39. Ibid., p. 266.
40. Wolpert, Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan, p. 109.
Chapter 3: To the Left, No Right
1. ‘Pakistan Mosque Attacks in Lahore Kill Scores’, BBC.
2. ‘Why Was Salman Taseer Anti-Islamic?’, Haqbaat.com.
3. Shahid, ‘Addressing Constitutional Takfir’, The Friday Times.
4. Interview with Mohammed Saeed, Sabiha Saeed and Nasir Ahmad, Lahore, 25 March 2017.
5. Gandhi, Punjab, p. 250.
6. Ahmad, ‘A Life Sketch of the Promised Messiah’, Al Islam.
7. Bentlage et al. (ed.), Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism, p. 436.
8. Ahmad, ‘A Life Sketch of the Promised Messiah’, Al Islam.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. ‘Revealed Sermon’, Al Islam.
12. Bates, ‘Race, Caste and Tribe in Central India’, in Edinburgh Papers on South Asian Studies.
13. An example of one such community is the Nanak-Panthi Hindus—Hindus who also revere the first Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak. There is a sizeable community of Nanak-Panthi Hindus in Sindh, Pakistan.
14. Hamdani, ‘Mr Jinnah’s Muslim Opponents’, Pakistan Today.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Shahid, ‘Pakistan Movement and the Part Played by the Ahmadiyya Community’, Al Islam.
18. Khan, Facts Are Facts, p. 40.
19. The 1954 Justice Munir Commission Report on the Anti Ahmadi Riots of Punjab in 1953.
20. Ganiel, Winkel and Monnot (eds), ‘Introduction: Religion in Times of Crisis’, in Religion in Times of Crisis, p. 139.
21. Blood (ed.), Pakistan, p. 217.
22. Interview with Mohammed Saeed, Sabiha Saeed and Nasir Ahmad, Lahore, 25 March 2017.
23. Meri (ed.), Medieval Islamic Civilization, p. 678.
24. Interview with Mohammed Saeed, Sabiha Saeed and Nasir Ahmad, Lahore, 25 March 2017.
25. Ibid.
26. Ahmad, An Account of the Last Days and Death of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, pp. 24–25.
27. Interview with Mohammed Saeed, Sabiha Saeed and Nasir Ahmad, Lahore, 25 March 2017.
28. Lal, Tareekh-e-Lahore, p. 179.
29. Nabha, Encyclopedia of Sikh Literature, p. 53.
30. Dalrymple and Anand, Kohinoor, p. 110.
31. Singh, The Second Anglo-Sikh War, pp. xv–xvi.
32. Malik, ‘Political Inmates of Lahore Fort’, Pakistan Today.
33. Taseer, ‘Remembering Taseer’, The Express Tribune.
34. Ali, ‘Pakistan and the Cold War’, Dawn.
35. Ibid.
36. Dryland, ‘Faiz Ahmed Faiz and the Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case’, Journal of South Asian Literature, p. 181.
37. T.A., ‘What’s Left in Pakistan?’ Economic and Political Weekly, p. 2089.
38. Ali, ‘Communists in a Muslim Land’, Modern Asian Studies, p. 521.
39. Ibid., pp. 531–32.
40. Ibid., pp. 520–21.
41. Ibid., p. 507.
42. Ibid., p. 511.
43. Dryland, ‘Faiz Ahmed Faiz and the Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case’, Journal of South Asian Literature, p. 175.
44. Telephonic interview with Qazi Hussain Ahmad, 25 January 2011.
45. Jalal, The Pity of Partition, p. 133.
46. Ali, ‘Communists in a Muslim Land’, Modern Asian Studies, p. 519.
47. T.A., ‘What’s Left in Pakistan?’, Economic and Political Weekly, p. 2089.
48. Ali, ‘Communists in a Muslim Land’, Modern Asian Studies, p. 529 (fn).
49. Dryland, ‘Faiz Ahmed Faiz and the Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case’, Journal of South Asian Literature, p. 182.
