Pentagon official, 13 October 2009.
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The moment we went through . . . There was a hole through both sides: Interview, Nodir Mahmudov, 26 October 2009.
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From the APCs: Human Rights Watch video interview transcript: Lutfullo Shamsuddinov (chair), Independent Organization for Human Rights in Andijan. The interview was conducted by Alison Gill. Shamsuddinov returned to the site of the shootings the next morning at 5.30 a.m.: ‘There were slippers belonging to those who were killed. There was blood everywhere. There were human brains on the ground. And a lot of blood. Like a puddle. And there was an odour of meat on the asphalt – a really awful meat-like odour.’
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It was like a bowling game: Human Rights Watch interview with ‘Marat M’, 28 May 2005, cited Bullets were Falling like Rain.
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I saw him go down . . . We tried to take: Interview, Sardor Azimov, 7 November 2009.
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There were about a dozen: Interview, Sasha Petrov, 8 September 2009.
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There were women and children: Interview with Anna Neistat, 4 September 2009.
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As you enter the town: Interview with the HRW team member who entered Andijan.
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The morning after the shootings: Around 5 a.m. five KAMAZ trucks arrived and a bus with soldiers. The soldiers would ask the wounded, “Where are the rest of you?” When they would not respond, they would shoot them dead and load them into the trucks. There were no ambulances there. Soldiers were cleaning the [area of] bodies for two hours,’ Human Rights Watch interview with ‘Rustam R’, Kyrgyzstan, 20 May 2005, cited Bullets were Falling like Rain. See also Burying the Truth.
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I think we all recognized: Interview, Anna Neistat, 4 September 2009.
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the facts are not pretty: CNN, ‘Uzbek Relatives Search for Bodies’, 15 May 2005.
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The Uzbeks started restricting our air operations: Interview, Senior State Department official, 13 October 2009.
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There was a tense dialogue: Interview, Colonel Jon Chicky, 2 September 2009.
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shocking, but not unexpected: John C. K. Daly, ‘Chronology of US–Uzbekistan Relations, 2001–2005, in Daly et al. (eds.), Anatomy of a Crisis: US–Uzbekistan Relations 2001–2005.
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The moment of truth . . . Is there any way . . . Very rarely in policymaking . . . In the end we told them . . . That day, within an hour: Interview with Dan Fried, 13 October 2009.
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They said if you keep talking: Interview, Sardor Azimov, 7 November 2009.
8: The Muslim Disease
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How do you deal with an enemy?: ‘Muslims Fears Pose Barrier to Fighting Polio in Nigeria’, Boston Globe (11 January 2004).
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I asked him to stay the night. . . He told me . . . I know the risks: Interview with Namair Muhammad, 3 December 2009.
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I saw my son . . . I got the same feeling . . . I knew there were armed: Interview with Hazrat Jamal, 5 April 2010.
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On the one hand: ‘Official Leading Polio Drive Killed’, Pakistan Daily Times, 17 February 2007.
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The global eradication of smallpox cost: Smallpox eradication started in 1967 and took eleven years, costing $300 million; the United States gave $32 million. If polio is eradicated, ‘the US alone will reap annual savings of over $230 million’; worldwide savings will be more than $1.5 billion. ‘Global Eradication of Polio and Measles’, Hearing before Senate Subcommittee on Appropriations, 23 September 1998.
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From its inception: GPEI information can be found at www.polioeradication.org. Also see Salgado, The End of Polio, and Brookes and Khan, The End of Polio?.
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two million workers: NID statistics from Salgado, The End of Polio; ‘Global Eradication of Polio and Measles’, Hearing before Senate Subcommittee on Appropriations, 23 September 1998; Progress against Polio (the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation).
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Days of Tranquillity: ‘We had wars in El Salvador, we had civil war in Nicaragua, we had Sendero in Peru, we had guerrillas in Colombia,’ recalls Ciro de Quadros, who has been credited with the establishment of GPEI. ‘People had Days of Tranquillity where the fighting stopped and everybody was vaccinated – government and anti-government forces. This was done in Afghanistan not so long ago, this was done in Lebanon in the 80s . . . You can broker with the people. It’s a tremendous undertaking, but it’s possible. It requires lots of planning, lots of collaboration, lots of different groups and so on. Everything is possible.’ Interview with Dr Ciro de Quadros, February 2010.
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It is critical: ‘Global Eradication of Polio and Measles’, Hearing before Senate Subcommittee on Appropriations, 23 September 1998. Ciro de Quadros agreed. ‘In the Americas all the politicians were, like, when we eradicated one they said, “Look, we want to eradicate measles now” . . . We had even to stop them for two, three years, because we thought it would be very difficult to have two eradications at the same time . . . “We can eradicate measles, but let’s finish polio first.” ‘Interview, Ciro de Quadros, February 2010.
