by Pepin
25. Gao F et al. Human infection by genetically diverse SIVsm–related HIV-2 in West Africa. Nature (1992), 358: 495–9.
26. Rey-Cuillé MA et al. SIV replicates to high levels in sooty mangabeys without inducing disease. J Virol (1998), 72: 3872–86.
27. Santiago ML et al. Simian immunodeficiency virus infection in free-ranging sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys atys) from the Tai forest, Côte d’Ivoire: implications for the origin of epidemic HIV-2. J Virol (2005), 79: 12515–27.
28. Chen Z et al. Genetic characterization of new West African SIVsm: geographic clustering of household-derived SIV strains with HIV-2 subtypes and genetically diverse viruses from a single feral sooty mangabey troop. J Virol (1996), 70: 3617–27.
29. Chen Z et al. HIV-2 seroprevalence and characterization of a distinct HIV-2 subtype from the natural range of SIV-infected sooty mangabey. J Virol (1997), 71: 3953–60.
30. Poulsen AG et al. Prevalence of and mortality from HIV-2 in Bissau, West Africa. Lancet (1989), 1: 827–31.
31. Poulsen AG et al. 9-year HIV-2 associated mortality in an urban community in Bissau, west Africa. Lancet (1997), 349: 911–14.
32. Ricard D et al. The effects of HIV-2 in a rural area of Guinea-Bissau. AIDS (1994), 8: 977–82.
33. Gottlieb GS et al. Lower levels of HIV-1 RNA in semen in HIV-2 compared with HIV-1 infection: implications for differences in transmission. AIDS (2006), 20: 895–900.
34. Ghys P et al. The association between cervicovaginal HIV shedding, sexually transmitted diseases and immunosuppression in female sex workers in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. AIDS (1997), 11: F85–F93.
35. Van der Loeff M et al. Towards a better understanding of the epidemiology of HIV-2. AIDS (1999), 13: S69–S84.
36. Poulsen AG et al. Risk factors of HIV-2 seropositivity among older people in Guinea-Bissau. A search for the early history of HIV-2 infection. Scand J Infect Dis (2000), 32: 169–75.
37. Norrgren H et al. HIV-1, HIV-2, HTLV-I/II and Treponema pallidum infections: incidence, prevalence and HIV-2 associated mortality in an occupational cohort in Guinea-Bissau. JAIDS (1995), 9: 422–8.
38. Wilkins A et al. The epidemiology of HIV infection in a rural area of Guinea-Bissau. AIDS (1993), 7: 1119–22.
39. Larsen O et al. Declining HIV-2 prevalence and incidence among men in a community study from Guinea-Bissau. AIDS (1998), 12: 1707–14.
40. Holmgren B et al. Dual infections with HIV-1, HIV-2 and HTLV-I are more common in older women than in men in Guinea-Bissau. AIDS (2003), 17: 241–53.
41. Da Silva ZJ et al. Changes in prevalence and incidence of HIV-1, HIV-2 and dual infections in urban areas of Bissau, Guinea-Bissau: is HIV-2 disappearing? AIDS (2008), 22: 1195–202.
42. Spiegel P et al. Prevalence of HIV infection in conflict affected and displaced people in seven sub-Saharan countries: a systematic review. Lancet (1997), 369: 2187–95.
43. Gomes P et al. Transmission of HIV-2. Lancet Infect Dis (2003), 3: 683–4.
44. Supervie V et al. Assessing the impact of mass rape on the incidence of HIV in conflict-affected countries. AIDS (2010), 24: 2481–7.
45. Piedade J. Longstanding presence of HIV-2 in Guinea-Bissau (west Africa). Acta Trop (2000), 76: 119–24.
46. Kawamura M et al. HIV-2 in West Africa in 1966. Lancet (1989), 1: 385.
47. US Census Bureau. HIV/AIDS surveillance data base. Washington, 2006.
48. Bryceson A et al. HIV-2 associated AIDS in the 1970s. Lancet (1988), 2: 221.
49. Saimot AG et al. HIV-2/LAV-2 in Portuguese man with AIDS (Paris, 1978) who had served in Angola in 1968–74. Lancet (1987), 1: 688.
50. Ancelle R et al. Long incubation period for HIV-2 infection. Lancet (1987), 1: 688–9.
51. Mota-Miranda A et al. HIV-2 infection with a long asymptomatic report. J Infect (1995), 31: 163–4.
52. Lemey P et al. Tracing the origin and history of the HIV-2 epidemic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2003), 100: 6588–92.