50. T.A., ‘What’s Left in Pakistan?’, Economic and Political Weekly, p. 2089.
51. Ali, ‘Pakistan and the Cold War’, Dawn.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
Chapter 4: A City Forgotten
1. Sheikh, ‘Myths and Facts of the Beginnings of Lahore’, Dawn.
2. Sheikh, ‘In Search of the Origins and Age of Lahore’, Dawn.
3. Sheikh, ‘Two Ends of Ravi Road and How Our Freedom Fared’, Dawn.
4. Brown, ‘Svaraj, the Indian Ideal of Freedom’, Religious Studies, p. 436.
5. Ibid.
6. Wolpert, Nehru, pp. 86–88.
7. 1. Mikaberidze (ed.), Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes, p. 746.
8. Rana, Chandra Shekhar Azad, p. 26.
9. Bains, ‘Lala Lajpat Rai’s Idealism and Indian National Movement’, The Indian Journal of Political Science, p. 402.
10. Jalal, The Sole Spokesman, p. 8.
11. Gupta, ‘The Arya Samaj and Indian National Movement’, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, p. 722.
12. Ibid., p. 729.
13. Gandhi, ‘Gandhi and Punjab’, India International Centre Quarterly, p. 35.
14. Tuteja, ‘Jallianwala Bagh’, Social Scientist, pp. 36–37.
15. Gandhi, ‘Gandhi and Punjab’, India International Centre Quarterly, pp. 37–38.
16. Ikram, Indian Muslims and Partition of India, p. 207.
17. Ijaz, ‘Bradlaugh Hall’s Demise’, Pakistan Today.
18. Khare, ‘Indian Nationalism’, The Indian Journal of Political Science, p. 544.
19. Ibid., p. 538.
20. Ibid., pp. 539–40.
21. Ibid., pp. 544–45.
22. Zacharias, ‘The Road to Indian Autonomy’, The Review of Politics, p. 311.
23. Singh, ‘Lala Lajpat Rai’, The Indian Journal of Political Science, p. 128.
24. Zacharias, ‘The Road to Indian Autonomy’, The Review of Politics, p. 317.
25. Wolpert, Nehru, p. 106.
26. Singh, ‘Lala Lajpat Rai’, The Indian Journal of Political Science, p. 129.
27. Sengupta, Land of Two Rivers, pp. 296–97.
28. Tuteja, ‘Jallianwala Bagh’, Social Scientist, p. 36.
29. Ibid., p. 42.
30. Collett, The Butcher of Amritsar, p. 263.
31. Gandhi, ‘Gandhi and Punjab’, India International Centre Quarterly, p. 34.
32. Singh, ‘Lala Lajpat Rai’, The Indian Journal of Political Science, p. 131.
33. Talbot and Kamran, Lahore in the Time of the Raj, p. 13.
34. Khare, ‘Indian Nationalism’, The Indian Journal of Political Science, p. 537.
35. Mittal and Habib, ‘Towards Independence and Socialist Republic, Part 2’, Social Scientist, p. 32.
36. Wolpert, Nehru, p. 90.
37. Ibid., p. 78.
38. Bhambhri and Bhamberi, ‘Nehru and Socialist Movement in India’, The Indian Journal of Political Science, p. 144.
39. Wolpert, Nehru, p. 98.
40. Ibid., pp. 90–91.
41. Ibid., p. 86.
42. Ibid., p. 107.
43. Ibid., p. 108.
44. Faletti’s Hotel website.
45. Lal, ‘Revolutionary Legacy of Bhagat Singh’, Economic and Political Weekly, p. 3717.
46. Mahmud, ‘Lala Lajpat Rai, Son of the Soil’, Lahorenama.wordpress.com.
47. Lal, ‘Revolutionary Legacy of Bhagat Singh’, Economic and Political Weekly, p. 3717.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid., p. 3718.
