150 Chronic symptoms in Americans: Auwaerter, Bakken, Dattwyler, et al., “Antiscience and Ethical Concerns.”
151 Lyme Literate doctors ignore treatable disorders: M. C. Reid, R. T. Schoen, J. Evans, et al., “The Consequences of Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment of Lyme Disease: An Observational Study,” Annals of Internal Medicine 128 (1998): 354–62.
151 Evidence against the existence of Chronic Lyme disease: J. Radolf, “Posttreatment Chronic Lyme Disease—What It Is Not,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 192 (2005): 948–49; G. P. Wormser, R. J. Dattwyler, E. D. Shapiro, et al., “The Clinical Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention of Lyme Disease, Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, and Babesiosis: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 43 (2006): 1089–1134; P. Auwaerter, “Point: Antibiotic Therapy Is Not the Answer for Patients with Persisting Symptoms Attributable to Lyme Disease,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 45 (2007): 143–48; H. M. Feder, B. J. B. Johnson, S. O’Connell, et al., “A Critical Appraisal of ‘Chronic Lyme Disease,’” New England Journal of Medicine 357 (2007): 1422–30; A. Marques, “Chronic Lyme Disease: A Review,” Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 22 (2008): 341–60; Auwaerter, Bakken, Dattwyler, et al., “Antiscience and Ethical Concerns.”
151 New England Journal of Medicine paper: H. M. Feder, B. J. B. Johnson, S. O’Connell, et al., “A Critical Appraisal of ‘Chronic Lyme Disease,’” New England Journal of Medicine 357 (2007): 1422–30.
151 Woman dies from blood clot in heart: R. Patel, K. L. Grogg, W. D. Edwards, et al., “Death from Inappropriate Therapy for Lyme Disease,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 31 (2000): 1107–1109.
152 Outbreak of gallstones in New Jersey: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Ceftriaxone-Associated Biliary Complications of Treatment of Suspected Disseminated Lyme Disease—New Jersey, 1990–1992,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 42 (1993): 39–42; P. J. Ettestad, G. L. Campbell, S. F. Welbel, et al., “Biliary Complications in the Treatment of Unsubstantiated Lyme Disease,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 171 (1995): 356–61.
152 Other complications from prolonged antibiotic therapy: M. C. Reid, R. T. Schoen, J. Evans, et al., “The Consequences of Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment of Lyme Disease: An Observational Study,” Annals of Internal Medicine 128 (1998): 354–62.
152 Malariatherapy for Chronic Lyme disease: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Epidemiologic Notes and Reports: Imported Malaria Associated with Malariotherapy of Lyme Disease—New Jersey,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 39 (1990): 873–75.
152 Complications from bismuth therapy: U. S. Food and Drug Administration, “FDA Warns Consumers and Health Care Providers Not to Use Bismacine, Also Known as Chromacine,” press release, July 21, 2006.
152 Misbehavior of Lyme Literate doctors: Auwaerter, Bakken, Dattwyler, et al., “Antiscience and Ethical Concerns.”
153 Statement by IDSA against alternative Lyme therapies: G. P. Wormser, R. J. Dattwyler, E. D. Shapiro, et al., “The Clinical Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention of Lyme Disease, Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, and Babesiosis: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 43 (2006): 1089–1134.
153 ILADS guidelines: D. Cameron, A. Gaito, N. Harris, et al., “ILADS Working Group: Evidence-Based Guidelines for the Managementof Lyme Disease,” Expert Reviews of Anti-Infective Therapy 2 (2004): S1–S13.
153 Lyme activist groups recruit politicians: B. Patoine, “Guideline-Making Gets Tougher: Action by State Attorney General Over Lyme Disease Guidelines Stirs Debate,” Annals of Neurology 65 (2009): A10–A15.
154 Blumenthal’s support of Lyme activists: P. G. Auwaerter, J. S. Bakken and R. J. Dattwyler, “Scientific Evidence and Best Patient Care Practices Should Guide the Ethics of Lyme Disease Activism,” Journal of Medical Ethics 37 (2011): 1–6.
