*79. Orion’s belt also culminated south during the same epoch, ca. 10,650 BCE.
†80. In The Origin Map it is shown to be 10,909 BCE.
*81. Ingham calculated four cycles: 1,458 years ending in 2769 BCE; 1,456 years ending in 1313 BCE; 1,453 years ending in 141 CE; and 1,450 years ending in 1591 CE.
*82. One problem: we don’t know how the ancient Egyptians defined the heliacal rising of Sirius. All we know is that they considered it very important and called it the reappearance of Sirius or, simply, the rising of Sirius.
*83. There are two types of uncertainties regarding the serdab view angle. First is the spread of angles due to the aperture of the peepholes, and second is any remaining uncertainty as to the basic measures of its angles. Mark Lehner lists the altitude of the serdab as 13 degrees without reference, and the layout survey gives an azimuth of about 4.5 degrees for the whole complex. We then used a protractor and plumb bob at the site to estimate about 16 degrees for the serdab box. In any case, the serdab gazes generally in the correct region of the sky to view Alkaid simultaneous with Sirius rising heliacally on the day of summer solstice.
Endnotes
CHAPTER 1. STRANGE STONES
1. Romuald Schild and Fred Wendorf, “Forty Years of the Combined Prehistoric Expedition,” Archaeologia Polona 40 (2002): 11.
2. Fred Wendorf and Romuald Schild, “The Megaliths of Nabta Playa, Focus on Archaeology,” Academia 1, no. 1 (2004): 11.
3. Fred Wendorf, Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, vol. 1, in Fred Wendorf, and Romuald Schild, eds., The Archaeology of Nabta Playa (New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum, 2001).
4. The Mystery of the Sphinx, NBC documentary, November 10, 1993.
5. Ian Shaw and Paul Nicholson, The Illustrated Dictionary of Ancient Egypt (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2008), 82–83. See also Richard H. Wilkinson, The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2005), 139.
6. Wendorf, Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, vol. 1.
7. E. C. Krupp, Echoes of the Ancient Skies (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 259.
8. Jed Z. Buchwald, “Egyptian Stars under Paris Skies,” Engineering and Science Magazine 66, no. 4, California Institute of Technology (2003).
9. E. G. Lesley and Roy Adkins, The Keys of Egypt (New York: HarperCollins, 2000).
10. Norman Lockyer, The Dawn of Astronomy (London: Cassel and Co. Ltd., 1894), preface.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Thomas Brophy, The Origin Map: Discovery of a Prehistoric Megalithic Astrophysical Map of the Universe, afterword by John Anthony West (Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse, 2002), 118.
14. John Michell, A Little History of Astro-Archaeology (London: Thames and Hudson, 1977), 68.
15. Virginia Trimble, Astronomical Investigation Concerning the So-called Air-shafts of Cheop’s Pyramid, Mitteilungen der Institut Fur Orientforschung 10, no. 2/3 (1964): 183–87. See also Robert G. Bauval, “The Seeding of the Star-gods: A Fertility Rite inside Cheop’s Pyramid?” Discussion in Egyptology 16 (1990), 21–25; Robert G. Bauval, “Cheop’s Pyramid: A New Dating Using the Latest Astronomical Data,” Discussions in Egyptology 26 (1993): 5–6; Dr. Mary T. Bruck, “Can the Great Pyramid be Astronomically Dated?” Journal of the British Astronomical Association 105, no. 4 (1995): 161–64.
CHAPTER 2. WANDERLUST
1. A. M. Hassanein Bey, “Through Kufra to Darfur,” Geographical Journal 64, no. 4 (Oct., 1924): 273–91.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. www.scribd.com/doc/21432876/Rosita-Forbes-Bio.
11. Hans Goedicke, “Harkhuf ’s Travels,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 40, no. 1 (January 1981): 1–20.
12. J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part I (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1906), 328.
13. David B. O’Connor, and Stephen Quirke, Mysterious Lands (London: University College, Institute of Archaeology, 2003), 10.
14. Ibid.
15. Claire Lalouette, Textes sacrés et textes profanes de l’ancienne Egypte (Paris: Gallimard, 1984).
16. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part I, 328.
17. Bill Manley, “Where Was the Kingdom of Yam?” in The Seventy Great Mysteries of Ancient Egypt (London: Thames and Hudson, 2003), 135.
