jizya, 14
157 – 8
see also taxes and taxation
United States, anti-shari’a, 161 – 2
Jones, Brigadier William, 41 – 2
see also Calcutta decision; fatwas;
Hanafi; jihad; muftis; Parliament;
Kaye, John William, 34, 47
Wahhabi Trials
Khairabadi, Fazl-i-Haqq, 142 – 4
Lee-Enfield Rifle see Enfield Rifle
Khan, Abdool Luteef, see Bahadoor,
Lewin, Malcolm, 1, 46
Maulvi Abdool Luteef,
literature
Khan, Bukht, 113
British, 60
Khan, Hakim Gulam Najaf, 43
censorship, 43
Khan, Iqtidar Alam, 139 – 40
Muslim, 43, 56
Khan, Nabi Bakhsk, 44
London, 19, 82
Khan, Sir Syed Ahmad, 5, 11, 13, 87
see also Great Britain
career, 86 – 7, 98
Lucknow, 28, 33
dialogue with Hunter, 5, 12, 85,
87 – 8, 98 – 101, 120 – 2, 152
maddhab (pl. madha¯hib), 78, 104
educational reform, 87 – 8, 117 – 18,
Mahbub-Ali, 113 – 14
122
Mahomedan Literary Society of
loyalty to British Empire, 44, 86 – 9,
Calcutta, 71 –6, 78, 80, 83– 4, 142
98, 100, 119 – 20, 137
Mahomedan Rebellion, The see Carey, W. H.
modernist, 53, 87 – 9, 98, 117,
Malleson, Colonel George Bruce, 31 – 4,
141, 147
38 – 42, 47 – 8, 142 – 3
Muslims portrayed by, 8, 123
massacres, 1 – 3, 28 – 9, 36, 41, 56
see also Causes of the Indian Revolt
Maulvi, 77, 96, 123
(Khan); Review on Dr Hunter’s
Mayo, Viceroy Lord, 51 – 2, 82, 119
Indian Musalmans
Mecca, 64, 67, 76, 80
Kohn, Margaret, 130
media, 28
Kolkata, 26
British (in Great Britain), 27 – 8, 38
see also Calcutta
British (in India), 75, 99 – 100, 121
226 INDIAN MUSLIM MINORITIES AND THE 1857 REBELLION
Calcutta Review, 68
muja¯hid (pl. mujahidı¯n) see jihadi
Imperial Gazetteer of India, 50, 57
Mu¨ller, F. Max, 134
Indian, 150
Muslim League, 152
newspapers, 13, 60, 75, 134 – 5
Muslims, 7 – 8, 10, 18, 154 – 7
Tilism, 143, 144
Account (Khan), 136
Urdu media, 143 – 4
British fears of, 9 – 10, 19, 22 – 3, 30,
Meerut, India, 1, 28, 37
63 – 4, 70, 131, 148
memory and memorialization, 3 – 6, 10,
as cause of Great Rebellion, 4, 30,
12, 42 – 4
35 – 6, 38, 41, 44, 48 – 9, 52, 54,
minoritization, 5 – 8, 10 – 12, 25,
64, 98, 108, 134 – 5
49 – 50, 152
Causes (Khan) and, 89 – 92, 96,
Jews, 55
136, 154
jihad and, 124 – 6, 132
Christians and, 16 – 17, 41, 53 – 4,
Khan and, 101, 110, 119
65, 79, 90 – 7, 104 – 5, 110, 121
Muslims, 55 – 7, 59, 82 – 4, 88,
“fanatics,” 19, 30, 38, 47, 54, 61 – 2,
124 – 5, 134, 136 – 7, 146, 151,
64 – 7, 69 – 72, 80, 108, 126, 128,
154 – 6, 162
132, 134, 151 see also Hindus
Hunter and, 52, 84
and Hinduism, “fanatics”;
national identity and, 50
Sikhs, “fanatics”
missions, 14, 18 – 20
food pollution, 1 – 3, 8 – 9, 30 – 5, 42,
East India Company and, 47
47, 52, 64, 93, 97, 144
Khan and, 93 – 5, 97, 105
Hindus as opposed to, 16, 24, 35,
literature, 47
46 – 7, 54, 83, 91 – 2, 106 – 7,
missionaries, 15 – 20, 38, 46 – 7
125 – 6, 135, 151 – 2, 155
orphanages, 47
Indian Musalmans and, 6, 8, 10 – 11,
