Eisenhower, Dwight D.: and WSC’s obsession with H-bomb, 5, 409; commands Allied forces in Normandy invasion, 268; elected President, 389; wants freer exchange of nuclear information with Britain, 397; and Stalin’s successors, 399; rejects WSC’s proposals for agreement with Soviet Union, 400–2, 405, 423, 424; WSC meets in Bermuda, 404–6; ‘Atoms for Peace’ speech at UN, 406–7; on first use of nuclear weapons, 407; ‘New Look’ defence policy, 419; proposes WSC speak renouncing colonialism, 426; WSC disparages, 450
Elgar, Sir Edward, 56
Eliot, Charles W., 32
Eliot, T. S., 117, 327
Enigma codes: broken, 148
eugenics, 93
Evening Standard, 87, 346
Fermi, Enrico: flees Italy for USA, 99; on discovery of nuclear fission, 99–100, 111; experiments probe possibility of nuclear chain reactions, 101; opposes Szilárd’s plea for secrecy, 102; scepticism over nuclear weapons, 128–9, 198; receives funding in USA, 132; A. V. Hill in discussion with, 160; builds first successful reactor in Chicago, 215–17; at Los Alamos, 281; on the first use of the Bomb, 287–8
‘Fifty Years Hence’ (WSC), 4, 10, 41–4, 82, 88–9, 156, 178, 244, 293, 300, 305, 429, 456
fission, discovery of nuclear, see nuclear fission: discovery
Flügge, Siegfried, 123; ‘Can Nuclear Energy be Utilised for Practical Purposes?’, 103
Foot, Michael, 423
Forester, C. S.: Death to the French, 405
Fort Halstead, Kent, 369
Fowler, Ralph, 48, 166
France: collapse (1940), 148, 152–3; Allied invasion (D-Day, 6 June 1944), 240, 264–5, 267–8; represented at Bermuda summit (1953), 405
France, Anatole: Penguin Island, 22
Franck, James, 287
Frankfurter, Felix, 259–60, 272
Frisch, Otto: in Sweden with Lise Meitner, 97; and theory of nuclear fission, 97–9; memorandum on building bomb, 136, 140–2, 144, 160, 182, 185, 226, 257, 278, 344, 440; works at Birmingham, 137–45; hears WSC broadcast (May 1940), 145; warned against leaking, 157; G. P. Thomson shares top-secret material with, 158; enrolled on Thomson’s Technical subcommittee, 162; excluded from internment, 163; helps Chadwick with final MAUD report, 184; at Site Y, 257, 279–80; celebrates VE Day, 286; witnesses first testing of bomb, 289; omitted from WSC’s list of nuclear scientists, 305; Gowing interviews, 439; later career, 439; membership of Pugwash, 443
Frost, Robert, 404
Fuchs, Klaus: assists Peierls in Birmingham, 180; at Los Alamos, 280; arrested and charged with spying, 346–50, 370; letter from Genia Peierls, 346, 349; Peierls visits in prison, 348–9, 353; supposed passing of hydrogen bomb secret to Soviet Russia, 351; tried and sentenced, 353; British government’s responsibility questioned, 355–6; works under Penney, 369; amused by WSC’s Commons speech on 1 March 1955, 435; released from prison, 439
Gasperi, Alcide de, 402
Gathering Storm, The (WSC), 340–1
GEN 75 (committee), 313
General Elections: (1929), 38; (1945), 295, 303–4; (1950), 351, 353; (1951), 373, 446
Geneva Protocol (1925), 31, 207
Germany: rise of Nazism, 67, 74; Jewish academic refugees from, 64, 68–9, 73; as war threat, 67, 81–3, 102; occupies Austria (1938), 90; anti-Semitism, 67, 68, 73, 74, 97; bans Nature, 97; considers harnessing nuclear energy, 104; invades Poland, 105; Britain declares war on, 110; easy access to uranium, 124–5; rapid advance in West (May 1940), 146; British fear of nuclear weapon development, 150–1, 221, 234; air attacks on Britain, 164, 168–70, 179; invades Yugoslavia, 175; acquires heavy water, 193; declares war on USA, 204; advance halted in Soviet Russia, 208; British carpet-bombing policy, 220; defeats in Russia, 238; appeared to believe nuclear bomb impracticable, 250; lags behind Allies in Bomb development, 259, 282; post-war partition, 327