50. Bhambhri and Bhamberi, ‘Nehru and Socialist Movement in India’, The Indian Journal of Political Science, p. 144.
51. Nair, ‘Bhagat Singh as “Satyagrahi”’, Modern Asian Studies, p. 658.
52. Mittal and Habib, ‘Towards Independence and Socialist Republic, Part 1’, Social Scientist, p. 19.
53. Mittal and Habib, ‘Towards Independence and Socialist Republic, Part 2’, Social Scientist, p. 36.
54. Nair, ‘Bhagat Singh as “Satyagrahi”’, Modern Asian Studies, p. 655.
55. Dhillon, ‘The Literary Face of Bhagat Singh’, The Tribune.
56. Lal, ‘Revolutionary Legacy of Bhagat Singh’, Economic and Political Weekly, p. 3715.
57. Ibid., p.
3713.
58. Nair, ‘Bhagat Singh as “Satyagrahi”’, Modern Asian Studies, p. 655.
59. Ibid., p. 658.
60. Lal, ‘Revolutionary Legacy of Bhagat Singh’, Economic and Political Weekly, p. 3717.
61. Nair, ‘Bhagat Singh as “Satyagrahi”’, Modern Asian Studies, p. 657.
62. Ibid., pp. 657–59.
63. Lal, ‘Revolutionary Legacy of Bhagat Singh’, Economic and Political Weekly, p. 3712.
64. Nair, ‘Bhagat Singh as “Satyagrahi”’, Modern Asian Studies, p. 676.
65. Gaur, Martyr as Bridegroom, p. 2.
66. Lal, ‘Revolutionary Legacy of Bhagat Singh’, Economic and Political Weekly, p. 3714.
67. Ibid., p. 3712.
68. Mittal and Habib, ‘Towards Independence and Socialist Republic, Part 2’, Social Scientist, p. 32.
69. Mittal and Habib, ‘Towards Independence and Socialist Republic, Part 1’, Social Scientist, p. 26.
70. Nair, ‘Bhagat Singh as “Satyagrahi”’, Modern Asian Studies, p. 653.
71. Ibid., p. 654.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid., p. 655.
74. Gaur, Martyr as Bridegroom, p. 120.
75. Agencies, ‘Pakistan Puts on Hold Plan to Rename Roundabout after Bhagat Singh’, The Indian Express.
76. Lal, ‘Revolutionary Legacy of Bhagat Singh’, Economic and Political Weekly, p. 3718.
77. Oberoi, ‘Ghadar Movement and Its Anarchist Genealogy’, Economic and Political Weekly, p. 41.
78. Ibid., p. 40.
79. Puri, ‘Revolutionary Organization’, Social Scientist, p. 55.
80. Oberoi, ‘Ghadar Movement and Its Anarchist Genealogy’, Economic and Political Weekly, p. 44.
81. Ibid., p. 40.
82. Talbot and Kamran, Lahore in the Time of the Raj, p. 149.
83. Ibid.
84. Puri, ‘Revolutionary Organization’, Social Scientist, p. 60.
85. Talbot and Kamran, Lahore in the Time of the Raj, p. 149.
86. Oberoi, ‘Ghadar Movement and Its Anarchist Genealogy’, Economic and Political Weekly, p. 42.
87. Ibid.
88. ‘Ghadar Movement ke Shaheed’, Nawa Zamana.
89. Lal, ‘Revolutionary Legacy of Bhagat Singh’, Economic and Political Weekly, p. 3713.
90. Mittal and Habib, ‘Towards Independence and Socialist Republic, Part 1’, Social Scientist, pp. 22–23.
Chapter 5: The Imperial Symbol
1. Gandhi, Punjab, p. 194.
2. Ibid., p. 196.
3. Alam, ‘Going, Going, Gone’, The Express Tribune.
4. Rehman, ‘Changing Concepts of Garden Design in Lahore from Mughal to Contemporary Times’, Garden History, p. 211.
5. Lahore Gymkhana website.
6. Rehman, ‘Changing Concepts of Garden Design in Lahore from Mughal to Contemporary Times’, Garden History, p. 209.
7. Sharma, ‘British Policy towards Aristocracy in the Punjab’, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, p. 707.
