The Second Coming of the KKK

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The Second Coming of the KKK Page 28

by Linda Gordon

in Oregon, 157–61

  Queens of the Golden Mask, 112, 117, 243n

  social and cultural developments in the 1920s, 111–12

  see also Klanswomen; woman suffrage; Women’s Ku Klux Klan; women’s political activism

  Fiery Cross (newspaper), 18, 56

  first Ku Klux Klan. see Ku Klux Klan, after the Civil War

  Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 6

  “The Five Stages of Fascism” (Paxton), 199

  Ford, Henry, 11

  Forrest, Nathan Bedford (general), 25

  Forrest, Nathan Bedford II, 25

  Fowler, Charles Lewis, 176

  Fox, Philip, 191

  Frank, Leo, 11, 12

  fraternalism

  declining membership after 1950, 198

  of Klan members, 3, 30–31

  male bonding in fraternal orders, 29, 94

  as parent of Klan, 29–31, 198

  popularity of fraternal orders, 29–30

  religious segregation, 31

  rituals of fraternal orders, 13, 29–30, 31, 70

  Simmons and, 12–13, 16, 19

  Fredericksburg, MO, 173

  fundamentalism, defined, 32

  funerals, 86, 87–88

  Furies, 72

  Galarza, Ernesto, 147

  Garvey, Marcus, 93

  gender

  conservative gender system, 58–60, 112, 132, 133

  see also feminism and the KKK; Women’s Ku Klux Klan (WKKK); women’s political activism

  Gennett recording company, 177

  George, Henry, 152

  German American Bund, 197

  Gifford, Frederick L.

  campaign for governor, 153–54

  career and employment, 143, 154

  LOTIE and, 158, 160

  Oregon Klan leadership, 143–44, 157, 242n

  political patronage, 143, 153, 156

  Portland Police Vigilantes, 148–49

  Prohibition violation, 96

  Gifford, Mae, 158, 160

  Goddard, Henry, 27

  Good Government League, 151

  Graham, Billy, 91

  Grand Dragons (Grand Goblins), 64, 211

  Grange (Order of Patrons of Husbandry), 31, 70

  Grant, Madison, 21, 22

  Graves, Bibb, 91

  Great Klaliffs, 72

  Greek Americans, 144, 175

  Greenville, ME, 104

  Grimké, Angelina, 128

  Gusfield, Joseph, 204

  Hale, J. F., 100

  Harding, Warren, 6, 165

  Haskins, Terry, 91

  Heart o’ the Hills (movie), 177

  Herf, Jeffrey, 51

  Hermann, August, 86, 230n

  herrenvolk democracy, 207

  Hess, Rudolf, 197

  Hill, Paul, 90

  Hochschild, Arlie, 39

  Hofstadter, Richard, 20, 204

  holiness movement, 118, 119, 120, 236n, 237n

  Holton, MI, 83

  Hooker, Isabella Beecher, 45

  Hoover, Herbert, 6, 165, 167

  Hoover, J. Edgar, 192

  House Committee on Rules, 19–20

  Hurd, Charles N., 247n

  Hutchinson, Asa, 91

  hypocrisy of Klan leaders, 57, 58, 96, 191, 193, 194

  Illinois

  vigilantism, 100–101

  see also specific locations

  Illuminati, 73

  immigrants

  fear of, 54–55

  integration into American life, 197, 249n

  non-”Nordic” immigrants and workers, 21, 27, 105

  target of Klan resentment, 3, 27–28, 54–55

  immigration

  anti-immigration cartoon, 38

  birthright citizenship and, 195

  immigration restriction in party platforms, 2924, 244n

  immigration-restriction legislation, 7, 21–22, 164, 195, 244n

  Johnson-Reed Act of 1924, 195

  quotas for immigrants, 195

  US Congress Immigration Commission (Dillingham Commission), 164, 244n

  Imperial Night-Hawk, 50, 164, 174, 191

  Independence Day, 1, 80, 84, 167, 173

  Indiana

  anti-Catholicism, 48, 56

  Fiery Cross newsletter, 18

  Klan baseball teams, 85

  Klan membership and respectability, 18–19, 31, 67, 69

  Klansmen as congressmen, 165

  Klan’s state and local political power, 170, 171

  Klan support of mine workers, 106

  “Military Machine” political strategy, 165–66

  summer picnics in 1920s, 1–2

  vigilantism, 98–99, 100–101, 103–4, 106

  WKKK boycotts, 174

  woman suffrage, 110

  see also specific locations

  Indianapolis, IN, 21, 81, 99, 117, 170, 194

  Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, aka Wobblies), 105–6, 142, 149, 240n