154 Jones and stretch limo: D. Whelan, “Lyme Inc.,” Forbes, March 12, 2007, www.forbes.com/forbes/2007/0312/096_print.html.
154 Blumenthal sues IDSA: Office of the Attorney General, “Attorney General’s Investigation Reveals Flawed Lyme Disease Guideline Process, IDSA Agrees to Reassess Guidelines, Install Independent Arbiter,” press release, May 1, 2008, www.policymed.com/2010/05/richard-blumenthals-lyme-deception.html.
155 AAN attorneys argue case: B. Patoine, “Guideline-Making Gets Tougher.”
155 Rulings by FTC and DOJ: Schachar v. American Academy of Ophthalmology Inc. 870 F2d 397 (7th Circuit, 1989).
155 Blumenthal claims conflict of interest: Office of the Attorney General, “Attorney General’s Investigation Reveals Flawed Lyme Disease Guideline Process.”
155 IDSA panel doesn’t benefit from guidelines: “Richard Blumenthal’s Lyme Deception,” Policy and Medicine, May 18, 2010, www.mdjunction.com/forums/lyme-disease-support-forums/lyme-disease-activism/1691814-richard-blumenthals-lyme-deception-51810.
155 ILADS and Lyme diagnostic test maker: J. D. Kraemer and L. O. Gostin, “Science, Politics, and Values: The Politicization of Professional Practice Guidelines,” Journal of the American Medical Association 301 (2009): 665–67.
155 Conflict with intravenous infusion companies: Auwaerter, Bakken, and Dattwyler, “Scientific Evidence and Best Patient Care Practices.”
156 Chronic Lyme doctor and insurance company: Whelan, “Lyme Inc.”
156 IDSA litigation costs: J. D. Kraemer and L. O. Gostin, “Science, Politics, and Values: The Politicization of Professional Practice Guidelines,” Journal of the American Medical Association 301 (2009): 665–67.
156 Anne Gershon quote: Anne Gershon, interviewed by the author, October 7, 2011.
156 Howard Brody: ”Richard Blumenthal’s Lyme Deception.”
157 IDSA final report: P. M. Lantos, W. A. Charini, G. Medoff, et al., “Final Report of the Lyme Disease Review Panel of the Infectious Diseases Society of America,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 51 (2010): 1–5.
157 Blumenthal and 75 percent requirement: “Richard Blumenthal’s Lyme Deception.”
157 Anger at $10,000 cutoff: Ibid.; B. Patoine, “Guideline-Making Gets Tougher.”
158 Carol Baker quotes: Carol Baker, interviewed by the author, September 26, 2011.
158 Blumenthal response to IDSA’s final report: Attorney General Statement on IDSA Guidelines Review Panel Report, www.ct.gov/ag/cwp/view.asp?A=2341&Q=459296.
158 401(k) account story: P. Callahan and T. Tsouderos, “Chronic Lyme Disease: A Dubious Diagnosis,” Chicago Tribune, December 8, 2010.
158 Gostin and Kraemer regarding scientific process: J. D. Kraemer and L. O. Gostin, “Science, Politics, and Values: The Politicization of Professional Practice Guidelines,” Journal of the American Medical Association 301 (2009): 665–67.
CHAPTER 8: CURING CANCER
163 Steve Jobs: P. Elkind, “The Trouble with Steve Jobs,” Fortune, March 5, 2008, http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index.htm?postversion=2008030510; S. Begley, “Jobs’s Unorthodox Treatment,” The Daily Beast, October 5, 2011, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/10/05/steve-jobs-dies-his-unorthodox-treatment-for-neuroendocrine-cancer.html; S. Lohr, “Jobs Tried Exotic Treatments to Combat Cancer, Book Says,” New York Times, October 20, 2011; W. Isaacson, Steve Jobs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011): 454.