53. Wertheim JO et al. Dating the age of the SIV lineages that gave rise to HIV-1 and HIV-2. PLoS Comput Biol (2009), 5: e1000377.
54. Mansson F et al. Trends of HIV-1 and HIV-2 prevalence among pregnant women in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa: possible effect of the civil war 1998–1999. Sex Transm Infect (2007), 83: 463–7.
55. Pepin J et al. Parenteral transmission during excision and treatment of tuberculosis and trypanosomiasis may be responsible for the HIV-2 epidemic in Guinea-Bissau. AIDS (2006), 20: 1303–11.
56. Ferreira FS. História da doença do sono na Guiné Portuguesa: IV- período de 1927 a 1932. Boletim cultural da Guiné Portuguesa (1961), 16: 139–57.
57. Ferreira FS. História da doença do sono na Guiné Portuguesa: V- período de 1933 a 1946. Boletim cultural da Guiné Portuguesa (1961), 16: 313–47.
58. Ferreira FS. História da doença do sono na Guiné Portuguesa: VII- período de 1947 a 1956. Boletim cultural da Guiné Portuguesa (1961), 16: 569–606.
59. Carreira A. Mandingas da Guiné Portuguesa. Lisbon: Centre de Estudos da Guiné Portuguesa, 1947.
60. Johnson MC. Becoming a Muslim, becoming a person: female circumcision, religious identity, and personhood in Guinea-Bissau. In Shell-Duncan B and Hernlund Y (eds.), Female circumcision in Africa. Culture, Controversy and Change. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000.
61. Jamot E. La lutte contre la maladie du sommeil au Cameroun. Ann Instit Pasteur (Paris) (1938), 48: 481–539.
62. Pepin J et al. Noble goals, unforeseen consequences: the control of tropical diseases in colonial Central Africa and the iatrogenic transmission of blood-borne viruses. Trop Med Inter Health (2008), 13: 744–53.
63. Pinto AR. Relatório sobre a actividade da missão permanente de estudo e combate da doença do sono e outros endemas na Guiné Portuguesa: referente ao ano de 1955. An Inst Med Trop (Lisb) (1956), 13: 275–332.
64. Pinto AR. Relatório anual da missão permanente de estudo e combate da doença do sono e outros endemas na Guiné Portuguesa (1958). An Inst Med Trop (Lisb) (1960), 17: 817–905.
65. Pinto AR and da Costa FC. La lutte contre la lèpre en Guinée Portuguaise. Boletim cultural da Guiné Portuguesa (1959), 14: 603–32.
11 From the Congo to the Caribbean
1. Bezy F. Principes pour l’organisation du développement économique au Congo. Zaire (1959), 13: 3–55.
2. Romaniuk A. Démographie congolaise au milieu du XXe siècle. Presses Universitaires de Louvain, 2006.
3. Gondola C. The history of Congo. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2002.
4. Romaniuk A. La fécondité des populations congolaises. Paris: Mouton, 1967.
5. Schwers GA. Quand y aura-t-il des médecins noirs en Afrique centrale? Bulletin du Centre d’Études des Problèmes Sociaux Indigènes (1952), 19: 91–111.
6. MacGaffey G et al. US Army area handbook for the Republic of Congo (Leopoldville). Washington: The American University, 1962.
7. Ndaywel è Nziem I. Histoire générale du Congo. De l’héritage ancien à la République Démocratique. Paris: Duculot, 1996.
8. Bouvier P. L’accession du Congo belge à l’indépendance. Essai d’analyse sociologique. Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1965.
9. Ministère des Affaires Africaines. La situation économique du Congo belge et du Ruanda-Urundi en 1959. Brussels, 1960.
10. Gordon K. The United Nations in the Congo. A quest for peace. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1962.
11. Ryelandt B. Inflation et structure des prix en période de décolonisation. Cah Econ Soc (1965), 3: 3–48.
12. Willame JC. Patrice Lumumba. La crise congolaise revisitée. Paris: Karthala, 1990.
13. De Witte L. The assassination of Lumumba. London: Verso, 2001.
14. Caprasse P et al. Les conditions de vie des familles d’enseignants à Léopoldville. Cah Econ Soc (1965), 3: 411–54.
15. Houyoux C et al. Les conditions de vie dans soixante familles à Kinshasa. Cah Econ Soc (1970), 8: 99–132.
16. Huyb
rechts A et al. Du Congo au Zaire, 1960–1980. Essai de bilan. Brussels: CRISP, 1980.
