by Peter Eisner
115 “is not content with denying the validity . . .” Ibid.
116 He sent a message LaFarge to Talbot, September 18, 1938. GUL.
118 There was speculation “Reich’s Envoy Sees Pacelli,” NYT, September 24, 1938.
118 Soon after they pulled away “Pacelli Is Bruised in Motor Accident,” NYT, September 25, 1938.
Chapter Eight: The Pope’s Discontent
120 “I reminded Ciano that . . .” Phillips, unpublished diary, 2696.
121 “I play [sic] the same . . .” Ciano, Diary, 120.
121 “So far as I was concerned, . . .” Phillips, unpublished diary, 2696.
121 “A long war might again . . .” Ibid.
121 “If we get the idea . . .” Phillips, Ventures in Diplomacy, privately published, 219–220.
122 “I reminded Hurley that . . .” Phillips, unpublished diary, 2705.
122 The United States was gratified Summary of Dispatch, January 21, 1939, Department of State, Division of European Affairs, NARA, RG 84, Italy, U.S. Consulate and Rome, General Records, 1936–1964.
123 Hurley ran a considerable risk Gallagher, Vatican Secret Diplomacy, 78–79.
123 “You can rely on your people . . .” The Associated Press, “Text of Chancellor Adolf Hitler’s Speech on the Czechoslovak Situation Yesterday, Sept 26, 1938,” NYT, September 27, 1938.
124 “Father Ledóchowski seated himself . . .” LaFarge, Manner Is Ordinary, 276.
124 William Shirer, the Berlin correspondent William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960), 397–398.
124 He found the führer to be a master Phillips unpublished diary, HLHC, 2717.
125 Hitler had begun in a gentle LaFarge, Manner Is Ordinary, 276.
125 trading on the New York Stock Exchange “Market Seesaws to Hitler’s Speech,” NYT, September 27, 1938.
126 “That evening Hitler burned his bridges . . .” Shirer, Rise and Fall, 398–399.
126 Jan Masaryk, the Czech ambassador The Associated Press, “Masaryk Shocked,” Washington Post, September 27, 1938, x7.
126 “The full import . . .” LaFarge, Manner Is Ordinary, 276–277.
127 “For the first time in all the years . . .” Shirer, Rise and Fall, 398–399.
127 “And the bell rang . . .” LaFarge, Manner Is Ordinary, 276.
128 “And sure enough . . .” Ibid.
128 “Let the Lord of life and death . . .” “Pope Calls on All for Peace Prayer,” NYT, September 30, 1938.
129 Soon after the formal announcement “Pope Overjoyed at Agreement,” NYT, October 1, 1938, 2.
129 “Don’t you understand? . . . Fattorini, Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican, 174.
129 “This is all warmed-over . . .” Ibid., 170.
129 Subordinates sought to tone down Ibid., 175.
130 Franklin Roosevelt shared Phillips, Ventures in Diplomacy; letter from Roosevelt to Phillips, 219.
130 “I cannot forget . . .” Fattorini, Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican, 176, and fc. 63, 245.
130 Osservatore Romano editorialized U.S. embassy memo to State Department, November 4, 1938, Phillips, NARA, RG 84, Italy, U.S. Consulate and Rome, General Records, 1936–1964.
130 U.S. ambassador William Phillips, monitoring Ibid.
131 SAILING OCTOBER 1 Telegram LaFarge to Talbot, September 29, 1938, LaFarge Papers, GUL, 1-10.
131 “War-scares, like hurricanes . . .” John LaFarge, “The Munich Agreement Demands Further Adjustments,” America, November 5, 1938, 100.
132 “The impression of a foreigner in Paris . . .” Ibid.
133 Chief among his critics Churchill, http://www.winstonchurchill
.org/learn/speeches/speeches-of-winston-churchill/101-the-munichagreement.
133 “That fellow [Chamberlain] has spoiled my entry . . .” Shirer, Rise and Fall, 427.
134 In keeping up with his and LaFarge’s plan Gundlach letter to JLF, October 16, 1938, Stanton Papers, BLBC.
135 There was no precedent Joseph F. Keaney, S.J., to Rev. Edward S. Stanton, S.J., May 13, 1971, Stanton Papers, BLBC.
135 “The Jews are merely guests . . .” “Cattolicismo e Nazismo: Idee chiare e pericolosi equivoci,” Osservatore Romano, June 10, 1938. Quoted in Zuccotti, Under His Very Windows, 25.
136 “I was here . . .” Gundlach letter to JLF, October 16, 1938, Stanton Papers, BLBC.
136 “This is the situation . . .” Ibid.
138 Killeen followed Gundlach’s letter Killeen to LaFarge, October 28, 1938, BLBC.
138 Killeen also told LaFarge Ibid.
139 “I was not a good sailor” LaFarge, Manner Is Ordinary, 283.
