Now mark and I will explain in what way the rainy moisture is formed in the clouds above and then is sent down and falls to the earth in the shape of rain.
And first I will prove that many seeds of water rise up together with the clouds themselves out of all things and that both the clouds and the water which is in the clouds thus increase together; just as our body increases together with the blood, as well as the sweat and all the moisture which is in the frame.
The clouds likewise imbibe much sea-water as well, like hanging fleeces of wool, when the winds carry them over the great sea.
In like manner moisture is taken up out of all rivers into the clouds; and when the seeds of waters full many in number in many ways have met in them, augmented from all sides, then the close-packed clouds endeavor to discharge their moisture from two causes: the force of the wind drives them together, and likewise the very abundance of the rain-clouds, when a greater mass than usual has been brought together, pushes down, presses from above and forces the rain to stream out.
Again when the clouds are also rarefied by the winds, or are dispersed, being smitten at the same time by the heat of the sun, they discharge a rainy moisture and trickle down, just as wax over a hot fire melts away and turns fast into liquid.
sed vehemens imber fit, ubi vehementer utraque
nubila vi cumulata premuntur et impete venti.
at retinere diu pluviae longumque morari
520 consuerunt, ubi multa cientur semina aquarum
atque aliis aliae nubes nimbique rigantes
insuper atque omni vulgo de parte feruntur,
terraque cum fumans umorem tota redhalat.
hic ubi sol radiis tempestatem inter opacam
525 adversa fulsit nimborum aspargine contra,
tum color in nigris existit nubibus arqui.
Cetera quae sursum crescunt sursumque creantur,
et quae concrescunt in nubibus, omnia, prorsum
omnia, nix venti grando gelidaeque pruinae
530 et vis magna geli, magnum duramen aquarum,
et mora quae fluvios passim refrenat aventis,
perfacilest tamen haec reperire animoque videre,
omnia quo pacto fiant quareve creentur,
cum bene cognoris elementis reddita quae sint.
[516] But a violent rain follows, when the clouds are violently pressed upon by both causes, by their own accumulated weight and by the impetuous assault of the wind.
And rains are wont to hold out and to last long, when many seeds of waters are stirred to action, and clouds upon clouds and rack upon rack welling forth from all quarters round about are borne along, and when the reeking earth steams moisture back again from its whole surface.
When in such a case the sun has shone with his rays amid the murky tempest right opposite the dripping rain-clouds, then the color of the rainbow shows itself among the black ,clouds.
As to the other things which grow by themselves and are formed by themselves, as well as the things which are formed within the clouds, all, without exception all, snow, winds, hail, and cold hoarfrosts and the great force of ice, the great congealing power of waters, and the stop which everywhere curbs running rivers, it is yet most easy to find out and apprehend in mind how all these things take place and in what way they are formed, when you have fully understood the properties assigned to elements.
Now mark and learn what the law of earthquakes is.
And first of all take for granted that the earth below us as well as above is filled in all parts with windy caverns and bears within its bosom many lakes and many chasms, cliffs and craggy rocks; and you must suppose that many rivers hidden beneath the crust of the earth roll on with violence waves and submerged stones; for the very nature of the case requires it to be throughout like to itself.
With such things then attached and placed below, the earth quakes above from the shock of great falling masses, when underneath time has undermined vast caverns; whole mountains indeed fall in, and in an instant from the mighty shock tremblings spread themselves far and wide from that center.
And with good cause, since buildings beside a road tremble throughout when shaken by a wagon of not such very great weight; and they rock no less, where any sharp pebble on the road jolts up the iron tires of the wheels on both sides.