17. House A. The UN in the Congo. The political and civilian efforts. Washington: University Press of America, 1978.
18. Gendebien PH. L’intervention des Nations Unies au Congo, 1960–1964. Paris: Mouton, 1967.
19. Centre de Recherche et d’information socio-politique. Congo 1963. Brussels: CRISP, 1964.
20. Shilts R. And the band played on. Politics, people and the AIDS epidemic. New York: Penguin Books, 1987.
21. Fullerton G. L’UNESCO au Congo. Paris: UNESCO, 1964.
22. Kuyu C. Les Haitiens au Congo. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2006.
23. Kuyu C, personal communication.
24. République démocratique du Congo. Étude socio-démographique de Kinshasa 1967. Kinshasa, 1969.
25. Rotberg R. Haiti. The politics of squalor. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971.
26. Verhaegen B. Femmes zairoises de Kisangani. Combats pour la survie. Louvain-la-Neuve: Centre d’Histoire de l’Afrique, 1990.
27. Denis J. Léopoldville. Étude de géographie urbaine et sociale. Zaire (1956), 10: 563–611.
28. Sonnet J et al. Early AIDS cases originating from Zaire and Burundi (1962–1976). Scand J Infect Dis (1987), 19: 511–17.
29. Kolonga Molei. Kinshasa, ce village d’hier. Kinshasa, 1979.
30. Findlay T. The Blue Helmets’ first war. Use of force by the UN in the Congo, 1960–64. Clementsport: Canadian Peacekeeping Press, 1999.
31. Van Grunderbeeck R et al. Quarante-six hommes en colère. Violations par l’ONU au Katanga. Brussels: Guyot, 1962.
32. Spooner KA. Canada, the Congo crisis, and the UN peacekeeping, 1960–64. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2009.
33. Centers for Disease Control. Opportunistic infections and Kaposi’s sarcoma among Haitians in the United States. MMWR (1982), 31: 353–61.
34. Vieira J et al. Opportunistic infections in previously healthy Haitian immigrants. N Eng J Med (1983), 308: 125–9.
35. Moskowitz LB et al. Unusual cause of death in Haitians residing in Miami: high prevalence of opportunistic infections. JAMA (1983), 250: 1187–91.
36. Malebranche R et al. Acquired immunodeficiencies syndrome with severe gastrointestinal manifestations in Haiti. Lancet (1983), 2: 873–8.
37. Pitchenik A et al. Opportunistic infections and Kaposi’s sarcoma among Haitians: evidence of a new acquired immunodeficiency state. Ann Int Med (1983), 98: 277–84.
38. Laverdière M et al. AIDS in Haitian immigrants and in a Caucasian woman closely associated with Haitians. Can Med Assoc J (1983), 129: 1209–12.
39. Farmer P. AIDS and accusation. Haiti and the geography of blame. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.
40. Francisque E. La structure économique et sociale d’Haiti. Port-au-Prince: Imprimerie Henri Deschamps, 1986.
41. Barros J. Haiti. De 1804 à nos jours (2 volumes). Paris: L’Harmattan, 1984.
42. Jaffe H. AIDS in the United States: the first 1000 cases. J Infect Dis (1983), 148: 339–45.
43. Boncy M et al. Acquired immunodeficiency in Haitians. N Eng J Med (1983), 308: 1419–20.
44. Greco R. Haiti and the stigma of AIDS. Lancet (1983), 2: 515–16.
45. Gold H. Best nightmare on Earth. A life in Haiti. New York: Prentice Hall Press, 1991.
46. Péan LJR. Haiti, économie politique de la corruption. IV: L’ensauvagement macoute et ses conséquences 1957–1990. Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 2007.
47. Comhaire-Sylvain S. Les montagnards de la région de Kenscoff. Une société Kongo au-delà des mers. Bandundu: CEEBA, 1984.
48. Stanford JD. Spartacus international gay guide 1982. Amsterdam: Spartacus, 1982.
49. Stanford JD. Spartacus 85. Guide for gay men. Amsterdam: Spartacus, 1985.
50. Fettner AG et al. The truth about AIDS. Evolution of an epidemic. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985.
51. Saint-Gérard Y. L’état de mal. Toulouse: Eché, 1984.
52. Saint-Gérard Y. Haiti. Mort d’une dictature. Toulouse: Privat, 1986.
53. Altema R et al. Only homosexual Haitians, not all Haitians. Ann Int Med (1983), 99: 877–8.
54. Pape J et al. Characteristics of AIDS in Haiti. N Eng J Med (1983), 309: 945–50.
55. Barry M et al. Haiti and the AIDS connection. J Chron Dis (1984), 37: 593–5.
56. Pape J et al. AIDS in Haiti: 1982–1992. Clin Infect Dis (1993), 17: S341–S345.
57. Mitacek E et al. Cancer in Haiti 1979–84: distribution of various forms of cancer according to geographical area and sex. Int J Cancer (1986), 38: 9–16.