139 Unknown to LaFarge “Alien Moneys Fall; Gold Receipts Huge,” NYT, October 11, 1938.
140 “Father Talbot and I met him . . .” Miss Frances S. Childs to Edward S. Stanton, S.J., December 3, 1973, Stanton Papers, BLBC.
140 “Alas, just as I was about to . . .” LaFarge, Manner Is Ordinary, 284.
Chapter Nine: Shame and Despair
142 The cardinal is one of those Papers of Caroline Drayton Phillips, November 12–13, 1938, MC560SLRH, 47–48, 21.2
143 “And tell that, Father, to Mussolini himself! . . .” Fattorini, Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican, 163.
143 Foreign Minister Ciano reported Ciano, Diary, 143.
144 “A mob of 1500 Nazi youths . . .” Phillips diary, HLHC, 2785.
144 “It is a lie—we repeat . . .” Cardinal Innitzer, “Abroad Column,” NYT, October 16, 1938.
145 “Nowadays mail often has a curious fate . . .” Gundlach to LaFarge, November 18, 1938, Stanton Papers, BLBC.
145 “With the heavy responsibility . . .” Translated from the French, LaFarge letter to the pope, October 28, 1938, Stanton Papers, BLBC.
146 While LaFarge could not be sure Gundlach to LaFarge, November 18. LaFarge’s original draft of the letter, written in French, is in the Stanton Papers. Another version was found in the archives of Civilta Catolica. See Giovanni Sale, Le Leggi Razzziali In Italia E Il Vaticano (Milan: Editoriale Jaca, 2009), 269.
147 In 1936, he had said “Mundelein Sees Church Menaced,” NYT, January 16, 1936, 12.
147 “How is it that . . .” “Mundelein Scorns Nazi Government,” NYT, May 19, 1937, 11.
148 “This is all most interesting . . .” Phillips unpublished diary, Wednesday, October 26, 1938, 2805, HLHU.
148 Hurley agreed that the ambassador’s involvement Phillips diary, Saturday, October 15, 1938, 2785
148 Phillips welcomed The Associated Press, “Roosevelt Requested Honors,” NYT, November 5, 1938.
148 Nazi newspapers reviled Otto D. Tolischus, “Berlin Sees Election Deal,” NYT, November 6, 1938.
149 “It was truly a marvelous sight” Caroline Drayton Phillips, diary, 49–50, SLRH, 21.2.
150 Early on the morning http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/holoprelude/grynszpan.html.
150 Joseph Goebbels reported that Martin Gilbert, Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction (New York: Harper Perennial, 2007), 29.
150 The marauding Nazis killed Kristallnacht: A Nationwide Pogram, November 9–10, 1938, http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005201.
151 The terror was boundless Jill Huber, “Eyewitnesses Remember ‘Night of Broken Glass,’” New Jersey Jewish News,
http://njjewishnews.com/njjn.com/111308/
moEyewitnessesRemember.html, November 18, 1998.
151 “‘Move on,’” a policeman warned Otto D. Tolischus, “Bands Rove Cities,” NYT, November 10, 1938, 1.
151 President Roosevelt condemned Jean Edward Smith, FDR (New York: Random House, 2007), 426.
151 While Pius’s voice was not heard The Associated Press, “Milan Cardinal Sees Racism ‘A Danger,’” NYT, November 17, 1938.
152 “A kind of heresy . . .” Ibid.
152 “Germany, once counted among civilized nations . . .” “Beyond the Pale,” America, November 26, 1938, 181.
> 152 American Catholic leaders http://archives.lib.cua.edu/education/kristallnacht/index.cfm.
153 Despite the condemnation See Donald Warren, Radio Priest (New York: Free Press, 1996).
153 Coughlin took to the microphone Charles Coughlin, radio broadcast, November 27, 1938, http://ia600304.us.archive.org/11/
items/Father_Coughlin/FatherCoughlin_1938-11-20.mp3.
154 “He has tremendous influence . . .” Catholic Herald, May 20, 1938, London, LaFarge papers, GUL.
154 Unsurprisingly, Coughlin had become a darling “Nazi Papers Come to Aid of Fr. Coughlin,” Associated Press, Berlin, November 26, 1938.
154 “Racism, like the other destructive ideologies . . .” “Price of Racism in United States Held a Peril by Catholic Writer,” NYT, November 30, 1938, 378.
155 The pope woke up at his normal hour Arnaldo Cortesi, “Pope Suddenly Striken, But Condition Improves; His Doctors are Hopeful,” NYT, November 26, 1938, 1.
156 “Do not think of me” Ibid., 4.