18. Goedicke, “Harkhuf ’s Travels,” 10.
19. G. W. Murray, “Hakhuf ’s Third Journey,” Geographical Journal 131, no. 1 (March 1965): 72–75.
20. A. J. Arkell, A History of the Sudan: From Earliest Times to 1821, 2nd ed., rev. (London: n.p., 1961), 43.
21. M. Kobusiewicz and R. Schild, “Prehistoric Herdsmen, Focus on Archaeology,” Academia 3, no. 7 (2004): 20–23.
22. R. Schild and F. Wendorf, “Forty Years of the Combined Prehistoric Expedition,” Archaeologia Polona 40 (2002): 18.
23. J. L. Wright, Libya, Chad and the Central Sahara (London: Hurst and Co., 1989), 22. See also R. F. Peel, “The Tibu Peoples and the Libyan Desert,” Geographical Journal 100, no. 2 (August 1942), 73–87.
24. Ahmed Hassanein, “Crossing the Untraversered Libyan Desert,” National Geographic Magazine, vol. XLVI, no. 3, September 1924.
25. Wright, Libya, Chad and the Central Sahara, 22; Peel, “The Tibu Peoples and the Libyan Desert,” 73–87.
26. G. Wilkinson, Topography of Thebes and General View of Egypt (London: John Murray Publishers, 1835), 358–59.
27. W. J. Harding King , Mysteries of the Libyan Desert (London: Century, 1925), 145.
28. www.carlo-bergmann.de/Discoveries/discovery.htm Accessed August 10, 2010.
29. www.carlo-bergmann.de/ex2004-5/expedition2004-5-2.htm.
For more on the issue of “Mefat” see: C. Bergmann and Kl. P. Kuhlmann, “Die Expedition des Cheops,” GEO Special 5, 2001, pp. 120–27; Kl. P. Kuhlmann, “The ‘Oasis Bypath’ or The Issue of Desert Trade in Pharaonic Times,” in T. Lenssen-Erz, U. Tegtmeier, St. Kröpelin et al. (eds.), Tides of the Desert. Contributions to the Archaeology and Environmental History of Africa in Honour of Rudolf Kuper. Köln, 2002, pp. 133–38. Also R. Kuper and Fr. Forster, “Khufu’s ‘mefat’ expeditions into the Libyan Desert,” Egyptian Archaeology 23, 2003, pp. 25–28.
30. Ibid.
31. Mark Lehner, The Complete Pyramids (London: Thames and Hudson, 1997), 120.
32. Stefan Kropelin, and Rudolph Kuper, “More Corridors to Africa,” Cripel 26 (2006–2007), 219–29.
33. G. Burkhard, “Inscriptions in the Dakhla Region,” Sahara 9 (1997), 152–53.
34. Zahi Hawass and Lyla Pich Brock, Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: History, Religion (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2004), 374.
35. Richard A. Bermann, “Historic Problems of the Libyan Desert,” Geographical Journal 83, no. 6 (June 1934): 456–63.
36. Ibid.
37. Frank Förster, “With Donkeys, Jars and Water Bags into the Libyan Desert: The Abu Ballas Trail in the Late Old Kingdom/First Intermediate Period,” British Museum SAES 7 (September 2007): 7.
38. Stefan Kropelin and Rudolph Kuper, “More Corridors to Africa,” 220.
39. Joseph Clayton, Aloisia De Trafford, and Mark Borda, “A Hieroglyphic Inscription Found at Jebel Uweinat Mentioning Yam and Tekhebet,” Sahara 19 (2008).
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part 1, 351, and Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary (Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, 1978), 1050a.
43. Charles Kuentz, Bulletin de L’Institut Francais d’Archeologie Orientale 17 1(920): 121–90.
44. Ibid., 137. See also A. Weidemann, Recuil de Travaux, tome XVII, 4, note 1.
45. K. P. Kuhlmann, “The Oasis Bypath or the Issue of Desert Trade in Pharaonic Times,” in Tilman Lenssen-Erz, Ursula Tegtmeier, a
nd Stefan Kröpelin, Gezeiten der Wüste (Köln: Heinrich Barth Institut, 2001), 141–42.
46. www.carlo-bergmann.de Result of Winter 2007/08 Expedition, Advance Report.
47. Ibid.
CHAPTER 3. STONEHENGE IN THE SAHARA
1. J. F. McCauley, G. G. Schaber, C. S. Breed, et al., “Subsurface Valleys and Geoarcheology of the Eastern Sahara Revealed by Shuttle Radar,” Science 218, no. 4576 (December 3, 1982): 1004–1020.
2. Vivien Gornitz, Springerlink Online Service, Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2009).
3. Fred Wendorf and Romuald Schild, Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, vol. 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 2001).
