barriers, morning of Aktions. See cordons around Jewish homes
Belarus
auctions, of Jewish goods, 203–210
Bereza Kartuska liquidation, 61–62
executions in, vii–viii, 26–28, 257n:2, 262n4:9
Minsk liquidations, 69–72
Mokrovo liquidation, 127–133
Monastrychchina liquidation, 93–97
Novogrudok liquidation, 62–63
Pinsk liquidation, 62–63
planks used during execution, Disna, 116–117
Sloboda (svoboda), 265n:154
Stolin liquidation, 64–65
Zablocie liquidation, 65–66
Belzec, 82
Bensimon, Patrice, 73, 80, 121–122, 127–133, 197–200
Bereza Kartuska liquidation, 61–62
Berta (archive interview, Kamaniets-Podilsky), 214–215
Black Book (Grossman and Ehrenburg), x, 258n13
Blobel, Paul, viii, 155, 265–266n15:7
Bogdanivka, 116, 264n11:1
Bolshevik Revolution, 153, 265n15:2
Borove (hamlet near Rawa Ruksa), 116
Boug, 203, 267n22:2
Bouse liquidation, 77–78
Brest, 60–61, 261n4:2, 261n4:4
C., Oscar (cook, Kiev), 26n13:7, 142–144
Camp 325, 7, 49, 100, 259n1:3
Camus, Albert, 1
census, 1939, 197, 266n21:1
Chalon-sur-Saône, 2–3
Château de la Marche, 1–2, 114
Chevalier, René, 7–8
Chidlovski, Josef (recounting of killings at Bereza Kartuska), 61–62
child/childhood. See also babies; teachers and the murders
and ammunition delivery, 152–155
forced to witness shootings,, 159–160
friendships between Jewish and village children, 52–54, 107–112
mass murder as spectacle, 81, 145–151, 179–184
“mixed-race” (Mischling), 148
Christian symbolism, inversion of, 88–90
Citadel of Brest, 203
Conference of French Bishops for Jewish Relations, 84–85
cordons around Jewish homes, 59–63, 67–68, 78, 82, 213–216
Cracow ghetto, 98–99
D., Édith (interview, Kamianka-Bouzka), 180–182
death of Christ, 88
dejourny, 28, 260n2:4
Deneuve, Catherine, 114
Desbois, Claudius, 6–7, 49, 225
desiantnik, 27–30, 60, 260n2:4
Dovbych, 188–190
Drogobytch liquidation, 79, 262n6:2
Drumont, Edouard, 89
Drumont, Séverine, 89
Dupuy, Bernard, 84–85
Ehrenburg, Ilya, x
Einsatzgruppen, vii–viii, 29, 34, 67, 73–74, 106, 120, 235–236, 257n1, 257n4, 257n5
8, 198, 267n21:5
D, 106, 264n10:3
Einsatzkommando, 198. See also Sonderkommando
Estonia, vii
Extraordinary State Commission, Soviet, x–xi, 258n14
F., Josef (German soldier, Kerch), 164–170
Favre, Charles, 87, 263n7:2
Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv), 259n2:4
Fedor (interview Iltsy), 116–121
Fi. (SS member, Kerch), 164–166, 266n17:2, 266n17:3
forced dancing, 129–133
Foxman, Abraham, 34
furniture
pillaging of, 35–36
sale of, 208–209, 242
G. Jakob, deposition of’, 269n1 (afterword)
Galina (interview, Jytomyr), 134–137
Gebietskommissar, 240–241, 268n26:8
Gemeindeschutzpolizei, 21–22
genocidal purity, 254–256
genocide, labor involved, 50
German Federal Archives, 21–22
German soldiers, as witnesses, 163–170
German-Russian museum, Berlin-Karlshorst, 244–246
ghettos
bartering with inhabitants, 34, 46, 77
building of, 25, 28–33, 42–43
placement of, 65
rapes in, 72–74
Ginsburgs, George, 258n15
Goldstein, Steven, 98
Golova, 31–32, 260n1:5
Graebe, Hermann, 268n26:7
grave diggers, 18–21, 47–57, 59, 121, 176, 189
grave fillers, 187–196
Great Famine, 208, 267n22:6
Gregory (interview, Transnistria), 41–46
Grossman, Vasily, x
H., Joseph (Drogobytch liquidation), 79
Halle, Franz, ix
Halle, Franz (interrogation of), 258n9
Hannah (interview, Romanivka), 134–144, 264n13:2
Hasidism, 84–85, 263n7:1