8. Gandhi, Punjab, p. 195.
9. 1. Ibid., p. 209.
10. Ibid., p. 208.
11. Ibid., p. 209.
12. Malik, ‘The Panjab and the Indian “Mutiny”’, Islamic Studies, p. 83.
13. Gandhi, Punjab, p. 223.
14. Ibid., p. 189.
15. 1. Malik, ‘The Panjab and the Indian “Mutiny”’, Islamic Studies, p. 100.
16. Gandhi, Punjab, p. 218.
17. Ibid., pp. 225–26.
18. Ibid., p. 227.
19. Ibid., p. 232.
20. Ibid.
21. Malik, ‘The Panjab and the Indian “Mutiny”’, Islamic Studies, p. 92.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Gandhi, Punjab, p. 231.
25. Farooqui, ‘“Divide and Rule”?’, Social Scientist, p. 50.
26. Ibid., p. 53.
27. Ibid., p. 55.
28. Barua, ‘Inventing Race’, The Historian, p. 115.
29. Farooqui, ‘“Divide and Rule”?’, Social Scientist, p. 54.
30. Fair, Fighting to the End, p. 56.
31. Farooqui, ‘“Divide and Rule”?’, Social Scientist, p. 54.
32. Ibid., p. 57.
33. World of Royalty, ‘Padhania’.
34. Ibid.
35. Gandhi, Punjab, p. 217.
36. Sharma, ‘British Policy towards Aristocracy in the Punjab’, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, p. 708.
37. Metcalf, ‘The Influence of the Mutiny of 1857 on Land Policy in India’, The Historical Journal, p. 159.
38. Sharma, ‘British Policy towards Aristocracy in the Punjab’, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, p. 708.
39. Ibid., p. 709.
40. World of Royalty, ‘Padhania’.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. Glover, Making Lahore Modern, p. 84.
45. Ibid., p. 79.
46. Gandhi, Punjab, p. 240.
47. Talbot and Kamran, Lahore in the Time of the Raj, p. 21.
48. Ibid.
49. Glover, Making Lahore Modern, p. 80.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid., p. 72.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid., p. 76.
55. Ibid., p. 85.
56. Ibid.
57. Talbot and Kamran, Lahore in the Time of the Raj, p. 15.
58. Glover, Making Lahore Modern, p. 91.
59. Ibid., p. 90.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 91.
63. Ibid., p. 151–52.
64. Talbot and Kamran, Lahore in the Time of the Raj, p. 20.
65. Glover, Making Lahore Modern, p. 151.
66. Ibid., p. 153.
67. Talbot and Kamran, Lahore in the Time of the Raj, p. 20.
68. Ibid.
69. Glover, Making Lahore Modern, p. 107.
70. Ibid., p. 130.
71. Talbot and Kamran, Lahore in the Time of the Raj, p. 23.
72. Glover, Making Lahore Modern, p. 149.
73. Talbot and Kamran, Lahore in the Time of the Raj, p. 20.
74. Qaiser, Ujray Daran de Darshan, p. 175.
75. ‘School Outlaws Punjabi as “Foul Language”’, Samaa.
76. Kumar, ‘Colonial Citizen as an Educational Ideal’, Economic and Political Weekly, p. 48.
Chapter 6: The City of Nostalgia
1. Dalrymple and Anand, Kohinoor, p. 188.
2. Ibid., p. 181.
3. Ibid., p. 173.
4. Ibid., p. 183.
5. Ibid., p. 185.
6. Ibid., p. 187.
7. Ibid., p. 188.
8. Singh, The Second Anglo-Sikh War, p. 18.
9. Dodwell (ed.), British India, 1497-1858, p. 548.
10. Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 309.
