48. “List of Articles for the Legation to China,” April 11, 1843, in Shewmaker, Papers of Daniel Webster, pp. 907–10.
49. Donahue, “The Caleb Cushing Mission,” pp. 202–16.
50. “China: The High Commissioner’s Second Letter to the Queen of England,” Times, June 11, 1840.
51. This is the “common view” (shi su) as described by Wei Yuan in Yi sou ru kou ji (Taipei: Guangwen shuju, 1974, duplicate of undated manuscript), p. 33.
52. Wei Yuan, Yi sou ru kou ji, pp. 6 and 31.
53. Ibid., p. 32.
54. Ibid., p. 33.
55. Zhu Weizheng, Rereading Modern Chinese History, trans. Michael Dillon (Boston: Brill, 2015), p. 171.
56. John K. Fairbank, “The Legalization of the Opium Trade before the Treaties of 1858,” Chinese Social and Political Science Review 17, no. 2 (July 1933): 215–63, see pp. 222–24.
57. “Tabular View of the Quantity of Opium Exported from Bengal and Bombay,” North-China Herald, November 3, 1855.
58. Amar Farooqui, Opium City: The Making of Early Victorian Bombay (Gurgaon, India: Three Essays Collective, 2006), p. 39; J. Y. Wong, “British Annexation of Sind in 1843: An Economic Perspective,” Modern Asian Studies 31, no. 2 (May 1997): 225–44.
59. Table in Wong, “British Annexation of Sind,” p. 240.
60. Fairbank, “The Legalization of the Opium Trade,” pp. 230–33.
61. George Thomas Staunton, Memoirs of the Chief Incidents of the Public Life of Sir George Thomas Staunton, Bart., printed for private circulation (London: L. Booth, 1856), p. 93.
62. Edward Le Fevour, Western Enterprise in Late Ch’ing China: A Selective Survey of Jardine, Matheson and Company’s Operations, 1842–1895 (Cambridge, MA: East Asia Research Center, Harvard University, 1968), p. 25.
63. Lin Man-houng, “Late Qing Perceptions of Native Opium,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 64, no. 1 (June 2004): 117–44, see p. 120.
CODA Houqua and Forbes
1. John L. Larson, Bonds of Enterprise: John Murray Forbes and Western Development in America’s Railway Age (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Graduate School of Business Administration, 1984), p. 22.
2. John Murray Forbes, Letters and Recollections of John Murray Forbes, ed. Sarah Forbes Hughes (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1899), vol. 1, pp. 101, 118–19.
3. Larson, Bonds of Enterprise, pp. 21–24; Forbes, Letters and Recollections, vol. 1, pp. 105–6, 120.
4. John D. Wong, “Global Positioning: Houqua and his China Trade Partners in the Nineteenth Century” (Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 2012), pp. 262–66.
5. Elma Loines, “Houqua, Sometime Chief of the Co-Hong at Canton (1769–1843),” Essex Institute Historical Collections 89, no. 2 (April 1953): 99–108, see p. 106.
6. Figure of $2 million: Houqua to Plowden, April 2, 1843, in Letterbook of Houqua (1840–1843), Massachusetts Historical Society.
7. John Murray Forbes to Houqua, August 5, 1843, in Letters (supplementary) of John Murray Forbes, ed. Sarah Forbes Hughes (Boston: George H. Ellis, 1905), vol. 1, pp. 45–47 (changing “Co Hong” to “Hong system”).
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