Sometimes too, when an enormous mass of soil through age rolls down from the land into great and extensive pools of water, the earth rocks and sways with the undulation of the water;
535 Nunc age, quae ratio terrai motibus extet
percipe. et in primis terram fac ut esse rearis
supter item ut supera ventosis undique plenam
speluncis multosque lacus multasque lucunas
in gremio gerere et rupes deruptaque saxa;
540 multaque sub tergo terrai flumina tecta
volvere vi fluctus summersos caeca putandumst;
undique enim similem esse sui res postulat ipsa.
his igitur rebus subiunctis suppositisque
terra superne tremit magnis concussa ruinis,
545 subter ubi ingentis speluncas subruit aetas;
quippe cadunt toti montes magnoque repente
concussu late disserpunt inde tremores.
et merito, quoniam plaustris concussa tremescunt
tecta viam propter non magno pondere tota,
550 nec minus exultant, si quidvis cumque viai
ferratos utrimque rotarum succutit orbes.
Fit quoque, ubi in magnas aquae vastasque lucunas
gleba vetustate e terra provolvitur ingens,
ut iactetur aquae fluctu quoque terra vacillans;
555 ut vas inter aquas non quit constare, nisi umor
destitit in dubio fluctu iactarier intus.
Praeterea ventus cum per loca subcava terrae
collectus parte ex una procumbit et urget
obnixus magnis speluncas viribus altas,
560 incumbit tellus quo venti prona premit vis.
tum supera terram quae sunt extructa domorum
ad caelumque magis quanto sunt edita quaeque,
inclinata minent in eandem prodita partem
protractaeque trabes inpendent ire paratae.
565 et metuunt magni naturam credere mundi
exitiale aliquod tempus clademque manere,
cum videant tantam terrarum incumbere molem!
quod nisi respirent venti, vis nulla refrenet
res neque ab exitio possit reprehendere euntis;
570 nunc quia respirant alternis inque gravescunt
et quasi collecti redeunt ceduntque repulsi,
saepius hanc ob rem minitatur terra ruinas
quam facit; inclinatur enim retroque recellit
et recipit prolapsa suas in pondere sedes.
575 hac igitur ratione vacillant omnia tecta,
summa magis mediis, media imis, ima perhilum.
Est haec eiusdem quoque magni causa tremoris.
ventus ubi atque animae subito vis maxima quaedam
aut extrinsecus aut ipsa tellure coorta
580 in loca se cava terrai coniecit ibique
speluncas inter magnas fremit ante tumultu
versabundaQUE portatur, post incita cum vis
exagitata foras erumpitur et simul altam
diffindens terram magnum concinnat hiatum.
585 in Syria Sidone quod accidit et fuit Aegi
in Peloponneso, quas exitus hic animai
disturbat urbes et terrae motus obortus.
multaque praeterea ceciderunt moenia magnis
motibus in terris et multae per mare pessum
590 subsedere suis pariter cum civibus urbes.
quod nisi prorumpit, tamen impetus ipse animai
et fera vis venti per crebra foramina terrae
dispertitur ut horror et incutit inde tremorem;
frigus uti nostros penitus cum venit in artus,
595 concutit invitos cogens tremere atque movere.
[535] just as a vessel at times ca
nnot rest, until the liquid within has ceased to sway about in unsteady undulations.
Again when the wind gathering itself together in the hollow places underground bears down on one point and pushing on presses with great violence the deep caverns, the earth leans over on the side to which the headlong violence of the wind presses.
Then all buildings which are above ground, and ever the more, the more they tower up towards heaven, lean over and bulge out yielding in the same direction, and the timbers wrenched from their supports hangover ready to give way.
And yet men shrink from believing that a time of destruction and ruin awaits the nature of the great world, though they see so great a mass of earth hang ready to fall!
And if the winds did not abate their blowing, no force could rein things in or hold them up on their road to destruction.
As it is, because by turns they do abate and then increase in violence, and so to speak rally and return to the charge, and then are defeated and retire, for this reason the earth oftener threatens to fall than really falls: it leans over and then sways back again, and after tumbling forward recovers in equal poise its fixed position.
For this reason the whole house rocks, the top more than the middle, the middle than the bottom, the bottom in a very very slight degree.