printing presses, 20
37, 50, 57 – 73, 76, 79 – 84,
schools, 20, 47, 93
107 – 9, 111, 116, 120,
Wahhabi, 68
146 – 7, 153
see also Charter Act of 1813;
Jews and, 55, 104
Christians and Christianity
loyalty and disloyalty to British
money
Empire, 5, 11, 13, 16 – 17, 19,
for missions, 94
38, 45 – 7, 51 – 3, 56, 58, 62 – 4,
for rebellion, 65, 67
67 – 9, 71 – 5, 84 – 9, 91, 96, 98,
zakat, 116 – 17, 144
101 – 2, 106, 108, 121, 133,
mosques, 41 – 2, 96, 140, 144
143
muftis (“law doctors”), 63 – 4, 73, 76
pre-Rebellion, 14 – 15, 22, 25, 38,
Mughals and the Mughal Empire,
46 – 7, 147
13 – 15, 21, 29, 38, 43 – 4,
records of Rebellion, 40, 42 – 5
81, 106
religious freedom, 105 – 6, 112 – 13
customs appropriated by British, 74
religious law and, 38, 44, 49 – 53,
fall, 23, 25 – 6, 45, 82, 125, 137
57, 62 – 3, 67 – 8, 70 – 1, 73, 76,
officials, 44, 54
79 – 80, 83 – 4, 86, 98, 102 – 3,
religious liberty in, 79
106 – 7, 116, 126, 130 – 1, 137,
Wahhabis and, 112, 115
157 – 8, 161 – 2
see also Delhi; elites; law
religious practice, 20, 103 – 5,
Muhammad, 13, 53, 66, 68, 69, 70
139 – 40, 142, 144
Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar see
Review and, 86–7, 89, 98–102,
Bahadur Shah II
105–9, 117, 136, 146–7, 153
Muir, Sir William, 44, 53, 54
Shi’i, 37, 145
INDEX
227
Sunni, 61, 72, 78, 138, 145
Persia, 37
Sufi, 143
language, 37, 40, 43, 44, 61, 74
texts, 47, 59, 60 – 1, 68 – 9, 77, 78,
Shah, 36 – 7
104, 110, 127
Philindus see Mu¨ller, F. Max
United States politics and, 157 – 62
Plassey, Battle of, 26 – 7
violence inherent in, 3, 23, 35, 38,
post-colonial, 17
46, 48, 51 – 4, 57, 65, 91, 96 – 7,
108, 126, 135 – 6, 154
Queen’s Proclamation of 1858, 113
see also Great Rebellion; jihad;
Qur’an, 53, 127, 136 – 7
minoritization; Mughals and the
George Sale translation, 104
Mughal Empire; racialization;
Indian Musalmans and, 60, 69
Sepoy Rebellion; pan-Islamism;
Review and, 104 – 5
Wahhabi
race (theory), 2, 7, 23, 124 – 5
Nana Sahib, 32
racialization, 3, 5 – 8, 11 – 12, 25,
Nanautawi, Maulana Muhammad
124 – 5, 152
Qasim, 144
jihad and, 124 – 6, 132
nationalism, Indian, 48, 50
Khan and, 110, 136, 137
newspapers see media
Muslims, of, 59, 84, 124 – 5, 134,
Norman, Chief Justice, 99, 134
136, 146, 148, 151, 154 – 6,
North-W
est Provinces, 39, 53, 56, 110,
159, 162
138, 148
Rani of Jhansi, 33, 39
Agra famine, 92
rape, 41
Indian Musalmans and, 62
Rebellion see Great Rebellion
religion, 2 – 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18,
Orientalism, 77, 78
20 – 4, 26, 30, 32, 34 – 5, 41, 49
Ottoman Empire, 130 – 1
rebellion and, 46, 48, 57, 64, 91
Oudh, India, 32, 39, 41
religious freedom, 78 – 9, 97
see also Awadh
religious studies, 47, 77, 151 – 2,
155 – 6
Pakistan, 36 – 7, 149
religious war, 64, 66, 69
Palashi, 26
see also Christians and Christianity;
see also Plassey