Hauptsturmführer, 164–165
Himmler, Heinrich, 196, 266n20:2
Hiwis, 22
Holocaust (Shoah). See Aktions; mass graves; mass murders of Jews; specific names of places and witnesses
horror, as response to genocide, 251–252
Hucalo, Ostap, 117, 264n11:1
Ievhenia (interview, Yavoriv), 211–214
Iltsy, 116–121
Inhulets liquidations, 171–177
Iosif (Bibrka, Ukraine), 20
Irena (survivor, Zoludek), 58–60
Irina (interview, Zabolottia), 219–220
Iryna (interview, Klevan), 182–184
Israel, Gerard, 89–90
Ivan (interview, Ozeriany), 23–25
Ivanko, 53, 261n3:3
jewelry store (Babi Yar liquidation), 143–144
“Jid,” 265n15:3
“Jids School,” 153
Judas/Jude confusion, 89
Jude, 263n7:4
Judenaktion, 180–182
Judenrat, 62, 262n4:7
Judgment Day, 86–90
“Kabbalat Shabbat,” 205, 267n22:4
Kamaniets-Podilsky liquidation, 214–215, 236–243, 268n26:4
Kamen-Kachirski, 221–224, 267–268n25:2
Kamen-Kashyrkyi, mass graves, 18
Kamianka-Bouzka, 180–182
Kamianka-Bouzka liquidations, 146
Kerch massacre, 164–170
Kiev liquidation, vii–viii, 142–144, 155
Klevan liquidation, 182–184
kolkhoz, 260n2:1
kolkhozes, Soviets, 24, 107, 171, 260n2:1
Kommandantur, 110, 219–220, 241
Kondrachov (kolkhoz), 42
Kondrachova, Lidia, 45
Kosarevskyi, Alexy, 24, 30–32
Krasnodar, 103–104, 263n10:1
Kreishauptmann, 102, 263n9:2
Kreislandwirt, 242, 268n26:11
Krivoi Rog, 209
Kroubazik Company, 233
kulaks, 267n22:7
kulaks, persecutions of, 91, 173, 208–209
La France Juive [Jewish France], 89
Ladekommando, 155
Latvia, vii
Lauby, Geoffroy, 122
Léonid (interview, Minsk), 69–72
“Les Quatre Chemins,” 25–26
L’Espèce humaine (The Human Species), 195
Liefers, Josef (interview, Rawa Ruska), 100–104, 263n9:1
lime, mass graves, 221–224
liquidations, method of. See also Aktions
from 7 to 8, rounding up the Jews, 234–235
the announcement, 233–234
the “chiefs,” 238–239
the circles of guards, 237–238
columns of Jews, 237
the counter, 238
the criteria for killing, 235–236
the day, at dawn, 232–233
the end of the killer’s day, 240–241
gap in Zaloga’s testimony, training as Schutzmann, 227–229
the night before, 230–231
other methods of executions, 257n3
the roundup, protection of goods, ordering of the meal, 236–237
the route, 231–232
t
he search, 239–240
Lithuania, vii
Lokitka, 122
Lustiger, Aron Jean-Marie, 10, 259n1:5
Lydia (interview, Bouse), 77–78
Lydia (interview, Iegorlyskaya), 157–162
Marey, Étienne-Jules, 23–24
Maria (Bensimon interview), 80
Maria (interview, Mokrovo), 127–129
Maria (researcher, about Iegorlyskaya), 158–160
mass graves
architects of, 1–23
diggers of, 47–57
the fillers, 187–196
Kamen-Kashyrkyi, 18
mass graves (continued)
layers of planks, 114–123
and requisitions, 24–46
search for, 10–11
seeking in Serniki, 50–51
site calculation, 15–23
mass murders of Jews. See also Aktions; towns by names
Andreï’s village, 33–40
auctions, of Jewish goods, Brest, Romanivka, 203–210
Babi Yar (murderer’s food supply chain), 140–143
Bereza Kartuska, 61–62
Bouse liquidation, 77–78
children and, 145–151
Dovbych, Tourtchyne, the fillers of graves, 188–190
Drogobytch liquidation, 79
Gregory’s village, 41–46
Iltsy, layers of planks, 116–121
Inhulets, the teachers, 172–177
Jytomyr, 134–144
Kamianka-Bouzka, the teachers, 180–182
Kerch, German witness, 164–170
Kiev liquidation, vii–viii
Klevan, the teachers, 182–184
lime to soak up blood, 221–224
