Henry’s memories of, 218–219
Henry’s recognition of photographs, 222
Henry’s operation, 32–33
Henry’s visit to Montreal, 49–50
physical and mental decline, 201–202
surgery, 99
Molaison, Gustave Henry (father), 1–6, 12, 32–33, 99–107, 111, 201, 205, 209, 218–219, 221, 225, 229, 307
Molaison, Henry
ability to form associations, 129–130
ability to learn floor plan, 82, 92–94, 96, 301
anchoring new semantic information to old semantic memories, 259–261
art and theater, 308
autobiographical memory, 215, 217–237, 313
chivalry, 209
classical conditioning, 183–186
contribution to science, 306–307
death and postmortem, 280–281, 287–290, 297, 299–300, 305–306
death of his father, 102–103
declarative versus nondeclarative learning, 117, 156
declarative memory, 117–118
depth-of-processing effect, 118–121
developing a mental cognitive map, 92–94, 96
dream content, 231–233
emotional life, 99–113
encoding information, 124–125
environmental transformations, 235–236
ethical issues, 309–311
extent of amnesia, 47
fame, 265–268, 308–309
forgetting, 145–146
hygiene, 204–205
imaging, 235–236
importance as research participant, 181–182, 265–266, 312–314
information processing, 116–117
information retrieval, 139
internal models, 172–175
islands of remembering, 82, 237–243
language capacities, 82, 237–243
life at Bickford, 268–271, 275–276
life with Mrs. Herrick, 201–206
living in the moment, 74–75
maze learning ability, 89–91
medial temporal lobotomy, 17, 29–33
mental schema of the author, 271–273
Montreal Neurological Institute visit, 49–50
motor-skill learning, 153–160, 168, 172–175, 179
osteoporosis, 151–152
perceptual capacities, 77, 82, 85–89, 189
perceptual learning, 186–188
personality, xvii, 45, 53, 111–113, 207, 209, 271
physical decline with age, 273–286
postmortem research, 280–281, 287–288, 290–297, 299–301, 312
postoperative brain imaging, 79–81
preoperative versus postoperative
knowledge, 237–264
prism adaptation, 165–167
radio programs, 12
recollection and familiarity, 147–149
relationship with his mother, 107, 202
remote memory studies, 215–222
repetition priming, 190–196, 250–253
research participation, 52, 78, 113, 144, 181
schema learning, 263–264
semantic memory, 254–259
sense of humor, xv, 17, 112, 209, 234, 276, 284, 305, 307
sense of self, xvi-xvii, 206–213, 222, 233–234, 267
sensory capacities, 85–89
spatial memory, 68, 89–96, 133–139, 204
specificity of memory loss, 47
working memory, 65–69, 73–74
Moniz, António Egas, 22–27
Montreal Neurological Institute, xiv, 8–9, 40–41, 43, 89–91, 155, 188–189
intraoperative brain mapping, 48–49
Montreal Procedure, 41
Morris, Richard, 133, 266–267
Moscovitch, Morris, 223
Motor memory formation, 177–179
Motor-skill learning, xviii, 151–179
acquisition of motor memories, 151–179
automatic nature of, 175–176
bimanual tracking, 157–159, 171, 175, 177
brain activity during skill acquisition, 176–179
coordinated tapping, 157, 159
dynamics, 175
evolution of, 156–157
forward model, 169
kinematics, 175
maze learning, 155–156
Parkinson and Huntington patients, 161–165, 175
prism adaptation, 165–167
rapid versus gradual learning, 178–179
role of striatum and cerebellum in, 161–162, 170–171
rotary pursuit, 157–159, 177
theoretical models of, 168–175
using a walker, 152
Mr. M., 201, 206, 280, 289, 305
MR sequences, 293