164 Early American cancer cures: Anonymous, Nostrums and Quackery: Articles on the Nostrum Evil and Quackery Reprinted, with Additions and Modifications, from the Journal of the American Medical Association (Chicago: American Medical Association Press, 1912), 25–75; Young, American Health Quackery, 234; Barrett, Consumer Health, 370, 375.
164 Abrams and charlatan: Young, American Health Quackery, 189.
164 Albert Abrams story: Young, American Health Quackery, 189; C. Jameson, The Natural History of Quackery (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1961), 210–12; P. Modde, Chiropractic Malpractice (Columbia, Md.: Henrow Press, 1985), 103; R. A. Lee, The Bizarre Car
eers of John R. Brinkley (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 2002), xii–xiii; McCoy, Quack!, 72–83; Young, Medical Messiahs, 137–42; M. Fishbein, Fads and Quackery in Healing: An Analysis of the Foibles of the Healing Cults, with Essays on Various Other Peculiar Notions in the Health Field (New York: Blue Ribbon Books, 1932), 140–55; M. Fishbein, The Medical Follies (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1925), 99–118.
165 Robert Millikan quote: Ibid.
166 Scientific American editor’s quote: Young, Medical Messiahs, 140.
166 Glyoxylide: Young, American Health Quackery, 235; Barrett, Health Schemes, 5; Barrett and Jarvis, Health Robbers, 27, 93.
166 Harry Hoxsey: Young, American Health Quackery, 235; Johnston, Politics of Healing, 235–36; Barrett, Consumer Health, 370; Young, Medical Messiahs, 360–89; Juhne, Quacks and Crusaders, 64–91.
167 “’Dem that gets took” quote: Young, Medical Messiahs, 363.
168 Career of Andrew Ivy: M. I. Grossman, “Andrew Conway Ivy (1893–1978),” Physiologist 21 (1978): 11–12; D. B. Dill, “A. C. Ivy—Reminiscences,” Physiologist 22 (1979): 21–22; E. Shuster, “Fifty Years Later: The Significance of the Nuremberg Code,” New England Journal of Medicine 337 (1997): 1436–40.
169 Moreno regarding Ivy: J. D. Moreno, Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans (New York: Routledge, 2001), 66.
169 Krebiozen: Barrett, Consumer Health, 370; J. F. Holland, “The Krebiozen Story,” Quackwatch, www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Cancer/krebiozen.html; S. Chertow, “Krebiozen,” The Chicago Literary Club, www.chilit.org/Papers%20by%20author/Chertow%20--%20Krebiozen.HTM; W. F. Janssen, “Cancer Quackery: Past and Present,” Cancer Treatment Watch, www.cancertreatmentwatch.org/q/janssen.shtml; P. S. Ward, “Who Will Bell the Cat? Andrew C. Ivy and Krebiozen,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 58 (1984): 28–52; A. C. Ivy, Krebiozen: An Agent for the Treatment of Malignant Tumors (Chicago: Champlin-Shealy Company, 1951).
170 Gerson diet: Barrett and Jarvis, Health Robbers, 87–88; Barrett, Consumer Health, 372; K. Butler, A Consumer’s Guide to “Alternative Medicine”: A Close Look at Homeopathy, Acupuncture, Faith-Healing, and Other Unconventional Treatments (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1992), 43; S. Barrett, “Questionable Cancer Therapies,” Quackwatch, www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/cancer.html.
171 Shark cartilage: Barrett, Consumer Health, 371–72; Barrett, Vitamin Pushers, 374–76; Hurley, Natural Causes, 201–204, 223; Shapiro, Suckers, 176–78; Wanjek, Bad Medicine, 103–107; Singh and Ernst, Trick or Treatment, 263–64; M. J. Coppes, R. A. Anderson, R. M. Egeler, and J. E. A. Wolff, “Alternative Therapies for the Treatment of Childhood Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine 339 (1998): 846–47.