The same great quaking likewise arises from this cause, when on a sudden the wind and some enormous force of air gathering either from without or within the earth have flung themselves into the hollows of the earth, and there chafe at first with much uproar among the great caverns and are carried on with a whirling motion, and when their force afterwards stirred and lashed into fury bursts abroad and at the same moment cleaves the deep earth and opens up a great yawning chasm.
This fell out in Syrian Sidon and took place at Aegium in the Peloponnese, two towns which an outbreak of wind of this sort and the ensuing earthquake threw down.
And many walled places besides fell down by great commotions on land and many towns sank down engulfed in the sea together with their burghers.
And if they do not break out, still the impetuous fury of the air and the fierce violence of the wind spread over the numerous passages of the earth like a shivering-fit and thereby cause a trembling; just as cold when it has pierced into our frames to the very marrow, sets them a-shivering in spite of themselves, forcing them to shake and move.
ancipiti trepidant igitur terrore per urbis,
tecta superne timent, metuunt inferne cavernas
terrai ne dissoluat natura repente,
neu distracta suum late dispandat hiatum
600 idque suis confusa velit complere ruinis.
proinde licet quamvis caelum terramque reantur
incorrupta fore aeternae mandata saluti:
et tamen inter dum praesens vis ipsa pericli
subdit et hunc stimulum quadam de parte timoris,
605 ne pedibus raptim tellus subtracta feratur
in barathrum rerumque sequatur prodita summa
funditus et fiat mundi confusa ruina.
* * *
Principio mare mirantur non reddere maius
naturam, quo sit tantus decursus aquarum,
610 omnia quo veniant ex omni flumina parte.
adde vagos imbris tempestatesque volantes,
omnia quae maria ac terras sparguntque rigantque;
adde suos fontis; tamen ad maris omnia summam
guttai vix instar erunt unius adaugmen;
615 quo minus est mirum mare non augescere magnum.
Praeterea magnam sol partem detrahit aestu.
quippe videmus enim vestis umore madentis
exsiccare suis radiis ardentibus solem;
at pelage multa et late substrata videmus.
620 proinde licet quamvis ex uno quoque loco sol
umoris parvam delibet ab aequore partem,
largiter in tanto spatio tamen auferet undis.
Tum porro venti quoque magnam tollere partem
umoris possunt verrentes aequora, ventis
625 una nocte vias quoniam persaepe videmus
siccari mollisque luti concrescere crustas.
Praeterea docui multum quoque tollere nubes
umorem magno conceptum ex aequore ponti
et passim toto terrarum spargere in orbi,
630 cum pluit in terris et venti nubila portant.
Postremo quoniam raro cum corpore tellus
est et coniunctast oras maris undique cingens,
debet, ut in mare de terris venit umor aquai,
in terras itidem manare ex aequore salso;
635 percolatur enim virus retroque remanat
materies umoris et ad caput amnibus omnis
confluit, inde super terras redit agmine dulci
qua via secta semel liquido pede detulit undas.
[597] Men are therefore disturbed by a twofold terror throughout their cities: they fear the roofs above their heads, they dread lest the nature of the earth in a moment break up her caverns underneath, and rent asunder display her own wide-gaping maw and wildly tumbled together seek to fill it up with her own ruins.
Let them then fancy as much as they please that heaven and earth shall be incorruptible and consigned to an everlasting exemption from decay; and yet sometimes the very present force of danger applies on some side or other this goad of fear among others, that the earth shall in an instant be withdrawn from under their feet and carried down into the pit, and that the sum of things shall utterly give way and follow after and a jumbled wreck of world ensue.
First of all they wonder that nature does not increase the bulk of the sea, when there is so great a flow of water into it, when all rivers from all quarters fall into it.
Add to these passing rains and flying storms, which bespatter every sea and moisten every land; add its own springs; yet all these compared with the sum of the sea will be like an addition of bulk hardly amounting to a single drop; it is therefore the less wonderful that the great sea does not increase.
Again the sun absorbs a great deal with his heat: we see him with his burning rays thoroughly dry clothes dripping with wet: but we know seas to be many in number and to stretch over a wide surface.