Müller, Georg Elias, 125–126, 143, 222
Multiple Trace Theory of Memory Consolidation, 223–225, 229–230
Murray, Bob, 13
Murray, George, 111–112
Mussa-Ivaldi, Ferdinando, 168
Nadel, Lynn, 223
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 176
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 83
N-back test, 67–68
Negative aftereffect, 166–167
Neural location of memory. See Declarative learning and memory; Episodic memory; Long-term memory; Nondeclarative learning and memory; Semantic memory; Short-term memory; Working memory
Neurodegenerative disorders, 83
See also Alzheimer disease; Huntington disease; Parkinson disease
Neurons
glial cells and, 37
Huntington disease, 162
Parkinson disease, 161
Neurotransmitters, 133–134, 161
New York Times, xv, 297, 300, 308
Nissen, Mary Jo, 163–164, 178
NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate), 133–134
Nobel Prize, 22, 36, 133–134
Nondeclarative (implicit/procedural) learning and memory. See Classical conditioning; Learning without Awareness I; Learning without Awareness II; Motor-skill learning; Perceptual learning; Repetition priming
Occipital lobe, 72, 93, 121, 130, 197, 223, 301
Ogden, Jenni, 208
Olfaction, 87–89
Oligodendroglia, 37
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest (film), 20
Organ donation, xviii, 280, 287, 289, 314
Osler, William, 36
Osteoporosis, 151–152
Pain perception, 19, 209–212
Papez circuit, 31
Parahippocampal cortex, 31, 80–82, 87–88, 94–96, 101, 118, 128, 148–149, 239, 259, 301
Parietal lobe
cutting fibers connecting the frontal lobe and, 22
future planning, 235–236
history of epilepsy surgery, 11
processes associated with, 61–62
repetition priming, 197–198
spatial abilities, 61, 93
Parkinson disease, 69, 161–165, 175, 178, 302
Patient HM (play), 308
Pavlov, Ivan, 182
Penfield, Wilder
background and research, 36–39
early temporal lobe surgery, 29
ethical questions on psychosurgery, 309
Foerster and, 8
glia, 37–38
life’s mission, 39–41
Milner’s cognitive research with, 35–36, 41–44
operation on F.C. and P.B., 35, 42
Scoville-Milner collaboration, 44–45
Perceptual capacities, 77, 82, 85–89, 189
perceptual learning, 186–188
Perceptual identification priming, 196–198, 250–253
Peripheral neuropathy, 86
Perirhinal cortex, 31, 81–82, 147–149, 259, 301–302
Perseverative behavior, 67
Personality, xvii, 45, 53, 111–113, 207, 209, 271
Peterson, Lloyd, 64
Peterson, Margaret, 64
Phenobarbital (Luminal), 10, 15,
152, 158
Phenytoin (Dilantin). See Dilantin
Pi Day, 123–124
Pilzecker, Alfons, 125–126, 143, 222
Place cells and place fields, 135–139
Plane flight, 1–3, 226–228, 300
Plans and the Structure of Behavior (Miller, Galanter and Pribram), 69–70
Plasticity, structural and functional, 57, 131–135, 139, 175, 177, 186, 189
Pneumoencephalogram (brain X-ray), 5, 14–15, 79
Positron emission tomography (PET), 118, 188, 242
Postle, Bradley, 72
Postmortem research, 88, 167, 280–281, 287–302
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 142–143
Prefrontal cortex
adaptability for decision-making, 73
cognitive control processes, 156–157
declarative memory, 302
face recognition, 234
future planning, 235–236
motor-skill learning, 156–157, 177–178
retrieval processes, 123
working memory, 73
Prefrontal leucotomy, 23–25
Prefrontal lobotomy, 20–28, 309
Pribram, Karl H., 69–70
Primary memory, 54
