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Notes
In these references, ‘WSC’ is an abbreviation of Winston Churchill, and ‘f.’ is short for folio (plural ‘ff’).
Epigraphs
1Churchill, W. S., ‘Mankind Is Confronted by One Supreme Task’, News of the World, 14 November 1937.
2‘Scientists in Birmingham’, Sunday Mercury, Birmingham, UK, 21 April 1940, p. 3.
Prologue
1The final text of the speech is in CHUR 5/57A.
2Moran (1966: 530).
3Moran (1966: 634).
4Jenkins (2001: 874–84).
5WSC, ‘Fifty Years Hence’, Strand Magazine, December 1931. Reproduced in http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=1914.
6Letter from WSC to Swinton, 19 November 1936, CHAR 25/7, ff. 63–4.
7Daily Telegraph, ‘Splitting the Atom’, 16 March 1933.
8Moran (1966: 578).
9FRUS 1952–4, Vol. 6, Memorandum of meeting between WSC and Eisenhower, 25 June 1954, pp. 1085–6. The report ‘Devastation and the Hydrogen Bomb’, Manchester Guardian, 18 February 1954, p. 1.
10Interview with Sir Maurice Wilkes, 24 March 2009.
11Edgerton (2011: 89); Kennedy (2013: 56–7, 269–71).
12Reynolds (2004: 400).
13Pickersgill and Forster (eds) (1970: 112–13).
14See, for example, CHSPCH, Vol. 8, p. 7943.
15WSC BMFRS (1966), p. 99.
16Description of WSC’s physique from Moran (1966: 621–22), Lees-Milne (1994: 49).
17Interview with Lady Williams, 19 October 2010.
Wells an
d his liberating ‘atomic bombs’
1Moran (1966: 328).
2WSC’s ‘H. G. Wells’, Sunday Pictorial, 23 August 1931, reprinted in Muller (ed.) (2012: 372–8) see p. 377.
3Alkon (2006: 167).
4CHBIO, Vol. 1, WSC to his mother, 6 April 1897, pp. 316–19.
5Wells took first-class honours in zoology and second-class honours in geology. I thank Michael Sherborne for this information.
6Quoted in Sherborne (2010: 167).
7Parrinder (1997: 330).
8WSC to Commons, 13 May 1901, HNSRD; Toye (2008: 151).
9Quotations in this passage are from Wells (1901: 201, 207, 213, 222).
10WSC to Wells, 17 November 1901, HGW archive, C.238.30.
11Wells to WSC, 19 November 1901, CHAR 1/29, ff. 54–5.
12Wells to WSC, 21 November 1901, CHAR 1/29, ff. 56–7.
13Postcard from Wells to WSC, 5 March 1902, CHAR 1/33, ff. 64–5.
14Smith (1989) is a rewarding study of the relationship between WSC and Wells.
15CHBIO, Vol 1, p. 353.
16Letter from Churchill to Wells, 9 October 1906, HGW, C.238.2.
17Soames (1979: 238).
18Daily News, 21 April 1908, pp. 5–6.
19Smith (1986: 83).
20Wells (ed.) (1984: 87); Smith (1986: 371).
21Weart (1988: 17–35).
22Soddy (1909: 224).
23Soddy (1909: 232, 244).
24Soddy (1909: 4).
25Smith (1986: 84).
26Text of Penguin Island: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1930/1930-h/1930-h.htm#2H_4_0064.
27Wells (ed.) (1984: 89).
28Wells (ed.) (1984: 93).
29Wells (1914: 50–1).
30In Section 3 of Chapter Two, Wells refers to a ‘long, coffin-shaped box which contained in its compartments the three atomic bombs’: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1059/1059-h/1059-h.htm.
31New York Times, 29 March 1914, p. BR 141.
32Text of Wells’s ‘The World Set Free’: http://www.gutenbergorgfiles/1059/1059-h/1059-h.htm.
33Advertisement in New York Tribune, 6 August 1914, p. 2.
34Churchill (1930: 44).
35Andrew (1988: 182).
36Committee of Imperial Defence, 25 February 1909, CAB 2/2, NA; Sherborne (2010: 185–6).
37On WSC’s leading role promoting the tank – ‘Mr Lloyd George on the “Tanks”’, Daily Chronicle, 9 September 1916, p. 5; WSC to Wells, 1 October 1916, WELLS c.238.7a; Smith (1989: 99–100); Muller (ed.) (2012: 377).