4. The Fezzan Project: Geoarchaeology of the Sahara, www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~e118/Fezzan/fezzan_home.html. Accessed April 16, 2007.
5. P. B. DeMenocal, J. Ortiz, T. Guilderson, J. Adkins, M.Sarnthein, L. Baker, and M. Yarusinski, “Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period: Rapid Climate Response to Gradual Insolation Forcing. Quaternary Science Review 19 (2000), 347–61.
6. Milutin Milankovitch, Théorie Mathématique des Phénomènes Thermiques produits par la Radiation Solaire (Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1920).
7. Details of this calculation are referenced in, for example, Thomas Brophy, The Origin Map: Discovery of a Prehistoric Megalithic Astrophysical Map of the Universe (Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse, September 20, 2002).
8. Ibid.
9. DeMenocal, Ortiz, Guilderson, et al., “Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period: Rapid Climate Response to Gradual Insolation Forcing,” 347–61.
10. P. B. DeMenocal, “Cultural Responses to Climate Change during the Late Holocene,” Science 292 (2001): 667–73.
11. History Channel documentary: How the Earth Was Made: Sahara, December 15, 1999.
12. Qur’an, trans. M. H. Shakir (Elmhurst, N.Y.: Tahrike Tarsile Qur’an Inc., 1983).
13. G. I. Gurdjieff, All and Everything: Meetings with Remarkable Men (New York: E. P. Dutton and Co. Inc., 1963.
14. CNN, April 2, 1998.
15. J. McKim Malville, Fred Wendorf, Ali A. Mazar, et al., “Megaliths and Neolithic Astronomy in Southern Egypt,” Nature 392 (April 1998): 488–91.
16. Alex Applegate and Nieves Zedeño, Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, vol. 1 (New York: Plenum, 2001), 463–67.
17. Malville, Wendorf, Mazar, et al., “Megaliths and Neolithic Astronomy in Southern Egypt,” 490.
18. A. F. Aveni, “Tropical Archaeoastronomy,” Science 243 (1981): 161–71.
19. Malville, Wendorf, Mazar, et al., “Megaliths and Neolithic Astronomy in Southern Egypt,” 490.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Fred Wendorf and Romuald Schild, eds., Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, vol. 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 2001).
24. Ibid.
25. Thomas Brophy and Paul Rosen, “Satellite Imagery Measures of the Astronomically Aligned Megaliths at Nabta Playa,” Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 5, no. 1 (2005): 15–24.
26. Wendorf and Schild, Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, vol. 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa.
27. Brophy and Rosen, “Satellite Imagery Measures of the Astronomically Aligned Megaliths at Nabta Playa.”
28. J. M. Malville, R. Schild, F. Wendorf, and J. Brenmer, “Astronomy of Nabta Playa,” African Skies/Cieus Africains, no. 11 (July 2007).
29. Brophy and Rosen, “Satellite Imagery Measures of the Astronomically Aligned Megaliths at Nabta Playa.”
30. Wendorf and Schild, Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, vol. 1, introduction to the chapter “The Megalithic Alignments,” 489.
31. Brophy and Rosen, “Satellite Imagery Measures of the Astronomically Aligned Megaliths at Nabta Playa.”
32. Wendorf and Schild, Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, vol. 1, “The Megalith Alignments” by Wendorf and Malville. In the chapter Wendorf writes, “There are two parts to this chapter. The first, by Wendorf, describes the megaliths and the other unusual features that may be related to the megalith phenomena. The second, by Malville, documents the relationships of the alignments with the positions of several stars . . .” So comments from the latter part of that chapter are referenced “by Malville” and the introduction to that chapter is “by Wendorf.”
33. Ibid.
CHAPTER 4. SIRIUS RISING
1. David S. McKay, et al., “Search for Past Life on Mars: Possible Relic Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH84001,” Science magazine (August 16, 1996).
2. Wendorf and Schild, Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, vol. 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, 489.
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_ Justus_Scaliger. Accessed January 2010.
4. Ibid.
5. Related, though not identical, planetary dynamics calculations were employed in T. G. Brophy, L. W. Esposito, G. R. Stewart, et al., “Numerical Simulation of Satellite-ring Interactions: Resonances and Satellite-ring Torques,” Icarus 100 (1992): 412–33.
6. From A. L. Berger, “Obliquity and Precession for the Last 5,000,000 Years, Astronomy & Astrophysics 51 (1976): 127–35.
7. We thank professional animator and producer Chance Gardner for producing these animated graphics.
8. Annual Meeting of the American Astronomical Society, Historical Astronomy Division, January 5, 2004, Atlanta, Georgia.