Hinduism and Hindus; Jews and
pan-Islamism, 36 – 7, 58, 130 – 1, 146
Judaism; Muslims; Sikhs
Indian Musalmans and, 62, 101, 148
Review on Dr Hunter’s Indian
Khan and, 137
Musalmans, 11, 85, 103 – 5,
Wahhabism and, 133
111 – 12, 118, 120
Parliament, 16, 19, 29, 45 – 6
Islamic law in, 86, 102 – 3, 106 – 8,
Act XIV, 29
110 – 11
Charter Act hearings, 60
Islamic texts in, 87, 101, 104, 110,
hearings, 16, 19, 21, 22, 45, 47
115, 122
House of Commons, 16 – 17
Muslims in, 86 – 7, 98 – 100,
House of Lords, 16, 19, 21
105 – 10, 117, 136, 153
see also Caste Disabilities Removal
religious freedom, 105 – 6
Act; Charter Act of 1813
translation and influence, 99, 101, 121
Partition see Independence and
Wahhabism in, 99, 101, 104, 108 –9,
Partition
111– 16, 118– 19, 121, 133 –4
Patna, India, 66, 68, 115 – 16
see also Hunter, Sir William Wilson;
peasant uprising, 27, 145
jihad
228 INDIAN MUSLIM MINORITIES AND THE 1857 REBELLION
Revolt of 1857 see Great Rebellion
Mahomedan Literary Society of
Russia, 36, 79
Calcutta, 74
Review (Khan) and, 99
sepoys, 1 – 3, 9, 28 – 9, 31 – 4, 39, 46,
136, 144 – 5
al-Wahha¯b, Muhammad ibn ‘Abd, 61
jihad and, 141, 145, 148
see also Wahhabi and Wahhabism
Sepoy Rebellion, 1 – 3, 8 – 9, 28, 30 – 5,
Wahhabi and Wahhabism, 51, 138,
52, 64, 144
141, 142, 144
East India Company and, 109
Indian Musalmans (Hunter) and,
shari’a, 21, 44, 74, 158, 161
51 – 2, 61, 67 – 8, 70, 72, 82,
see also law
101, 108 – 9, 112 – 15, 118 – 19,
Sikhs, 42, 56
146, 152
“fanatics,” 64 see also Hindus
meaning of, 133 – 4
and Hinduism, “fanatics”;
religious freedom of, 113
Muslims, “fanatics”
representing all Muslims, 52, 61,
Indians Musalmans (Hunter) and,
72 – 3, 82, 101, 108 – 9, 114,
64, 102, 109
121, 132, 136, 146 – 8
jihad and, 139 – 40
Review and, 99, 101, 104, 108 – 9,
Review (Khan) and, 110, 113
111 – 16, 118 – 19, 146
Siraj ud-Daulah, Mirza Muha, 26
see also Ahl-e Hadis; jihad;
Statistical Account of Bengal, A
Muslims
(Hunter), 66
Wahhabi Trials, 61, 99, 134
Wali Allah, Shah, 139
taxes and taxation, 16
see also Wahhabi and Wahhabism
See also jizya
watershed moment, 25 – 6, 30, 124,
Tilism, 143, 144
149, 155
Trevelyan, Sir Charles Edward, 134 – 5,
women, 21
137
British, 28
Indian, 29, 79 – 80
United States, 157 – 62
rights of, 93
Urdu, 40, 43 – 4
literature, 56, 61
zakat (charity), 102, 116 – 17
Document Outline
Contents
Acknowledgments
A Noteon Transliteration
Introduction
Chapter 1 The Company, Religion, Andislam
Chapter 2 Suspect Subjects:hunter And The Making Of A Muslim Minority
Chapter 3 God Save Me From My Friends!”:syed Ahmad Khan's
Chapter 4 Rebellion As Jihad, Jihad As Religion
Conclusion Religion, Rebels, Andjihad: Legacies And Ongoing Impact
Epilogue 1857 From Today's Vermont
Notes
Bibliography
Index
Indian Muslim Minorities and the 1857 Rebellion Page 37