Therefore however small the portion of moisture which the sun draws off the surface from any one spot, it will yet in so vast an expanse take largely from its waters.
Then again the winds too may withdraw a great deal of moisture as they sweep over the surface, since we very often see the roads dried by the winds in a single night and the soft mud form into hard crusts.
Again I have shown that the clouds take off much moisture too imbibed from the great surface of the sea and scatter it about over the whole earth, when it rains on land and the winds carry on the clouds.
Lastly since the earth is of a porous body and is in contact with the sea, girding its shores all round, just as water comes from the earth into the sea, in the same way it must ooze into the land out of the salt sea; for the salt is strained off and the matter of liquid streams back again to the source and all flows together to the river-heads, and then passes anew over the lands in afresh current, where a channel once scooped out has carried down the waters with liquid foot.
Nunc ratio quae sit, per fauces montis ut Aetnae
640 expirent ignes inter dum turbine tanto,
expediam; neque enim mediocri clade coorta
flammae tempestas Siculum dominata per agros
finitimis ad se convertit gentibus ora,
fumida cum caeli scintillare omnia templa
645 cernentes pavida complebant pectora cura,
quid moliretur rerum natura novarum.
Hisce tibi in rebus latest alteque videndum
et longe cunctas in partis dispiciendum,
ut reminiscaris summam rerum esse profundam
650 et videas caelum summai totius unum
quam sit parvula pars et quam multesima constet
nec tota pars, homo terrai quota totius unus.
quod bene propositum si pla
ne contueare
ac videas plane, mirari multa relinquas.
655 numquis enim nostrum miratur, siquis in artus
accepit calido febrim fervore coortam
aut alium quemvis morbi per membra dolorem?
opturgescit enim subito pes, arripit acer
saepe dolor dentes, oculos invadit in ipsos,
660 existit sacer ignis et urit corpore serpens
quam cumque arripuit partem repitque per artus,
ni mirum quia sunt multarum semina rerum
et satis haec tellus morbi caelumque mali fert,
unde queat vis immensi procrescere morbi.
665 sic igitur toti caelo terraeque putandumst
ex infinito satis omnia suppeditare,
unde repente queat tellus concussa moveri
perque mare ac terras rapidus percurrere turbo,
ignis abundare Aetnaeus, flammescere caelum;
670 id quoque enim fit et ardescunt caelestia templa
et tempestates pluviae graviore coortu
sunt, ubi forte ita se tetulerunt semina aquarum.
‘at nimis est ingens incendi turbidus ardor.’
scilicet et fluvius qui visus maximus ei,
675 qui non ante aliquem maiorem vidit, et ingens
arbor homoque videtur et omnia de genere omni
maxima quae vidit quisque, haec ingentia fingit,
cum tamen omnia cum caelo terraque marique
nil sint ad summam summai totius omnem.
[640] And now I will explain why it is that fires breathe forth at times through the gorges of mount Aetna with such hurricane-like fury; for with a destroying force of no ordinary kind the flame-storm gathered itself up and lording it over the lands of the Sicilians drew on itself the gaze of neighboring nations, when seeing all the quarters of heaven smoke and sparkle men were filled in heart with awe-struck apprehension, not knowing what strange change nature was travailing to work.
In these matters you must look far and deep and make a wide survey in all directions, in order to bear in mind that the sum of things is unfathomable and to perceive how very small, how inconceivably minute a fraction of the whole sum one heaven is, not so large a fraction of it as one man is of the whole earth.
If you should clearly comprehend, clearly see this point well put, you would cease to wonder at many things.
Does any one among us wonder if he has gotten into his frame a fever that has broken out with burning heat, or into his body the pains of any other disease? The foot suddenly swells, sharp pain often seizes the teeth, or else attacks the eyes; the holy fire breaks out and creeping over the body burns whatever part it has seized upon, and spreads over the frame, because sure enough there are seeds of many things, and this earth and heaven bring to us evil enough to allow of a measureless amount of disease springing up.
Delphi Complete Works of Lucretius Page 116