Medzhybizh liquidation, 84–90
the method, Staraïa Ouchitsa, 227–243
Minsk liquidations, 69–72
Mokrovo liquidation, 127–133
Monastrychchina liquidation, 93–97
Monstryiska liquidation, 88
mornings of, barriers, 77–83
music and forced dancing, Mokrovo, 127–133
Naltchik, December 1942, vii
nighttime requisitions, 59–65
Novogrudok liquidation, 62–63, 145–151
Palanage, October 12, 1941, vii
patchworker, Zabolottia, 219–220
Pinsk liquidation, 62–63
Pushkin, September 1941, vii
Rawa Ruska liquidation, 116
local truckers used to transport Jews, 100–104
Romanivka, 137–139
Rostov-on-Don massacre, 156–157
sale of Jewish goods, Novozybkov, 197–200
Sdolbunov, 239–240
Serniki liquidation, 52–56
Serniki liquidation, techniques of shooters, positioning of Jews, 55–56
Slonim liquidation, 67–68
Starokostiantyniv liquidation, 152–155
Stolin liquidation, 64–65
Temirgoyevskaya liquidation, 106–113
transporter of clothing, Inhulets, 171–177
Zablocie liquidation, 65–66
meals served to shooters, 134–144
Medzhybizh liquidation, 84–90
Meirowicz, Mordechai (survivor, Novogrudok), 62–63, 262n4:6
mestetchko, 246, 269n2
Metzner, Alfred (account of liquidation of Slonim), 67–68, 73, 262n4:14, 268n26:9
Minsk liquidations, 69–72
Mischlinge, 150
Mokrovo liquidation, 127–133
Moldavia
executions in, vii, 257n:1, 264n10:3
requisitions, 26
Moldova. See Moldavia
Monastrychchina liquidation, 93–97
Monstryiska liquidation, 88–89
Moscow’s Road to Nuremberg (Ginsburgs), 258n15
Mother Teresa, 5
music during executions, 127–129
Musmanno, Michael A., viii
Mykola (interview, Toutchyne), 191–196
Naltchik liquidation, vii
Naro-Fominsk liquidation, vii
Nazi ideology
“racial” definition of Jewishness, 235–236
sexual relations with “inferior races,” 252
nighttime requisitions, 59–65
Nikolai (interview, Novozybkov), 197–200
NKVD, 63, 152, 243, 262n4:10
Novogrudok liquidation, 62–63
Novopodilsk liquidation, 145–151
Novossilka liquidation, 121–122
Novozybkov liquidation, 197–200
Nuremberg, viii, 73, 257n5, 258n6, 258n12
Oberleutnant, 22
Obersturmführer, 142
Oleg (Ukraine), 19–20
Olga (interview, Medjiboj), 85–90
Operation Barbarossa, 203, 262n5:1, 267n22:1
Operation Reinhardt, ix, 258n10
Ouman, Soviet prisoners of war, 228, 268n26:3
Ozeriany liquidation, 23–25
P., George (cook, Babi Yar), 26n13:5, 141–143
Palange liquidation, vii
panienka, 241, 268n26:10
paradoxes of witnesses, 83
partisan fighters
Belarusian, 245
Communists, 112
protection against, 67
patchworker, 219–220
Paula (interview, Bousk), 178–180
Pavel (interview, Serniki), 51–56
Pavlovna, Anna (interview, Romanivka), 207–210
Pelip, Stefan Alexeievitch (interview), 49, 261n3:1
Peschanski, Denis, 15–16, 20, 85, 91–97
Piaf, Edith, 7
Pinsk liquidation, 62–63, 262n4:9
Pitschmann, 61, 262n4:5
Podnevitch, Dioma, 80–81
polizei
auxiliary vs. Eastern European police, 229
definition of, 245–246
Ukrainian recruits, 259n2:2
power structure, Soviet villages, 29
Poznam, 196, 266n20:2
Prozoroki liquidation, 245, 268–269n1
purity and genocide, 252–253
Pushkin liquidation, vii
Rabbi Lubavitch, 156
Rakv Lis, 221–224, 267n25:1
rape denial, 72
rape of Jewish women, 69–74, 153
Rawa Ruska liquidation, 7–10, 27, 49–50, 63–64, 98–104, 116, 128–129, 259n1:2
Red Army, 8, 228
Reichssicherheitshauptant, 260n1:14
Reindel (regional kommissar, the method), 238–239
religious inversion, 88–89, 154, 176