9. International Conference on the Archaeology of World Megalithic Cultures, University of Rhodes, Greece, October 28, 2004.
10. Brophy and Rosen, “Satellite Imagery Measured of the Astronomically Aligned Megaliths at Nabta Playa,” Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 5, no. 1 (June 2005): 15–24.
11. J. M. Malville, R. Schild, F. Wendorf, and J. Brenmer, “Astronomy of Nabta Playa,” African Skies/Cieus Africains, no. 11 (July 2007).
12. See chart in Brophy and Rosen, “Satellite Imagery Measured of the Astronomically Aligned Megaliths at Nabta Playa.”
13. J. M. Malville, R. Schild, F. Wendorf, and J. Brenmer, “Astronomy of Nabta Playa.”
14. Thomas Brophy, The Origin Map: Discovery of a Prehistoric Megalithic Astrophysical Map of the Universe (Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse, September 20, 2002).
15. E. C. Krupp, Echoes of the Ancient Skies (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 26.16. We published a photo of them in Brophy and Rosen, “Satellite Imagery Measured of the Astronomically Aligned Megaliths at Nabta Playa.”
16. Wendorf and Schild, et al., Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, vol. 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, 510.
17. Ibid.
18. See, for instance, G. De Santillana, and H. von Dechend, Hamlet’s Mill (Boston: Gambit Inc., 1969).
19. Discovery Channel documentary: Egypt Uncovered: Chaos and Kings, 1998.
20. Wendorf and Schild, et al., Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, vol. 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, 510.
21. Ibid.
22. Brophy and Rosen, “Satellite Imagery Measured of the Astronomically Aligned Megaliths at Nabta Playa.”
23. J. M. Malville, R. Schild, F. Wendorf, and J. Brenmer, “Astronomy of Nabta Playa,” African Skies/Cieus Africains, no. 11 (July 2007).
24. Ibid.
25. Wendorf and Schild, et al., Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, vol. 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, 495.
26. F. Wendorf, A. E. Close, and R. Schild. “Megaliths in the Egyptian Sahara,” Sahara 5 (1992–1993): 7–16.
27. For example, P. A. Rosen, T. Brophy, and M. Shimada, “Satellite Observations of Archaeoastronomical Structures at Nabta Play, Egypt,” proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Boston Massachusetts, 2008.
28. R. A. Bagnold, The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes (London: Methuen, 1941).
29. R. A. Bagnold, “J
ourneys in the Libyan Desert 1929 and 1930,” Geographical Journal 78, no. 1 (July 1931).
30. J. McKim Malville, Romuald Schild, Fred Wendorf, et al., “Astronomy of Nabta Playa,” in J. Holbrook et. al., eds., African Cultural Astronomy—Current Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy Research in Africa (New York: Springer, 2008), 133.
31. See, for example, Rosen, Brophy, and Shimada, “Satellite Observations of Archaeoastronomical Structures at Nabta Play, Egypt.”
32. Ibid.
33. Fliegel Jezerniczky Expeditions website (6 Jan 2009): www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/2160254/posts.
CHAPTER 5. THE BIBLE, THE HAMITES, AND THE BLACK MEN
1. Jailan Zayan, Egypt—Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs and Culture (London: Kuperard, 2007), 60.
2. A description of this view can be found in a letter published in the American Journal of Human Biology 13 (2001): 569–75 referencing S. O. Y. Keita, and A. J. Boyce, Race: Confusion about Zoological and Social Taxonomies, and Their Places in Science (Chicago and Oxford, England: Field Museum and Institute of Biological Anthropology, Oxford University).
3. Peter Rigby, African Images (Oxford, England: Berg Publishers, 1996), 68.
4. C. G. Seligman. Races of Africa (London: T. Butterworth, 1930).
5. Ibid., 96.
6. Henri Frankfort, Kingship and the Gods (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 16.
7. Ibid., 163.
8. Ibid., 70.
9. Martin Bernal, Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization, vols. 1, 2, and 3 (Piscataway, N.J.: Rutgers University Press 1987).
10. See Clarence Walker, We Can’t Go Home Again: An Argument about Afrocentrism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
11. Ibid. Also see www.egyptsearch.com/forum/HTML/001646.html.
12. Rebecca L. Cann, Mark Stoneking, and Allan C. Wilson, “Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution,” Nature 325 (1987): 31–36.
13. Michael Deacon, “Interview with Alice Roberts: The Incredible Human Journey,” Daily Telegraph, May 5, 2009.
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