156 Meanwhile, the pope summoned Telephone interview with Judge Guido Calabresi, September 29, 2011.
157 Within days, papal audiences The Associated Press, “Pope Pius Resumes Normal Activities,” Montreal Gazette, November 29, 1938, 1.
157 “Since that date,” U.S. Embassy Report, December 2, 1938, Edward C. Reed Charge, NARA, RG 84, Italy, U.S. Consulate and Rome, General Records, 1936–1964.
Chapter Ten: A New Year and an End to Appeasement
158 On December 18, a cold, rainy day The Associated Press, “Pope Presides at Session of Academy of Science,” NYT, December 19, 1938, and http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/12th-january-1940/5/jews-expelled-from-rome-university-to-attend-ponti.
159 Carrel and Lindbergh http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19380613,00.html.
159 He took long rests “Pontiff Attends Chapel Services,” NYT, November 29, 1938.
159 A report in the New York World Telegram Castelli, “Unpublished Encyclical,” 13.
160 Gundlach noted Gundlach letter to LaFarge, GUL, 22-2.
160 Il Duce told Ciano Ciano, Diary, 165–166.
160 The pope continued his speech Arnaldo Cortesi, “Pius XI Deplores Fascist Hostility; Reveals Incidents,” NYT, December 25, 1938, 1; U.S. Embassy memo Rome to the State Department, December 30,1939, NARA, RG 84, Italy, U.S. Consulate and Rome, General Records, 1936–1964.
161 Germany reacted within days “Angriff Assails Vatican,” NYT, December 28, 1938; “Jews Guide U.S. Policies Toward Nazis, Gayda Says,” The Associated Press, December 27, 1938.
161 “This past year belonged . . .” John LaFarge, “Of Peace and Conflict Through Both Hemispheres,” America, December 21, 1938, 292.
162 “Welcome to historic Town Hall . . .” Transcript, America’s Town Meeting on the Air, December 29, 1938, 3, in LaFarge Papers, GUL.
164 “All about us rage undeclared wars . . .” http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15684#axzz1eRWtJTw5.
164 “If pessimism is the dominant mood . . .” “Rabbi Hails Pope for 1938 Appeals,” NYT, January 1, 1939.
164 LaFarge received bad news Letter from Maher to JLF, January 3, 1939, Stanton Papers, BLBC.
166 When Caroline and her husband Caroline Drayton Phillips, diary, January 13, 1939, SLRH, 21.2, 21.3. and William Phillips diary, HLHU.
166 “Great Britain has to live side by side . . .” “Mr. Chamberlain for Rome,” The (London) Times, November 29, 1938, 15.
166 Even Chamberlain knew U.S. embassy memo, to State Department, January 13, 1939, NARA, RG 84, Italy, U.S. Consulate and Rome, General Records, 1936–1964.
167 A New York Times reporter was blunt Frederick T. Birchall, “Rome Parleys End Without Results; Chamberlain Firm,” NYT, January 13, 1939, 1.
167 “I followed him a couple of steps . . .” Caroline Drayton Phillips, diary, SLRH, 21.3.
168 Pius repeated once more . . . Chadwick, Britain and the Vatican, 25.
168 the pope “has shown great courage . . .” Ibid., and Gallagher, Vatican Secret Diplomacy, 75–76.
168 Hurley reported back Gallagher, Vatican Secret Diplomacy, 76, and cf. 244.
169 Mussolini was baffled Ciano, Diary, 177.
Chapter Eleven: Will There Be Time?
170 The pope tracked down the encyclical Castelli, “Unpublished Encyclical”; and Sale, Le Leggi Razzziali, 271.
171 “I take leave . . .” Translated from the Italian, Sale, Le Leggi Razziali, 271.
172 In fact, one Jesuit researcher Stanton Papers, manuscript, 56, BLBC.
172 Knowing none of this Gundlach letter to LaFarge, January 28, 1939, Stanton Papers, BLBC.
173 In late January, Italian foreign minister Ciano, Diary, 184.
173 Vatican sources stirred the concern “Duce’s Sharp Speech,” The (London) Times, January 23, 1939, 11; and The Associated Press, “Pope Calls Bishops to Discuss Treaty,” NYT, January 31, 1939.
173 Ciano demanded answers Fattorini, Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican, 192; Wolf, Pope and Devil, 208.
173 Ciano wrote in his diary Ciano, Diary, 184; see Fattorini, Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican, 179–180.
174 The pope told Penco
http://www.ilsecoloxix.it/p/genova/
2008/09/21/ALJLtk5Bmussolini_
hitler_scontro.shtml;jsessionid
=686EED918E004BB680AD6E1D1DACA2A8.
174 The pope was consumed Fattorini, Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican, 180–187.
175 Finally, however, Ciano said Ciano, Diary, 185.
175 “Most people are stirred up . . .” “Threat of Racism,” LaFarge, January 27, 1939, WMCA Radio transcript, GUL.