CHAPTER 9: SICK CHILDREN, DESPERATE PARENTS
174 Billie Bainbridge: R. Smith, “Mum and Four-Year-Old Daughter Both Battling Cancer,” Daily Mirror, August 8, 2011; “‘A Lot of People Ask Me How I Cope, But You Just Kind of Deal With It—That’s All You Can Do,’” Exeter Express and Echo, August 13, 2011; C. Axford and L. French, “Exeter Family Hit Twice by Cancer ‘Fights On’ for Child,” BBC News, August 19, 2011; A. Radnedge, “Mother and Daughter, 4, in Fight to Battle Cancer,” Metro, August 21, 2011; “Billie Bainbridge Set to Fly to Take Part in Medical Trial,” Exeter Express and Echo, September 15, 2011; “Positive Start for Billie Bainbridge’s America Treatment,” Exeter Express and Echo, September 29, 2011; “Brave Billie Starting Treatment in States,” Exeter Express and Echo, October 6, 2011; “Billie Fund Rises Toward Target,” Exeter Express and Echo, October 13, 2011; “Chiefs Added to Growing Support for Billie’s Fund,” Exeter Express and Echo, October 20, 2011; “Raffle Prize Goes to Butterfly Fund,” Exeter Express and Echo, November 3, 2011; L. Bainbridge, “The Worst Year of My Life: Cancer Has My Family in Its Grip,” The Observer, November 19, 2011.
175 Burzynski’s early research career: M. E. G. Smith, “The Burzynski Controversy in the United States and Canada: A Comparative Case Study in the Sociology of Alternative Medicine,” The Canadian Journal of Sociology 17 (1992): 133–60.
176 Burzynski defines antineoplastons: S. R. Burzynski, “Antineoplastons: Biochemical Defense Against Cancer,” Physiological Chemistry and Physics 8 (1976): 275–79.
177 Burzynski Research Institute: M. E. G. Smith, “The Burzynski Controversy in the United States and Canada: A Comparative Case Study in the Sociology of Alternative Medicine,” The Canadian Journal of Sociology 17 (1992): 133–60.
177 Burzynski collects urine: G. Null, “The Suppression of Cancer Cures,” Penthouse, October 1979; “War on Cancer: Politics or Profit,” 20/20, October 21, 1981.
177 Null article: Null, “The Suppression of Cancer Cures.”
178 Geraldo Rivera report: “War on Cancer: Politics or Profit,” 20/20, October 21, 1981.
178 Patients cured by antineoplastons: T. Elias, The Burzynski Breakthrough (Nevada City, Calif.: Lexikos, 2001); G. Phillips, “Interview with Dr. Burzynski,” December 5, 2003, www.cancerinform.org/aburzinterview.html.
179 Harry Smith interviews Burzynski’s patients: D. Fehling, “Controversial Cancer Doc: Urine Treatment Works,” KENS 5-TV, www.kens5.com/archive/66499497.html.
180 Burzynski movie: Burzynski: The Movie, directed by Eric Merola (Merola Films, 2010).
180 Burzynski Research Institute: Ibid.
181 Blackstein and Bergasel and “hoodwinked”: Barrett, Consumer Health, 373; M. E. Blackstein and D. E. Bergsagel. Report to the Ontario Ministry of Health on the Treatment of Cancer Patients with Antineoplastons and the Burzynski Clinic in Houston, Texas. Undated, circa 1983.
181 Blackstein, Bergasel, and additional patients: “Pharmacologic and Biological Treatments,” in Unconventional Cancer Treatments, Quackwatch, www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/OTA/ota05.html.
182 1985 review: Ibid.
182 Sally Jessy Raphael and Inside Edition: Barrett, Consumer Health, 373.
182 Office of Technology Assessment: American Cancer Society, “Anti-Neoplaston Therapy,” www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/PharmacologicalandBiologicalTreatment/antineoplaston-therapy.