Gibbon, Edward: influence on WSC, 34, 149
Gibson, Althea, 449
Goddard, Rayner (Lord Chief Justice), 353
Goebbels, Joseph, 73
Gold Standard, 32
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, 438
Gorbachev, Mikhail: achieves détente with USA, 9
Gowing, Margaret, 438–41, 454
Graham, Billy, 422
Great Contemporaries (WSC), 40, 147
Greene, Graham, 404
Groves, General Leslie: as director of Manhattan Project, 217; qualities, 217–18; Anglophobia and chauvinism, 218, 235, 275; letter from Akers on merging Tube Alloys with Manhattan Project, 222; and Anderson’s visit to Washington, 236; takes advantage of loopholes in Quebec agreement, 242, 249; limits contact with British scientists, 249; aims to recruit Bohr, 251; Bohr first meets, 252–3; assembles team at Site Y, 254; negotiates deal on uranium with British, 267; Chadwick negotiates with, 275; and Chadwicks’ move to Site Y, 276; consults Peierls’ notes for Chadwick, 279; and high birthrate at Site Y, 281; and Rotblat’s departure from Site Y, 282; demands exlusive US control of nuclear initiatives, 284; opposes French scientists’ requests for patent rights, 284; impatient with antics of Szilárd, 287; witnesses first testing of Bomb, 289–90, 297; sends report on Bomb test to Truman, 300; orders British scientists to leave Site Y, 322; testifies to Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 350–1; subsequent account of Manhattan Project praises WSC’s role, 440
H-bomb, see hydrogen bomb
Haber, Fritz, 50
Hahn, Otto, 97–8, 102, 104
Halban, Hans von, 162, 181, 212, 214, 277
Haldane, J. B. S.: supports German Jewish refugees, 68; supports WSC’s admission as FRS, 175; ‘Daedalus’, 30
Halifax, Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of, 147, 152, 177, 205, 259, 285
Hanford, Washington State, 256
Hankey, Maurice, 1st Baron: chairs Scientific Advisory Committee, 171, 186, 193; Darwin writes to on developing nuclear weapon, 186; and MAUD report, 186–8; Anderson proposes for Advisory Council on Bomb, 191; committee reports on MAUD, 193–4; doubts that US will take a world-policing role, 194; advises WSC on bacteriological warfare, 207; WSC dismisses, 208; criticises WSC, 210
Harrod, Roy, 116, 449, 453
Harwell, Oxfordshire: nuclear research station established, 393, 395, 411–2, 415–6; WSC visits, 419–21
Hawkins, David, 259
heavy water: shortage in USA, 101; production in Norway, 143; Germans acquire, 193
Heisenberg, Werner, 96, 249
Hemingway, Ernest, 404
Herbert, A. P., 145
Hill, A. V.: helps form Academic Assistance Council, 68; on Tizard’s Air Defence Research Committee, 84–5, 91; difficulties working with Lindemann, 85, 163–4; urges British collaboration with US scientists, 152, 159–60, 166; character and career, 159; criticises Lindemann, 159, 163–4, 193; opposes government treatment of refugee scientists, 163; advises WSC to improve quality of scientific advice in Whitehall, 170; serves on Scientific Advisory Committee, 171, 193; supports WSC’s admission as FRS, 175; condemns government’s failure to make effective use of its scientists, 219; on WSC’s preoccupation with wartime gadgets, 221; and WSC’s vetoing scientists’ visit to USSR, 296; on Blackett’s peerage, 437
Hill, The see Los Alamos
Hinge of Fate, The (WSC), 362–3