  Inglewood, CA, 102

  initiation and installation

  alleged Knights of Columbus pledge, 46, 144

  in fraternal organizations, 31, 70

  KKK initiation ceremony near Richmond, IN (1922), 62

  Klan initiation rituals, 62, 70–77

  Klecktokens and, 64–65, 75, 79, 125, 186, 212

  naturalization, 73, 74–76, 81, 83, 212, 229n

  oaths of initiation, 72

  as participatory theater, 76–77

  petitions for citizenship in the Klan, 75, 180

  symbolic objects, 72

  vocabulary used by members, 72–73

  see also rituals

  “The International Jew: The World’s Problem” (Ford), 11

  Invisible Empire

  Klan after Civil War as, 25, 221n

  Klan of 1920s as, 25, 114

  Ladies of the Invisible Empire (LOTIE), 112, 125, 128, 157–60

  origin of name, 221n

  vigilantism and, 97

  Women of the Ku Klux Klan and, 126–27, 189

  see also Ku Klux Klan, after the Civil War; Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s

  It Can’t Happen Here (Lewis), 201

  IWW. see Industrial Workers of the World

  Jackson, Edward L., 166, 191, 193

  Jackson, Helen, 47

  Jackson, Kenneth, 21, 148

  Jackson, MI, 81

  Japanese Americans, 41, 91, 102, 145–47, 153, 195

  Jasper, James, 204

  Jette, Maybelle, 158–59, 160

  Jews

  as elites, 4, 44

  eugenics and, 27, 52

  fake news stories about, 5, 50, 57

  irredeemable essence of, 28, 51–52

  political corruption blamed on, 35, 137

  racism and, 28, 52, 221n

  see also anti-Semitism

  Joan of Arc, 128, 157

  Johnson, Albert, 164, 195

  Johnson, James R., 145

  Johnson-Reed Act of 1924, 195

  Johnson, Sam, 100

  Johnston, Forney, 169

  Johnston, Robert, 181, 182

  Jones, Bob, 91

  Junior Ku Klux Klan, for boys, 134

  Kamelia, 112, 118, 238n, 243n

  Khaki Shirts of America, 143

  Khazars (Chazars), 53, 226n

  Kim, Billy, 91

  King Kleagles, 64, 211

  Kladd, 74–75, 211

  Klaliffs, 72, 74, 211

  The Klan in Prophecy (White), 119

  Klan members

  benefits and gains from joining Klan, 182

  class position of, 3, 181–83, 184–85, 186–87, 189

  duties of, 172, 245–46n

  exaggerated membership numbers, 2, 69–70, 217n

  fraternalism, 3, 30–31

  high turnover of Klan members, 67, 191

  membership numbers in 1920s, 2, 69, 191, 217n

  membership numbers today, 198

  “middling” classes, 181, 182, 184, 185

  number of urban Klansmen, 21

>   occupations of, 181, 184, 185–87, 188, 247n

  route into middle class through Klan, 3, 143, 182–83, 187, 189

  sociability and prestige of membership, 3, 76, 123, 127, 182–83

  vocabulary used by members, 72–73

  Klanswomen

  characteristics of, 188

  conservative gender system and, 59–60, 112, 132, 133

  formation of early women’s KKK groups, 112–13, 124, 125, 236n

  Ladies of the Invisible Empire (LOTIE), 112, 125, 128, 157–60

  militarism and, 206–7

  occupations and employment, 129–30, 188

  purity in maternalist orientation, 59–60

  see also feminism and the KKK; Women’s Ku Klux Klan

  Klantauquas, 79

  see also spectacles

  Klan titles, 64, 72–73, 211–12

  Klarogo, 74, 211

  Klaverns, defined, 65, 72–73, 211

  Kleagles (recruiters), 64–65, 212

  Klecktokens, 64–65, 75, 79, 125, 186, 212

  Kleist, John, 187

  Klexters, defined, 212

  Kligrapps, defined, 71, 74, 130, 212

  Klokans, defined, 74, 212

  Klokards, 67, 75, 89, 119, 212

  Klonklave, defined, 73, 212

  Klonversation, defined, 73, 212

  Klonverse, defined, 73, 212

  Klonvocation, defined, 212

  see also spectacles

  Klonvokation, defined, 73

  Kloran, defined, 72, 212

  Kludds, 71, 72, 86, 212

  Knights of Columbus, 31, 46, 60, 85, 101, 144, 178

  Knights of Pythias, 30, 141, 151

  Knights of the Maccabees, 30