38Smith (1989: 100).
39Sherborne (2010: 241); Kennedy (2013: 82–3).
40See Wells’s letters to The Times, 11 June and 22 June 1915.
41Rose (1994: 146).
42Quoted in Larres (2002: 40).
43Wells wrote: ‘Apart from individual atrocities, it did on the whole kill for a reason and to an end.’ Quoted in Sherborne (2010: 259).
44Toye (2008: 150).
45Smith (1989: 102).
46Smith (1989: 102).
47Alkon (2006: 169–71).
48Dugdale (1937: 337).
49WSC to Lindemann, 3 April 1924, LIND, K62/1.
Churchill glimpses a nuclear future
1Muller (ed.) (2009: 294)
2Lindemann to his father, 19 August 1921, LIND A93/f8.
3Fort (2004: 1–10).
4Lindemann to Fowey Montmorency, 30 October 1936, LIND, A.30/f1. Lindemann’s characteristics: Fort (2004: 91–2); Birkenhead (1961: 24–6); Harrod (1959: 10, 29–32, 53, 89).
5Lindemann to WSC, 29 June 1922, LIND A93/f6.
6J. A. Little to Lord Carr, 19 December 1985, RVJO B.390.
7WSC to Lindemann, 21 April and 10 May 1924, LIND, K62/2–3. Text of ‘Daedalus’: http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/Daedalus.html.
8Muller (ed.) (2009: 259–66).
9Bolsheviks – WSC annotation to memo to D.C.I.G. S., 9 April 1919, WO 32/5749, NA. Mesopotamian tribes – WSC departmental minute, 12 May 1919, CHAR 16/16A.
10CHBIO, Vol. 5, p. 50–2. For a comment on the article in the US, see American Review of Reviews, Vol. 70, July–December 1924, pp. 537–8.
11Russell (2005: 25).
12Churchill (1930: 25–7).
13Rau (2001: 92, 93, 94, 97).
14Churchill (1930: 59).
15Quinault (2002: 317–18).
16Churchill (1930: 109); WSC to his mother, 14 January 1897, CHAR 28/23/10–11.
17Churchill (1930: 112).
18WSC to his mother, 31 March 1897, CHAR 28/23/29; Churchill (1930: 211).
19Churchill (1930: 112); WSC to his mother, 6 April 1897, CHAR 28/23/31–3A.
20WSC to his mother, 14 January 1897, CHAR 28/23/10–11.
21Churchill (1930: 117).
22This is the introduction to a lecture given by Lindemann on 16 March 1933: LIND E5/1.
23Wheeler-Bennett (ed.) (1969: 28).
24Churchill to Lindemann, 4 April 1926. There are two sources of this document: LIND K62 4/5 (on Chartwell notepaper but without the memo) and CHAR 1/188, ff. 14–25 (full document).
25The busts are still on WSC’s desk at Chartwell.
26Rose (1994: 192–4). For a full description of Chartwell see CHDOCS, Vol. 13, pp. 972–6.
27Churchill to Lindemann, 4 April 1926, CHAR 1/188, f. 14.
28Schilpp (ed.) (1997: 47).
29WSC, Nash’s Magazine, 83, no. 435, August 1929, reprinted in Muller (2012: 46–60).
30Hastings (2009: 223).
31Gilbert (2005: 9); CHBIO, Vol. 1, p. 542.
32Fishman (1963: 89).
33Gilbert (2005: 98).
34‘Cruiser and Parity’, 20 July 1927, CHAR 22/182.
35WSC, ‘The American Mind and Ours’, Strand Magazine, August 1931, pp. 140–50. See p. 150.
36Jenkins (2001: 427).
37‘Mr Churchill’s 57th Birthday’, East Anglian Times, 1 December 1931.
38See the press article by John Bull on 6 May 1933: ‘He annoys the House because he only comes on State occasions, makes his speech and then disappears until there is again an opportunity to shine.’ CHPC 13.
39Wenden, D. J., ‘Churchill, Radio and Cinema’, in Blake and Louis (eds) (1996: 215–39), see pp. 217, 219.
40WSC, speech in the House of Commons, 12 November 1936.
41Clarke (2012), chapters 4 and 5. See also Muller (ed.) (2012).
42WSC, ‘A Very Poor Form of Revolutionary’, The Times, 26 January 1934, p. 9.
43Coote, C., ‘Churchill the Journalist’, in Eade (ed.) (1953: 116).
44Churchill (1929: 11–12).