Hinton, Sir Christopher: as UK’s chief engineer designing and operating nuclear plants, 318–9, 374; urges development of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, 391–2; character and manner, 392, 394–6; sets up nuclear power plants, 393, 395–7; background and career, 394; relations with Cockcroft, 395, 412; presents British civil nuclear programme at New York conference, 397–9; in Gowing-Arnold account of nuclear projects, 441; later career, 441
Hiroshima, 305, 309–12, 315, 337, 390, 413
Hirst, Sir Hugo, 76
History of the English-Speaking Peoples (WSC), 40, 117, 446–7
Hitler, Adolf: WSC writes on, 40; WSC comments to Rutherford on, 56; rise to power, 67; rearmament programme, 69; image in Britain in early 1930s, 67, 74; and advancement
of nuclear technology, 75; invades Czechoslovakia, 92, 102; flouts international ideal of science, 97; named Time’s Man of the Year (1939), 98; non-aggression pact with Stalin (1939), 105; early wartime actions, 110–11; invades Soviet Russia, 176; declares war on US, 204; see also Germany
Hoover, J. Edgar, 399
Hopkins, Harry: supports Vannevar Bush, 134; WSC welcomes on visit to Britain, 173, 177; WSC consults on Roosevelt’s unwillingness to enter war, 189; attends WSC-Roosevelt meeting (June 1942), 209; stonewalls WSC’s requests for information on collaboration, 227–8, 235; calls Bush to meeting with Lindemann, 228–9; out of favour, 271
Housman, A. E., 68
Hovde, Frederick, 194, 203, 206
Howard, Michael (historian), 441
Hurricane, Operation, 372, 374
Hyde Park, New York State, 209, 239, 271, 363
hydrogen bomb (H-bomb): WSC’s obsession with threat of, 3–6, 9, 408–9, 423–4, 427; WSC foresees its explosive power in 1931, 4; huge explosive power, 258, 408; Truman orders development, 346; USA first detonates, 388; Soviet Union acquires, 403; WSC sees as guarantor of security, 404–5; Cockcroft and Penney advise government on, 414–15; Commons debate on 5 April 1954, 423; Commons debate on 1 March 1955, 3, 10, 428–32; WSC approves building in Britain, 425; Chadwick on, 438; British detonate at Christmas Island, 441, 449, 451
ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries company), 62, 68–9, 78, 181, 184–5, 191, 193, 199–201, 212, 218, 228, 231, 249, 313, 394, 413, 432
India: WSC in, 15, 33–5; WSC opposes self-government, 40, 67, 82; independence, 332
Inskip, Sir Thomas, 86
Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 70, 98, 102, 252–3
Ismay, General Sir Hastings (‘Pug’), 153, 340, 419
Italy: life under fascism, 99, 103; declares war on USA, 204; WSC visits, 207; campaign in, 238, 242; WSC vacations in, 334
Japan: seizes Manchuria (1931), 41; attack on Pearl Harbor, 204; advance in SE Asia, 206–7; Midway defeat, 208; WSC suggests should be warned of possible nuclear attack, 271; WSC to Truman on relaxing terms of surrender, 297; Soviet intention to wage war on, 299; called on to surrender, 304; surrenders after nuclear attack, 311
Jeger, George, 325–6
Jews: refugees from German persecution, 67–8, 73, 74, 78–9, 97; in wartime Denmark, 245–6
Joachimsthal, Czechoslovakia, 124–5
Jodrell Bank Telescope, 329
John, Augustus, 337
Joint Intelligence Committee (British), 148
Joliot-Curie, Frédéric, 101, 284
Jones, R. V., 149, 154–5, 262, 286, 340, 344
Joubert de la Ferté, Air Chief Marshal Sir Philip, 182
Kapitza, Peter: at Cavendish Laboratory, 52; corresponds with Bohr, 261, 272
Kennedy, John F., 453
Kent, Prince George, Duke of, 56
Keynes, John Maynard, Baron, 68
Khrushchev, Nikita S., 450
King, William Mackenzie, 239, 317, 339
Kipling, Rudyard, 87