Primary motor cortex, 176–177
Priming. See Repetition priming
Prisko, Lilli, 58–60
Prism adaptation, 165–167
Propranolol, 143
Psychiatric disorders, surgery for. See Medial temporal lobotomy; Prefrontal leucotomy; Prefrontal lobotomy
Psychogenic amnesia, xii
Psychosis, 24, 28–29, 111
Psychosurgery, xii
bilateral medial temporal-lobe resection, xii, 16–17, 19–20, 45–46, 309
ethical questions, 309–312
frontal lobotomy, 20–28, 309
Henry’s memory of, 207–209
medial temporal lobotomy, 29–33
prefrontal leucotomy, 23–25
prefrontal lobotomy, 20–28, 309
transorbital lobotomy, 25–26
Public Events Interview, 218, 229–230
Public figures and events, 44, 81, 216–218, 228–230, 244–246, 248–249
Putamen, 161–162, 164, 168, 178, 279
Puusepp, Ludvig, 22
Quinlan, Jack, 12
Ramachandran, Vilayanur S., 300
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 37, 55, 131
Rapid learning, 178–179
Reaching task, 172–174, 179
Recall, 120
Recent memory, 52
Recognition, 44, 81, 120, 145–149, 188–189, 192–193, 195–196, 216–217, 220, 249, 271
dual-process model, 146–149
familiarity, xiv, xv, 146–150, 217, 234, 271, 313
recollection, 6, 13, 52, 75, 110–111, 117, 143, 146–149, 174, 186, 208, 218, 223, 227, 230, 246, 313,
Reconsolidation, 139–143
Rehearsing information, 58, 61–65, 121, 307
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, 100, 137–138, 231–233
Remote memory studies, 214–230
Repetition priming, 190–199, 250–253
Resnick, Susan, 293
Response inhibition, 67–68
Retrieval processes, xii, 78, 81, 116, 118, 123, 134, 139–150, 177, 198–199, 224–225, 228, 230, 235–236, 244–246
Retrograde amnesia, 213–224
Ricci, Matteo, 121–122
Río-Hortega, Pío del, 37
Rotary pursuit test, 157–159, 177
Ryle, Gilbert, 160
Salat, David, 291–292
Schemas, mental, 256, 260–263, 271–273
Schiller, Peter, 85
Schizophrenia, psychosurgery for, 16, 24, 26, 29, 45
Scientific American Mind, 308
Scoville, William Beecher, xiv
ethical questions on psychosurgery, 309–310
extent of Henry’s memory loss, 45–47, 149, 157, 199, 237, 250
Henry’s memory of, 207–208, 273
Henry’s operation, 9, 17, 19–21, 30–33
Henry’s sexual drive, 112, 213, 270
removal of olfactory areas, 87–89
training and practice, 13–14, 47
Sea snail (Aplysia), 56–57
Secondary memory, 54
Seizures, xii
grand mal, 6
Henry’s longevity, 310
increasing frequency of, 16
interfering with work, 13–14
localization of, 10–11, 15, 19–20
petit mal, 5–6
social stigma associated with, 11–13
Self-awareness, xvii, 207, 209, 222, 233–235
Self-ordered choosing test, 68
Semantic memory/semantic knowledge, 237–264, 313–314
aging and, 282–283
anchoring new semantic information to old semantic memories, 259–261
anterograde amnesia, 81–82
declarative knowledge, 117
episodic memory and, 255–259
inability to consolidate new memories, 246–250
knowledge of celebrities, 82, 248–249, 254–259
Multiple Trace Theory of Memory Consolidation, 223–225, 229–230
pre-and postoperative knowledge, 237–253
rapid versus slow leaning, 258
role of medial temporal lobes, 246
schemata, 256
Standard Model of Memory Consolidation, 222–225, 229–230
versus episodic, 220
Sense of self, xvi-xvii, 206–213, 222, 233–234, 267
Sensitization, 56
Sensory capacities, xix
perception, 85–89, 96–97, 186–187 186–187
roots of memory formation, 77–78, 85
somatosensory system, xiv, 49, 81, 86, 93, 155