11. Singh, The Sikhs, p. 93.
12. Ibid., p. 103.
13. Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 317.
14. Bal, ‘Maharaja Dalip Singh’s Cis-Sutlej Territories and the Sikh War’, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, p. 237.
15. Ibid., p. 238.
16. Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 326.
17. Gandhi, Punjab, p. 179.
18. Ibid., p. 180.
19. Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 343.
20. Bal, ‘British Interest in Creating the Dogra State of Jammu and Kashmir’, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, p. 45.
21. Singh, The Second Anglo-Sikh War, p. 107.
22. Ibid., p. 196.
23. Gandhi, Punjab, p. 186.
24. Ibid., p. 135.
25. Ibid., p. 173.
26. Dalrymple and Anand, Kohinoor, p. 113.
27. Gandhi, Punjab, p. 138.
28. Dalrymple and Anand, Kohinoor, p. 114.
29. Gandhi, Punjab, p. 138.
30. Singh, The Sikhs, p. 98.
31. Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 27
1.
32. Gandhi, Punjab, p. 174.
33. Ibid.
34. Dalrymple and Anand, Kohinoor, p. 115.
35. Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 273.
36. Dalrymple and Anand, Kohinoor, p. 116.
37. Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 292.
38. Ibid., p. 293.
39. In 2014, the smadh of Sher Singh was renovated by the Pakistan government.
40. Sheikh, ‘Timeless Debate about What Mori Gate Really Is!’, Dawn.
41. Singh, The Sikhs, pp. 140–41.
42. Sheikh, ‘Abiding Mystery of the Roshani Gate Tragedy’, Dawn.
43. Dalrymple and Anand, Kohinoor, p. 108.
44. Gandhi, Punjab, p. 173.
45. Dalrymple and Anand, Kohinoor, pp. 108–09.
46. Ibid., p. 109.
47. Singh, The Sikhs, p. 99.
48. Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p. 268.
49. Dalrymple and Anand, Kohinoor, p. 111.
50. Soofi, ‘Mystery of Nau Nihal Singh’s Death’, Dawn.
51. Singh, The Second Anglo-Sikh War, p. xxi.
52. Gandhi, Punjab, p. 131.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid., p. 157.
55. Rehman, ‘A Mosque for All Seasons’, Dawn.
56. Gandhi, Punjab, p. 158.
57. Tufail (ed.), ‘Naqoosh Lahore Number’, Idara Farogh-e-Urdu, pp. 161–62.
58. Banerjee and Banerji, ‘Maharaja Ranjit Singh’, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, p. 1300.
Chapter 7: The Mughal Capital
1. Katz, ‘The Identity of a Mystic’, Numen: International Review for the History of Religions, p. 145.
2. Khalid, Walking with Nanak, p. 185.
3. Puri, Review of The Mystic Prince, India International Centre Quarterly, p. 149.
4. Khalid, Walking with Nanak, p. 209.
5. Puri, Review of The Mystic Prince, India International Centre Quarterly.
6. Kinra, ‘The Persistence of Gossip’, in Writing Self, Writing Empire, p. 245.
7. Ojha, ‘Scholarship and Patronage of Learning of the Great Moghuls’, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, p. 193.
8. Kinra, ‘The Persistence of Gossip’, in Writing Self, Writing Empire, p. 245.
9. Ibid., p. 256.
10. Ibid., p. 257.
11. Singh, ‘Darul Sultanat Lahore’, p. 288.
12. Sheikh, ‘The Red Stones of Dara Shikoh’, Dawn.
13. Kinra, ‘The Persistence of Gossip’, in Writing Self, Writing Empire, p. 242.
14. Ibid., p. 247.
15. Chandra, ‘Jizyah and the State in India during the 17th Century’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, p. 334.
Imagining Lahore Page 27