  Know Nothings, 26, 221n, 222n

  Kokomo, IN, 1, 19, 81, 193

  Kornhauser, William, 204

  Kubli, Kaspar K., 145, 154

  Ku Klux Klan, after the Civil War

  as ancestor of second Klan, 25–26, 198

  hatred and fear of African Americans, 12

  “Invisible Empire” alias, 25, 221n

  origins, 25–26

  purpose and tools, 2, 25–26, 39–40

  secrecy, 2, 26

  white supremacy and, 2, 14, 39

  Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s

  anti-Catholicism, 27–28, 42, 45–49, 53–54, 56

  anti-Semitism, 27–28, 49–54, 203

  blurred left-right spectrum, 4–5

  comparison to fascism, 199–209

  critics of, 19–21

  differences from first Klan, 2–3, 26, 39–40

  growth after exposure and criticism, 19–20

  “Invisible Empire” name use, 25, 114, 211

  Klan titles, 64, 72–73, 211–12

  law-abiding legitimacy, 26

  legacy and lasting influence, 194–209

  mandatory patriotism, 196–97

  melding of racism, nationalism, and religion, 15, 125, 201, 204, 249n

  membership numbers, 2, 21, 69–70, 191, 217n

  parents or ancestors of, 25–36, 198

  prohibitions on masking in public, 26, 221n

  rapid decline after 1925, 7, 160, 191–94

  respectability of, 3, 18–19, 97, 183

  as social movement, 5, 6–8, 163–64, 202, 208

  suppression of dissent, 196–97

  targets of Klan resentment, 3–4, 14–15

  white supremacy and, 2, 15, 40, 41

  see also specific topics and locations

  labor unions and the Klan, 104, 105–7, 187

  Ladies of the Invisible Empire (LOTIE), 112, 125, 128, 157–60

  see also feminism and the KKK

  La Follette, Robert, 34

  La Grande, OR, 101, 106, 135–36, 140, 156, 166, 178

  LaHaye, Tim, 91

  Lanier University (Atlanta), 13, 176

  Lansing, MI, 94

  Lawton, OK, 173

  Lease, Mary Elizabeth, 110

  lectures and lecturers

  Alma White, 118, 119, 120

  “escaped nun,” 142

  Ivan Powell and, 142

  Klan rhetoric, 5, 95, 164

  Klokards (Klan lecturers), 67, 75, 89, 119, 212

  as leisure-time activity, 5, 77, 145

  ministers, 67, 186

  ministers as lecturers and Klan speakers, 5, 67, 83, 89, 186

  Oregon Klan rallies, 148

  on race mixing and mixed marriages, 40

  women Klan members and, 124, 129

  Lewis, Sinclair, 20, 182, 201

  Lewiston, ME, 100

  Lilly, PA, 104

  Lippmann, Walter, 112

  Little, Earl, 93, 94

  Little, Malcolm, 93, 94

  LOTIE. see Ladies of the Invisible Empire

  Loyal Orange Order, 141

  lynchings

  in Duluth, MN, 103

  by first Ku Klux Klan, 2, 26

  Leo Frank, 11, 12

  second Ku Klux Klan and, 26, 36, 101

  threat by Oregon night riders, 100

  Lynd, Robert and Helen, 47, 186–87

  MacLean, Nancy, 135, 239n

  Madison, WI, 86, 103

  Maine

  admission of immigrant Protestants, 68, 88, 147

  counterboycott of Klan businesses, 178

  dynamite bomb in Lewiston, 100

  governor’s election, 1923, 56

  lumbermen and loggers, 104, 105

  poem from Dexter, 41

  unions and the Klan, 105–6

  women’s KKK groups, 125, 126

  see also specific locations

  mainline (mainstream) Protestantism, 5, 32, 88–89, 95, 115, 120, 231n

  Malcolm X, 93, 94

  managers and managerial jobs, 33, 143, 184

  Manhandled (movie), 176

  manliness

  male bonding in fraternal orders, 29, 94

  masculine and feminine labels used by Klan, 95, 205

  vigilantism and, 107, 205

  white-collar work and, 94, 205

  Mann Act, 192

  Marion City, OH, 178

  Markwell, Lulu, 124

  Masons

  Colored Masons, 30

  Klan recruitment of, 30, 86, 89, 142, 185

  Klan rituals from Masonic rites, 12–13, 30

  overlap with KKK, 12, 30, 185

  Scottish Rite Masons, 141, 151

  Mayer, Arno, 183

  McAdoo, William Gibbs, 168, 169

  McCarthyism, 89, 196–97