Sensory register, 70–71
Sequence-learning task, 163–165, 178
Sexuality, 112, 209, 213, 270
Shadmehr, Reza, 168, 171–172
Shannon, Claude, 116
Sherrington, Charles Scott, 36
Shiffrin, Richard, 70–71
Short-term memory
chunking, 157
control processes, 61–62
digit span, 53, 60–61, 282
dual-process theory, 51–65
effect of distraction, 63–65
long-term memory interaction with, 72
long-term versus, 53–54, 61
neural location, 61
working memory, 65–74
See also Long-term memory; Memory
Short-term store, 52, 61, 65, 67, 70–71, 239
Simple rehearsal, 121
Simpson, O.J., 141
Single-process theory of memory, 52, 58, 60–61, 70–71
Slave systems of working memory, 71–72
Sleep, 100, 135–139, 230–233
Smell, sense of, 87–89
Smoking, 3, 107, 204, 225
Social life, 11–13, 203, 213, 220, 241, 268, 278
Spatial location tests, 68, 95–96
Spatial memory, 68, 89–96, 133–139, 204
Squire, Larry, 222, 229–230, 300
Standard Model of Memory Consolidation, 222–225, 229–230
Stanford University, 69–70
Status epilepticus, 310
Steinvorth, Sarah, 225–228, 307
Stevens, Allison, 290
Storage. See Consolidation and storage
Striatum, 96, 129, 161–164, 176–178, 302, 334
Substantia nigra, 161
Suicide, Henry’s threat of, 104
Sylvian cisterns, 79
Synapses
function of, 37, 55
long-term potentiation, 131–135
role in learning, 56–57
single-process and dual-process memory theories, 55
structural and functional plasticity, 131–134
Synaptic cleft, 131
Synaptic plasticity, 57
Systems
neuroscience, xviii–xix
Temporal lobe
face and object recognition, 188–190
Henry’s operation, 30–31
inferotemporal cortex, 93
Milner and Penfield’s research on F.C. and P.B., 35, 41–44
Penfield’s temporal lobectomy, 8–9
specialization of function, 43
See also Medial temporal-lobe structures; Medial temporal lobotomy
Temporal lobectomy, 8–9, 42, 149, 312
Tetrodes, 136
Teuber, Christopher, 106, 108–109
Teuber, Hans-Lukas, 82, 99–100, 105–111, 244, 265
Thalamus, 25, 101, 161, 242, 279, 302
Théodule, Marie Laure, 308
Time, passage of, xi–xii, 44, 84, 121, 144
Tinnitus, 80, 274–275
Tonegawa, Susumu, 133–134
Top-down processes, 73
Touch, sense of, xiv, 49, 81, 86, 93, 155
Trace activation, 193
Trace conditioning, 184–186
Tractography, 279–280
Transorbital lobotomy, 25
Treatise on Mnemonic Arts (Ricci), 121–122
Tribe, Kerry, 308
Tulving, Endel, 220, 223
University of Arizona, 94–97, 136
University of California, Irvine, 133
University of California, Los Angeles, 239–240, 266, 280
University of California, San Diego, 69, 141, 143–144, 185–186, 222–223, 266, 288, 298, 300–301
University of Edinburgh, 133, 262
van der Kouwe, André, 290, 293, 295
Vanderbilt University, 189
Veterans, 83, 142–143
Visual cortex, 93, 139, 161, 188–189, 196–197, 253
Vocabulary, 51, 117, 243–244, 246–248, 259, 264, 282
Wada test, 311–312
Watergate scandal, 115, 254
Watts, James, 21, 25–26
White-matter pathways, 24, 177, 189, 242, 277, 279–280, 293, 302
Wiener, Norbert, 69
Wii, 172
Wilson, Matthew, 136–139
Women
Henry’s relationship with, 12, 112, 213, 270
lobotomies in, 26–27, 29
Word vs. nonword task, 248–250
Working memory, 65–74
Declarative memory and, 67–69
Emergent phenomenon, 72–73
Neurological conditions and, 69
World War I, 8
World War II, 12, 83, 216, 220, 241
Yale University, 13, 22, 306
Zangwill, Oliver, 41
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