176 He claimed that warmongers Otto D. Tolischus, “Hitler Demands Stolen Colonies,” NYT, January 31, 1939, 1.
176 The Vatican said Hitler “Hitler Is Disputed by Vatican Organ,” NYT, Feburary 3, 1939.
176 Still fine-tuning Fattorini, Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican, 193–194.
177 The pope told Rocchi Confalonieri, Pius XI, 314.
177 “The condition of the circulatory apparatus . . .” Ibid., 316.
178 The Vatican press office The Associated Press, “Pope Marks Anniversary,” NYT, February 7, 1939, 12.
179 An official statement on Thursday Confalonieri, Pius XI, 317.
179 Joseph Hurley told Ambassador Phillips Phillips unpublished diary, HLHC, 2979.
181 “After the injection . . .” Zsolt Aradi, Pius XI: the Pope and the Man (Garden City, NY: Hanover House, 1958), 249.
181 Whatever the injection was Confalonieri, Pius XI, 322.
181 The New York Times report Camille M. Cianfarra, “Death at 5:31 a.m.” NYT, February 11, 1939, 1.
182 The Times of London correspondent “Death of the Pope,” The (London) Times, February 11, 1939.
183 In a fifth version of the story “Religion: Death of a Pope,” Time, February 20, 1939.
183 Confalonieri made no mention Confalonieri, Pius XI, 322, quoting the pope’s last words in Latin: Spiritus in pace con Voi l’anima mia.
184 Thus satisfied he was able to declare “Death of the Pope,” The (London) Times, February 11, 1939, 1.
Chapter Twelve: Change Overnight
185 Monsignor Carlo Grano Castelli, “Unpublished Encyclical.”
185 “I must say from the first meeting . . .” Tisserant letter to Mr. Bishop, February 27, 1939, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.
186 He took leave from the priesthood http://archive.catholicherald
.co.uk/article/25th-february-1972/1/cardinal-with-common-touch-dies-aged-87.
186 Ratti “used to write me . . .” Tisserant letter to Mr. Bishop.
186 When Tisserant arrived Castelli, “Unpublished Encyclical.”
187 He also sent Joseph Hurley Phillips unpublished diary, HLHC, 1979.
187 Ciano had already Ciano, Diary, 188–189.
188 Now the Italian government’s Fattorini, Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican, 197 and Ciano,
Diary, 189.
189 The pope’s assistants were “to hand over . . .” Fattorini, Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican, 189–190.
190 The New York Times reported Camille M. Cianfarra, “Pope Pius Made Peace with Italy, Plans for Mass in Rome Indicate,” NYT, February 14, 1939, 1.
191 The pope wrote in his speech Fattorini, Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican, 190–192, and text of speech, 210–215.
192 The pope had planned Fattorini, Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican, 190.
192 Pius XI was buried Camille M. Cianfarrra, “Pope Pius Buried in St. Peter’s Crypt with Splendid Rite,” NYT, February 15, 1939, 1.
193 In Germany, the pope’s death was treated Otto D. Tolischus, “A ‘Political Pope’ Is Reich Comment,” NYT, February 11, 1939.
193 In Washington, Congress convened an unprecedented Edward T. Folliard, “Congress to Break Precedent to Honor Memory of Pius XI, Washington Post, February 12, 1939, 1.
194 Pius XI was “the first of all Christian voices . . .” Religious News Service, Rabbi Edward L. Israel, February 17, 1939.
194 Francis Talbot spoke for America “Pope’s Leadership in Campaign for Peace of the World Is Widely Hailed,” NYT, February 11, 1939.
194 Sometimes, “he proclaims to anyone . . .” Gundlach letter to LaFarge, March 16, 1939, Stanton Papers, BLBC.
196 The French ambassador, François Charles-Roux Phillips diary, 2990.
197 As the day of the conclave Chadwick, Britain and the Vatican, 33.
197 Charles-Roux made an eleventh-hour attempt Ibid., 43.
198 He concluded that the evidence had been hidden Peter Nichols, “Support for Theory of 1939 Killing of Pope,” The (London) Times, June 23, 1972, 1; Fattorini, Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican, 198 and cf. 34, 247; Paris Match, May 13, 1972, 81-82.
198 When Tisserant’s suspicions were made known Paul Hofmann, “Cardinal’s Notes Cause a Dispute,” NYT, June 12, 1972, 13.
198 There were five doctors on the Vatican Annuario Pontificio, Archivio Storico “Innocenzo III,” Segni, Italy, February 5, 2012.
199 “You have no idea of the bad . . .” Nick Pisa, “Hitler He’s just a big softie: The diaries of Mussolini’s lover that show what Italian dictator really thought,” The Daily Mail online, November 17, 2009.