  McClanahan, Rebecca, 127

  McClure’s Magazine, 54

  McDermott, Paddy, 105

  McPherson, Aimee Semple, 91, 120

  media and news sources, 44, 53, 224n

  Meier & Frank department store, 130, 175

  Meier, Julius, 175

  Melucci, Alberto, 5

  Mencken, H. L., 22, 168

  Metuchen, NJ, 98

  Mexican Americans, 41, 68, 102, 107, 147

  middle class

  “middling” people, 181, 182, 184, 185

  as protector of Americanism, 3

  route into middle class through Klan, 3, 143, 182–83, 187, 189

  “middling” classes, 181, 182, 184, 185

  ministers

  Christian Right preachers in conservative politics, 90–91

  evangelical ministers, cooperation with Klan, 5, 55, 89–91, 142, 186

  fear and conspiracy talk in sermons, 55

  female ministers, 115, 118, 120

  free Klan membership, 15, 186

  at Klan christenings, weddings, and funerals, 86–87

  Kludds, 71, 72, 86–87, 212

  as lecturers and Klan speakers, 5, 67, 83, 89, 186

  mainstream Protestant ministers denunciation of Klan, 5, 89

  number in Klan, 89, 186

  as Oregon Klan leaders, 141, 144

  promotion of Klan events, 80, 86

  recruitment by Klan, 15, 89–90, 186

  retaliation against opposi
ng ministers, 89, 90

  and services “invaded” by Klan, 89–90

  Minutemen, 205

  Monk, Maria, 47

  months, Klan names, 73, 127

  moral Klanishness, 245–46n

  Morton, Jelly Roll, 177

  Mosher, Medord, 102

  Moskowitz, Belle, 54

  Muncie, IN, 44, 171, 187

  Musgrove, Lycurgus Breckenridge, 247n

  music, recordings, 66, 111, 177

  Myers, Leon, 89

  National League for the Protection of American Institutions, 151

  Native Americans, 41, 146

  nativism

  Americanization in schools, 150

  anti-immigration cartoon, 38

  flexible response to local conditions, 147

  nineteenth-century nativists, 45

  as parent of Klan, 26–28, 198

  religion and, 28

  respectability of, 19, 26

  naturalization, 73, 74–76, 81, 83, 212, 229n

  Nazis and Nazism

  anti-Semitism, 49, 203

  autonomy of local groups, 228n

  German Nazi fascism, 199, 201, 203

  mass calisthenics and military parades, 82

  violence, 97, 205–6

  Nebraska

  Agricultural Workers Organization, 105

  election of 1926, 170

  vigilantism, 93–94, 105

  water pageant, 81

  woman suffrage, 110

  New Castle, DE, 104

  New Jersey

  Alma White in, 119–20, 121

  anti-Klan reaction, 104

  Clarke and Tyler firing demanded, 114

  cross-burnings, 98, 168

  women’s KKK groups, 60, 130, 131

  see also specific locations

  New York World exposé, 19

  Nietzsche, Friedrich, 43

  Night-Hawk, defined, 75, 212

  night riders, 97, 100, 103, 177

  Nineteenth Amendment passage, 109, 110, 117

  see also woman suffrage

  Noblesville, IN, 172

  non-”Nordic” immigrants and workers, 21, 27, 105

  “Nordic” whites, 21, 31, 41, 43, 107, 201, 249

  Notre Dame University, 104

  Oak Creek, IL, 68

  Oakland, CA, 81, 104, 166, 183–84

  Oak Park, IL, 87

  Oberholtzer, Madge, 193–94

  Odd Fellows, 30, 141, 151, 185

  Ohio

  cross-burnings, 51, 101

  Horse Thief Detective Association, 104

  Knights of Columbus-built market, 178

  vigilantism, 101, 104

  William Jennings Bryan memorial service, 51

  working class resistance to Klan, 105

  see also specific locations

  Okeh Records, 177

  Oklahoma

  jury duty and Klan membership, 99

  vigilantism, 99, 100–101, 102

  Olcott, Ben W., 146, 153

  “The Old Cedar School,” 149

  Omaha, NE, 93–94, 95

  Order of Patrons of Husbandry (Grange), 31, 70

  Order of United American Mechanics, 237n

  Oregon

  anti-Catholicism, 28, 141, 142, 147–48, 149–56

  anti-Japanese sentiment, 145–46

 

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