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People would ask him . . .
I was a poor man: Interview with Fazli Raziq, 2 December 2010.
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He was a very frank man: Interview with Nazirullah Muhammadzai, 2 December 2010.
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‘He loved parties . . . Only later . . . When it was time . . . Look, we’ve had a great: Interview with Azmatullah Jan Faiq, 2 December 2010.
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one of the most enlightening . . . 80 per cent. . . Over fifty nations . . . This is a dramatic . . . The goal . . . critical stage: ‘Global Eradication of Polio and Measles’, Hearing before Senate Subcommittee on Appropriations, 23 September 1998.
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With the end almost in sight: Salgado, The End of Polio, p. 149.
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Although the rumour didn’t surface: The best account of the evolution of the contaminated OPV rumour appears in Rosenstein and Garrett, ‘Polio’s Return: A WHO-Done-It?’.
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NSSM-200: National Security Study Memorandum NSSM-200: ‘Implications of Worldwide Population Growth for US Security and Overseas Interests’ (’Kissinger Report’), 10 December 1974. Ibrahim Datti Ahmed was under no illusions as to what the memo was really saying: ‘Just look at the Internet,’ he told a reporter. ‘There’s strong proof that the US government, dating back to thirty-five years ago, with Kissinger and Nixon, believed that population is the most important factor for US hegemony in the world. Since they cannot rapidly increase the US population, the only way for them to dominate is to depopulate the Third World. That is the motive.’ ‘Muslims Fears Pose Barrier to Fighting Polio in Nigeria’, Boston Globe (11 January 2004).
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Modern-day Hitlers . . . It is the lesser of two evils . . . Where polio vaccine is seen to: cited ‘Polio’s Return: A WHO-Done-It?’.
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That is my fear with polio: ‘Global Eradication of Polio and Measles’, Hearing before Senate Subcommittee on Appropriations, 23 September 1998.
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In 1980, Donald Henderson: Smallpox was certified eradicated in 1980. One year later a new disease emerged: HIV. In 1984, an HIV-positive US military recruit was vaccinated against smallpox. The vaccine triggered the HIV to convert to AIDS. ‘If the smallpox eradication campaign had dragged on for another five years, then, vaccination . . . would have had to stop, and the disease would have been able to rebound. Nobody knew how small the window of opportunity actually had been.’ Brookes, The End of Polio?, pp. 40-1.
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The consequences: David Heymann, Foreword to Brookes, The End of Polio? (October 2006).
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In February 2005: ‘Polio Detected in Indonesia’, New York Times (2 May 2005)The world is still paying: ‘Rumors Cause Resistance to Vaccine in Nigeria’, Associated Press, 25 September 2006. ‘Nigeria exported cases to countries that had no vaccination, and then the cases went out again into countries that were already free,’ says Ciro de Quadros. ‘A disaster.’ Interview, Ciro de Quadros, February 2010.
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I told him that it was Eid . . . This is a great. . . Don’t be angry . . . I understand: Interview, Azmatullah Jan Faiq, 2 December 2009.
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They claim that the polio campaign: ‘Polio’s Return: A WHO-Done-It?’.
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America hates Muslims: ‘Muslims Fears Pose Barrier to Fighting Polio in Nigeria’, Boston Globe (11 January 2004). A number of anti-OPV campaigners later admitted that they had urged Nigerians not to vaccinate their children despite knowing it was safe – simply to express their anger at American policies in the Middle East and towards Islam.
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In October 2003: J. R. Kaufmann and H. Feldbaum, ‘Diplomacy and The Polio Immunisation Boycott in Northern Nigeria’, Health Affairs, 28 (6) (November-December 2009).
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They have always taken us: Yahya, ‘Polio vaccines – Difficult to Swallow: The Story of a Controversy in Northern Nigeria’, p. 14.
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92 per cent: ‘MMR Uptake Falls to Record Low’, BBC News, 26 September 2003; House of Commons, ‘Measles and MMR Statistics’, 10 February 2009.
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And yet commentators noticed: African Strain of Polio Found to Have Spread to Indonesia’, New York Times (3 May 2005): ‘Polio is now found almost exclusively in Muslim countries or regions.’ ‘I think that’s true,’ says de Quadros, ‘because most of the population in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in India are Muslim, and Pakistan and Afghanistan and Nigeria – you see, all these are Muslim areas. But it’s not because they are Muslims that they have polio! It’s that they are not vaccinated.’ Interview, Ciro de Quadros, February 2010.