183 Jacobs regarding clowns: P. Goldberg, “The Antineoplaston Anomaly: How a Drug was Used for Decades in Thousands of Patients with No Safety, Efficacy Data,” The Cancer Letter, September 25, 1998.
183 National Cancer Institute trial of antineoplastons: J. Buckner, M. Malkin, E. Reed, et al., “Phase II Study of Antineoplastons A10 (NSC 648539) and AS2-1 (NSC 620261) in Patients with Recurrent Glioma,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 74 (1999): 137–45.
183 Burzynski angry at NCI study: G. Phillips, “Interview with Dr. Burzynski,” December 5, 2003, www.cancerinform.org/aburzinterview.html.
184 Saul Green reviews antineoplastons: S. Green, “Antineoplastons: An Unproved Cancer Therapy,” Journal of the American Medical Association 267 (1992): 2924–28.
184 Review of Burzynski by cancer specialists: Goldberg, “The Antineoplaston Anomaly.”
185 Congressional hearing: Burzynski: The Movie.
185 Cancer activists angry at Burzynski: Goldberg, “The Antineoplaston Anomaly.”
186 Sigma Tau Pharmaceuticals drops antineoplaston research: Green, “Antineoplastons: An Unproved Cancer Therapy.”
186 Burzynski claims conspiracy among oncologists: Phillips, “Interview with Dr. Burzynski.”
186 Goldberg and Friedman regarding cancer drug testing: Goldberg, “The Antineoplaston Anomaly.”
187 PLX4032: A. Harmon, “A Roller Coaster Chase for Cure,” New York Times, February 21, 2010; A. Harmon, “New Drugs Stir Debate on Rules of Clinical Trials,” New York Times, September 18, 2010; A. Harmon, “Drug to Fight Melanoma Prolonged Life in Trial,” New York Times, January 19, 2011; R. Schwartz, “The Emperor of All Maladies—The Beginning of the Beginning,” New England Journal of Medicine 365 (2011): 2353–55.
188 Adamson regarding Burzynski: Peter Adamson, interviewed by the author, September 19, 2011
.
188 Burzynski as caring man: C. Malisow, “Cancer Doctor Stanislaw Burzynski Sees Himself as a Crusading Researcher, Not a Quack,” Houston Post, January 1, 2009.
189 Adamson regarding false hope: Peter Adamson, interviewed by the author, September 19, 2011.
189 Maris regarding false hope: John Maris, interviewed by the author, September 28, 2011.
190 Jeanine Graf regarding Burzynski’s therapies: Jeanine Graf, interviewed by the author, March 1, 2012.
191 Science blogger regarding false hope: Andy Lewis, “The False Hope of the Burzynski Clinic,” November 21, 2011, www.quackometer.net/blog/2011/11/the-false-hope-of-the-burzynski-clinic.html.
191 Billie Bainbridge dies: “Billie Bainbridge Dies After Battle with Brain Stem Cancer,” BBC News, June 5, 2012, www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-18331017.
192 Burzynski’s anti-aging medicines: www.aminocare.com.
192 Somers’s book: S. Somers, Knockout: Interviews with Doctors Who Are Curing Cancer and How to Prevent Getting It in the First Place (New York: Crown Publishing Group, 2009).
192 Mukherjee’s book: S. Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer (New York: Scribner, 2010).
CHAPTER 10: MAGIC POTIONS IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
198 “One for the Angels”: The Twilight Zone, episode 2, “One for the Angels” (Los Angeles: Cayuga Productions, October 9, 1959).
200 Origins of quack: Barrett and London, Consumer Health, 36.
201 Patent medicines: Anonymous, Nostrums and Quackery; Cramp, Nostrums and Quackery.
201 Kickapoo Joy Juice: McNamara, Step Right Up, xiv.
201 Celebrity supporters: McCoy, Quack, 95, 201.
202 Buttar’s background: Buttar, 9 Steps, 329–31.
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