religious justification for Shoah, 86–90
requisitions
as coercive force, 196
in France during World War II, 26–27
Gregory’s and Andreï’s villages, 46
Jews and meaning of requisitions, 59–60
in Novozlatopol, musicians, 128
payment of requisitioned workers, 195–196, 207, 242
in Soviet collective practice, 196
staroste under German command, 27–46
Zabolottia, 219–220
Richter, shooter of Toutchyne, 192
Righteous Among the Nations, State of Israel, 24
risks taken, to watch the killings, 77–82
Rivière, Émile, 2, 33
Rivière, Jacky, 33
Rivière, Marie-Louise, 7
Rivière, Victorine, 2, 5–6, 114, 192
Romanivka liquidation, 137, 203–210, 264n13:1
Ronovna, Guenia, 153
Rostov-on-Don massacre, 156–157
rubber gloves, supplied by Germans, 33
Rudolf F. (SS cavalry unit, Stolin), 64
Russia
executions in, vii, 257n:1, 257n:2, 264n10:3, 267n22:6
Monastrychchina liquidation, 93–97
Naltchik liquidation, vii
Naro-Fominsk liquidation, vii
Novozybkov liquidation, 197–200
October Revolution, 265n15:2
&n
bsp; Pushkin liquidation, vii
requisitions in, 26
Rostov-on-Don massacre, 156–157, 161–162
Temirgoyevskaya liquidation, 106–113
Sabolotje, 65, 262n4:12
sale of Jewish goods, 197–200, 203–210, 242, 267n8. See also auctions, of Jewish goods
Samuel (interview, Dovbych), 188–190
sanitizer, 221–224
Saur, Helmut (liquidation of ghetto in Pinsk), 62–63, 262n4:8
Schutzmann, 193, 195, 227–232
Schutzmannschaften, 22
Sdolbunov liquidation, 239–240
Sergueï (friend of Alexander, Temirgoyevskaya), 107–112
Sergueï (villager Novopodilsk), 150
Serniki liquidation, 51–56
“Shabbos goy,” 198, 266n21:2
Shoah, religious interpretation, 87–90
Shoah Foundation, 73
Sicherheitsdienst (Security Department), 260n1:14
silences and secrecy
German oaths, 103–104
of the grave diggers, 21
as inheritance, 7–8
of the layers of planks, 116–117, 121–123
and overload of horror, 249
recurring during interviews, 18, 60–65
Rostov-on-Don massacre, 161–162
silences defined, 58
the transporters, 110–112
Singer, Israel, 10
Sloboda (svoboda), 153, 265n15:4
Slonim liquidation, 67–68
Smiley, George, 20, 259n2:1
Smotritch, 229, 268n26:5
Sobibor, 82
soltous, 27–28, 260n2:3
soltys, 247
Sonderkommando, 164–165, 257n1
Sonderkommando 4a, viii, ix, 155, 257n4, 264n13:3
Sönnecken, Abwehr member, ix–x
sotnik, 130–131
Soviet Extraordinary State Commission, 61
Soviet prisoners of war, 268n26:3
sovkhoz, 24, 260n2:1
Späth, 103, 263n9:3
SS-Sturmführer, 164–166
Staraïa Ouchitsa liquidation, 230–242, 268n26:6
Starokostiantyniv liquidation, 152–155, 265n15:5
staroste, 27–29, 59, 130–133, 155, 260n2:2
Stations of the Cross, 88–90
Stepan (Kamen-Kashyrskyi, Ukraine), 18–19
Stepan, (interview, Rakv Lis), 221–224
Stolin liquidation, 64–65
T., Viktor (driver in Sonderkommando 4a and shooter at Babi Yar, Kiev), 143–144, 155
Tadeouch (interview, Prozoroki), 244–250
teachers and the murders, 178–184
Temirgoyevskaya, 106–113
testimony of Fiodor Alexandrovitch Zaloga, 228–242
thinking, as act of resistance, 253
Toutchyne liquidation, 191–196
transporters
of furniture, 208–209
of supplies, to killings, 142
villagers requisitioned to transport clothing, 172–176
villagers requisitioned to transport Jews, 106–114
Treblinka, 82
Ukraine
Babi Yar, 140–143, 157
Berejany, 118
Bibrka, mass grave, 20
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