Korean War (1950–53): outbreak, 356–7; US threat of nuclear weapons in, 360; unpopularity, 384; truce, 406
Kowarski, Lew, 162, 181
Kristallnacht (November 1938), 97
Kubrick, Stanley, see Dr Strangelove
Kurchatov, Igor, 302–3
Kursk, Battle of (1943), 238
Large Hadron Collider, 417
Laurence, William, 99
Lauritsen, Charles, 183
Lawrence, Ernest: inventor of cyclotron, 132; Oliphant meets in Berkeley, 198; witnesses first testing of Bomb, 289–90; argues for more powerful nuclear artillery, 398
League of Nations: WSC supports, 31, 41
Leahy, William: Roosevelt confers with, 272
Lend-Lease Bill (USA), 173, 206
Lenin, Vladimir I., 25–6
‘Life in a World Controlled by Scientists’ (WSC), 89
Lindemann, Adolf (Frederick’s father), 28
Lindemann, Charles (Frederick’s brother), 172
Lindemann, Frederick (Viscount Cherwell) aka ‘the Prof’: establishes himself as scientific adviser to WSC, 4–5, 28, 30, 32, 37, 66; background and early career, 28–9, 65–6; wins friendship with WSC, 29; claims WSC a scientist, 35–6; recruits scientists in Germany, 38, 68, 73; helps with WSC’s ‘Fifty Years Hence’, 42–3; vegetarian diet, 44; visits to Chartwell, 44, 383; not well respected by scientific peers, 46–8; Rutherford recommends for Oxford chair, 51; unpopularity at Oxford, 52, 79; Rutherford invites to speak at Royal Society meeting (1932), 54–5; Rutherford loathes, 60; Mulberry House talk (1933), 61–5, 67; at Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, 65, 79, 114, 192, 448; philistinism, 65; aids and employs German Jewish refugees, 68–9, 78; plays host to Einstein (1933), 70; fails in campaigns for election to Parliament, 79, 86; clashes with members of Tizard Committee, 84, 85, 91, 453; attends Rutherford’s funeral, 88; writes material for WSC’s scientific articles, 92–3; scepticism about imminent possibility of nuclear weapons, 111–13; initially improved wartime relations with Tizard, 114–15; resented by Admirals, 115–16; achieves position and power in war, 149–50, 154; drafts minutes for WSC, 150; and Tizard’s wartime resignation, 154–5; good relations with G. P. Thomson, 158; Hill criticises, 159, 163–4; scientists resent, 159, 444; reads MAUD committee reports, 167, 183, 187; meets Conant, 174; peerage, 176; accompanies WSC to Placentia Bay, 177; discusses nuclear chain reactions with Conant, 182–3; Chadwick’s good relations with, 183–4; favours building bomb in Britain, 186, 188, 193, 214; disparages Americans as slow starters, 188; fundamentally sceptical that Bomb will work, 190, 286; Anderson proposes for Advisory Council on Bomb, 191; work on prime numbers, 192–3; working routine, 192; and Roosevelt’s proposal to cooperate on nuclear project, 195, 203, 206–7; competence and integrity questioned in parliament, 208; selects Akers to run Tube Alloys, 212; accepts Akers’s proposal to merge Tube Alloys with US project, 214; advocates carpet-bombing of Germany, 220; given seat in Cabinet, 221; meets Bush in Washington, 228–9; briefs WSC on US exclusion of British from Bomb project, 234–5; and the Quebec Agreement (1943), 241, 243; and Bohr’s views on political implications of Bomb, 248, 273; and Bohr’s meeting with WSC (May 1944), 261–2, 265–6; flawed advice on German V-weapons, 268; in dark over collaboration with USA on Bomb, 271; defends Bohr to WSC, 272–3; Roosevelt confers with, 272–3; tours US military sites, 273; declines Chadwick’s plea for action, 278; Oliphant criticises for subservience to USA, 285; Oppenheimer disparages, 286; at Postsdam conference