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In 2004 – hot on the trail: ‘What’s behind India’s Outbreak of Polio Paranoia?’, TIME (28 September 2006). ‘In U.P. the War on Polio Stumbles’, India Together (31 December 2006).
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When Nepal and Bangladesh: ‘In U.P. the War on Polio Stumbles’
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As a result, much of the vaccination: Brookes, The End of Polio?, p. 79.
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Nowhere is the achievement: Siddarth Dube, cited in Salgado, The End of Polio, p. 127.
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In 2001, three out of five: Dube, cited in Salgado, The End of Polio, p. 131.
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According to . . . Ahmed Rashid: ‘FATA had become terrorism central,’ writes Rashid. Almost all latter-day al-Qaeda terrorist plots around the world had a FATA connection.’ Al-Qaeda was so safe there, it even set up a media production arm, As Sahab (‘The Clouds’). Pakistani authorities disagreed with Rashid’s assessment: ‘[Al-Qaeda] no longer has any command, communication and programme structure in Pakistan,’ President Pervez Musharraf declared in July 2005. ‘It is absolutely baseless to say that al-Qaeda has its headquarters in Pakistan and that terror attacks in other parts of the world in any way originate from our country.’ Descent into Chaos, pp. 278-9.
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He came and requested me: Interview with Abdullatif Bacha, 28 December 2009.
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Bin Laden loved Bajaur: Interview, Michael Scheuer, 26 March 2010.
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On 13 January 2006: Airstrike Misses Al-Qaeda Chief, The Times (15 January 2006).
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It’s terrible when: CBS Face the Nation, 15 January 2006.
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Nine months later, it happened again: ‘Pakistan School Raid Sparks Anger’, BBC News, 30 October 2006. ‘US Carried out Maddrassah Bombing’, Sunday Times (26 November 2006).
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a conspiracy of the Jews: ‘Impotence Fears Hit Polio Drive’, BBC News, 25 January 2007.
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There are other diseases: Anti-US Views Fuel Polio Growth’, San Francisco Chronicle (5 October 2008).
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They hire women: ‘Taliban Orders NGOs to Leave Swat’, Pakistan Daily Times (23 March 2009). ‘I’m forty-five and have never had a drop of the vaccine,’ Khan said. ‘I am still alive.’
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He was concerned: Interview, Azmatullah Jan Faiq, 2 December 2009.
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Three of them were armed . . . I explained . . . Thank God they let me go!: Interview, Nazirullah Muhammadzai, 2 December 2009.
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He came to me again: Interview, Abdullatif Bacha, 28 December 2009.
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He said that the vaccine . . . If you’re arguing . . . OK. I don’t have a family: Interview, Hazrat Jamal, 5 April 2010.
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Come on: Interview with Abdul Rahim, 5 April 2010.
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That’s good . . . I have to be honest . . . Enough: Interviews, Hazrat Jamal, Abdul Rahim, 5 April 2010.
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My first reaction was . . . Are you foreigners?: Interview, Hazrat Jamal, 5 April 2010.
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at
some point the initiative: ‘We’re not ready to give up,’ Ogden told Brookes. ‘[But] we believe it’ll take longer and cost more than anyone is currently predicting . . . I worry about 2003 happening again.’ Brookes, The End of Polio?, p. 196.
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We may never eradicate polio: Brookes, The End of Polio?, p. 196. I asked de Quadros about this quote. ‘That was years ago,’ he said. ‘Five or six years ago when the programme was a real disaster. It was very, very sad. Today it looks a little bit better. Now that the Gates Foundation has got involved and Mr Gates and his group are pushing WHO and CDC and UNICEF on this issue. There is a window of opportunity here. I have a little hope now’ Bill Gates, who has ploughed hundreds of millions of dollars into GPEI, explained the implications of failure in 2009. ‘The harsh mathematics of polio makes it clear,’ he said. ‘We cannot maintain a level of 1,000-2,000 cases a year. Either we eradicate polio or we return to the days of tens of thousands of cases a year.’ ‘Funds for Polio Eradication Drive’, BBC News, 21 January 2009. There may be other side effects. ‘If there is a failure of the polio eradication,’ says de Quadros, ‘it will be very difficult for WHO to push for any other major global initiative . . . If the programme fails, WHO will bear the burden and it will take some years for them to recover. I cannot predict the consequences, but they will not be nice.’ Interview, Ciro de Quadros, February 2010.
A History of the World Since 9/11 Page 42