58. Liautaud B et al. Le sarcome de Kaposi en Haiti: foyer méconnu ou récemment apparu. Ann Dermatol Venereol (1983), 110: 213–19.
59. Thijs A. L’angiosarcomatose de Kaposi au Congo belge et au Rwanda-Urundi. Ann Soc Bel Med Trop (1957), 37: 295–311.
60. Pélissier A. La maladie de Kaposi en Afrique Noire. A propos de 18 cas. Bull Soc Pathol Exot (1953), 46: 832–9.
61. Gigase PL. Quelques aspects du sarcome de Kaposi en Afrique. Ann Soc Bel Med Trop (1965), 45: 195–210.
62. Hymes K et al. Kaposi’s sarcoma in homosexual men – a report of eight cases. Lancet (1981), 2: 598–600.
63. Urmacher C et al. Outbreak of Kaposi’s sarcoma with cytomegalovirus infection in young homosexual men. Am J Med (1982), 74: 569–75.
64. Selik RM et al. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) trends in the United States, 1978–1982. Am J Med (1984), 76: 493–500.
65. Bacchetti P et al. Incubation period of AIDS in San Francisco. Nature (1989), 338: 251–3.
66. Beral V et al. Kaposi’s sarcoma among persons with AIDS: a sexually transmitted infection? Lancet (1990), 335: 123–8.
67. Noel G. Another case of AIDS in the pre-AIDS era. Rev Infect Dis (1988), 10: 668–9.
68. Johnson W et al. AIDS in Haiti. In Levy J (ed.), AIDS. Pathogenesis and treatment. New York: Dekker, 1989.
69. Korber B et al. Timing the ancestor of the HIV-1 pandemic strains. Science (2000), 288: 1789–96.
70. Gilbert M. The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the Americas and beyond. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2007), 104: 18566–70.
71. Robbins K et al. US HIV-1 epidemic: date of origin, population history, and characterization of early strains. J Virol (2003), 77: 6359–66.
72. Pape J et al. The epidemiology of AIDS in Haiti refutes the claims of Gilbert et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2008), 105: E13.
73. Worobey M et al. Reply to Pape et al: the phylogeography of HIV-1 group M subtype B. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2008), 105: E16.
74. Boulos R et al. HIV-1 in Haitian women, 1982–88. JAIDS (1990), 3: 721–8.
12 The blood trade
1. Cuthbertson B et al. Safety of albumin preparations manufactured from plasma not tested for HIV antibody. Lancet (1987), 2: 41.
2. Cuthbertson B et al. The viral safety of intravenous immunoglobulin. J Infect (1987), 15: 125–33.
3. Dreskin CA et al. Plasmapheresis-associated hepatitis A outbreak. MMWR (1974), 23: 275–6.
4. Muss N et al. Epidemic outbreak of non-A non-B hepatitis in a plasmapheresis center. I: Epidemiological observations. Infection (1985), 113: 57–60.
5. Laskus T et al. Follow-up of non-A non-B hepatitis oubreak in plasmapheresis unit. Lancet (1989), 1: 391.
6. Avila C et al. The epidemiology of HIV transmission among paid plasma donors, Mexico City, Mexico. AIDS (1989), 3: 631–3.
7. del Rio C et al. AIDS in Mexico: lessons learned and implications for developing countries. AIDS (2002), 16: 1445–57.
8. Volkow P et al. The role of commercial plasmapheresis banks on the AIDS epidemic in Mexico. Rev Invest Clin (1998), 50: 221–6.
9. Volkow P et al. Transfusion-associated HIV infection in Mexico related to paid blood donors; HIV epidemic. Int J STD AIDS (2004), 15: 337–42.
10. Volkow P et al. Plasma trade and the HIV epidemic. Lancet (1997), 349: 327–8.
11. Banerjee K et al. O
utbreak of HIV seropositivity among commercial plasma donors in Pune, India. Lancet (1989), 2: 166.
12. Wu Z et al. Prevalence of HIV infection among former commercial plasma donors in rural eastern China. Health Policy Plan (2001), 16: 41–6.
13. Mastro T et al. The legacy of unhygienic plasma collection in China. AIDS (2006), 20: 1451–2.