45Strand Magazine to WSC, CHAR 8/292, ff. 1–2.
46WSC to Lindemann, 8 February 1931, LIND K64/9–10.
47Coote (1971: 3–16).
48Birkenhead (1930).
49Lindemann to WSC, 18 February 1931, and accompanying notes, CHAR 8/301, ff. 2–13.
50Text of WSC’s ‘Fifty Years Hence’: http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=1914; Muller (ed.) (2009: 283–95).
51http://theotherpages.org/poems/tenny02.html.
52The article had been published slightly earlier in Canada, on 15 November 1931, in Maclean’s, Vol. 7, pp. 66–7.
53Muller (ed.) (2009: 2).
54Birkenhead (1961: 162); Harrod (1959: 30); Manchester (1988: 16); Fort (2004: 234).
55Baldwin to the Commons, 10 November 1932, HNSRD.
56WSC to Lord Riddell, 18 October 1932, CHAR 8/311.
57The dining customs of the Churchills are described in Rose (1994: 192–4).
58Churchill (1930: 127).
59CHBIO, Vol. 5, pp. 442–3; Lindemann (1932).
60Birkenhead (1961: 280).
Rutherford: nuclear sceptic
1Rutherford, E. (1915) ‘The Constitution of Matter and the Evolution of the Element’, in Popular Scientific Monthly, August 1915, Vol. 86, New York, The Science Press, pp. 105–42. For the quotation, see pp. 127–8.
2Rutherford quotation: Rhodes James (1970: 242). See also
Crowther (1965: 353), Snow (1960a: 22). A second-hand report of Einstein’s assessment of Lindemann as a physicist has more than a ring of truth: ‘Lindemann [is] essentially an amateur; he [has] ideas, which he never [works] out properly; but he [has] a thorough comprehension of physics. If something new [comes] up, he [can] rapidly assess its significance for physics as a whole, and there are very few people who [can] do that’, Harrod (1959: 48). See also Birkenhead (1961: 159).
3Lindemann to Rutherford, 24 January 1932, LIND C62/12.
4See the view Rutherford expressed at the Royal Academy banquet on 30 April 1932 in the Observer, 1 May 1932, p. 20.
5Mott (1984: 131).
6Edwin Kemble to Garrett Birkhoff, 3 March 1933, AHQP.
7Nandor Balazs, private communication, 18 August 1989.
8Lindemann (1933); review of the book by the Cambridge physicist Nevill Mott: Nature, 1932, No. 3279, Vol. 130, pp. 330–1; Nandor Balazs, private communication, 18 August 1989.
9‘Lord Rutherford, Physicist, Is Dead’, New York Times, 20 October 1937, pp. 1, 18. See p. 18.
10Raymond (ed.) (1960: 236–8); Obituary of Lord Rutherford by J. J. Thomson, Cambridge Review, 5 November 1937, pp. 64–5; see p. 64. Oliphant (1972b: 9–10).
11Campbell (1999: 445).
12Oliphant (1972a: 139).
13Max Born to Chadwick, 11 August 1954, CHAD IV 13/1.
14Report by Rutherford and Cyprian Bridge on the visit, 19 May to 9 July 1917 to the British Board of Invention and Research, 18 July 1917, ADM 293/10, p. 2, NA.
15Bernal (1939: 9). See also the autobiographical notes of G. P. Thomson (GPT A5): ‘Rutherford classified knowledge into physics (which included straightforward mathematics), chemistry, and stamp collecting!’
16‘Atomic Energy’, text of talk delivered by G. P. Thomson in 1945, GPT F154.
17Lindemann to Rutherford, 9 May 1919, L.105, RFD.
18Fort (2004: 155).
19Raymond (ed.) (1967: 246–7).
20Parry (ed.) (1968: 121).
21Harrrod (1959: 49, 50); Fox and Gooday (eds) (2005: 272).
22Oliphant (1972b: 20–1).
23Campbell (1999: 356).
24Anon. (1954: 28).
25Chadwick to Feather, 22 October 1959, FEAT 23/6.
26Guardian, 27 February 1932, p. 10.
27The Times, 29 February 1932, p. 9.
28Spectator, 14 June 1930, p. 979.
29Lindemann told Rutherford of a possible loophole in the argument, but it subsequently proved to be irrelevant. Lindemann to Rutherford, 9 June 1919, quoted in Wilson (1983: 435); Rutherford to Lindemann, 10 June 1919, LIND D 218/6.
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