with WSC, 300; at WSC’s 1945 defeat party, 304; excluded from Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy, 313, 333; criticises Blackett’s views, 329–30; Attlee appoints to technical committee, 334; collaborates on WSC’s war memoirs, 340, 343, 358; and WSC’s account of development of wartime nuclear energy project, 341, 343–5; WSC praises in war memoirs, 342; urges WSC to improve high-level teaching of technology and engineering in Britain, 342, 442, 446, 451; criticises Attlee’s defence strategy, 357; critical of Quebec Agreement, 361; protests at slowness of British post-war nuclear project, 364; rift with Peierls, 364; speech in Lords criticising management of nuclear project, 371–2; appointed Paymaster General in WSC’s second premiership, 380–1; requests approval for nuclear test, 382–3; accompanies WSC on visit to Truman (January 1952), 385; differences with WSC, 387, 389, 390; proposes Britain go it alone in nuclear research, 389; on power of H-bomb, 390; urges development of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, 390; relations with Hinton, 392–3; lobbies American officials to relax McMahon Act restrictions, 397; plan for reorganisation of nuclear project accepted, 403–4; health problems, 404; leaves Cabinet, 404; discusses nuclear policy at Bermuda summit (1953), 405–6; Cockcroft’s view of, 413; scepticism of plans for CERN, 416; lunches with Cockcroft and Penney at Chartwell, 418; visits Harwell with WSC, 420; on cobalt-jacketed H-bomb, 424; tribute from WSC in Commons H-bomb speech, 1 March 1955, 429; honours and awards, 448; and Simon’s death, 448; visits WSC on Riviera, 448; death and funeral, 449
; and inception of Churchill College, 452; posthumous reputation, 453; The Physical Significance of the Quantum Theory, 46–8; ‘Some Recent Discoveries in Science’ (lecture), 61–5
Lindemann, Olga (Frederick’s mother), 28
Liverpool: Chadwick at university, 119–20, 122–3, 125, 184, 437; bombed, 179–80
Lloyd George, David, 25, 143
London: vulnerability to air attack, 81; war preparations, 110; bombed, 166, 168–9, 170
Los Alamos (former location of Site Y aka The Hill), New Mexico: Bohr visits, 253–7, 281; as HQ of Manhattan Project, 253; Chadwick in, 276, 280–1; life at, 279–81; British scientists ordered to leave, 322
Lothian, Philip Henry Kerr, 11th Marquess of, 172
Luftwaffe: as threat to Britain, 81, 83, 92; in Battle of Britain, 164, 166, 169; bombing campaign, 168–70, 179
Lyon, C. A.: ‘Scientists Make an Amazing Discovery’, 111–12
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron, 33–4
MacCarthy, Desmond, 58
McCarthy, Senator Joseph, 350, 398
MacDonald, Ramsay: election victory (1929), 38; and air defence, 83
McGowan, Harry, 68
McKibbin, Dorothy, 254
McMahon Act, 1946 (USA), 321, 383, 386–7, 397, 405–6, 441
McMahon, Brien, 351, 386–7
Macmillan Harold: on fear of air warfare in 1930s, 92; as Housing Minister under WSC, 383; insists WSC give date for resignation, 422; on Cabinet reaction to WSC’s prior approval to build H-bomb in Britain, 425–6; succeeds Eden as Prime Minister, 449
Makins, Roger, 321
Malenkov, Georgy, 400, 403, 424, 427
Mallalieu, Joseph, 146
Manchester Guardian, 5, 53, 309–10, 354, 407, 424
Manchuria, 41
Manhattan Project: beginnings, 7; British scientists join, 8, 241; funding, 217, 227; Chadwick believes British fortunate to be involved, 250; Einstein criticises, 253; laboratories and plants, 255–6; cost, 290
Mao Zedong, 350, 385
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