38. Poiret, King of Fashion, 76.
39. Poiret, King of Fashion, 93.
40. Consecration of Sacré-Coeur, initially scheduled for October 1914 but delayed by the war, took place in October 1919.
41. McManners, Church and State in France, 141.
42. Mugnier, 6 September 1905, in Journal, 155.
8 La Valse (1906)
Selected sources for this chapter: Ravel, Ravel Reader; Orenstein, Ravel; Gold and Fizdale, Misia; Proust, Selected Letters, vol. 2; Kurth, Isadora; Isadora Duncan, My Life; Steegmuller, “Your Isadora”; Martin Shaw, Up to Now (London: Oxford University Press, 1929); Kathleen Scott, Self-Portrait of an Artist: From the Diaries and Memoirs of Lady Kennet, Kathleen, Lady Scott (London: Murray, 1949); Olivier, Loving Picasso; Olivier, Picasso and His Friends; Richardson, Life of Picasso: The Prodigy; Louis Laloy, La musique retrouvée, 1902–1927 (Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1974); François Lesure, “‘L’Affaire’ Debussy-Ravel,” in Festschrift Friedrich Blume zum 70. Geburtstag, ed. Anna Amalie Abert and Wilhelm Pfannkuch, 231–34 (Kassel, Germany: Bärenreiter, 1963); Nichols, Life of Debussy; Debussy, Debussy Letters; Brown, Zola; Josephson, Zola and His Time; Watson, Georges Clemenceau; Mayeur and Rebérioux, Third Republic from Its Origins to the Great War; Michel Winock, La Belle Epoque: La France de 1900 à 1914 (Paris: Perrin, 2003); McManners, Church and State in France; McAuliffe, Dawn of the Belle Epoque; Mugnier, Journal; Michael Burns, Dreyfus: A Family Affair, 1789–1945 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991); Bredin, The Affair; Georges Journas, Alfred Dreyfus, officier en 14–18: Souvenirs, lettres, et carnet de guerre (Orléans, France: Regain de lecture, 2011); Butler, Rodin; Champigneulle, Rodin; von Nostitz, Dialogues with Rodin; Gertrude Stein, Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas; Leo Stein, Appreciation; Brinnin, Third Rose; Wineapple, Sister Brother; Matisse, Matisse on Art; Spurling, Unknown Matisse; Flanner, Men and Monuments; Lacouture, De Gaulle: The Rebel; Williams, Last Great Frenchman; Justin D. Murphy, Military Aircraft, Origins to 1918 (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC CLIO, 2005); Voisin, Men, Women, and 10,000 Kites; Guillermo de Osma, Mariano Fortuny: His Life and Work (New York: Rizzoli, 1980); Proust, Selected Letters, vol. 3; Quinn, Marie Curie; Eve Curie, Madame Curie.
1. Ravel to Jean Marnold, 7 February 1906, in Ravel Reader, 80.
2. Ravel to Misia Edwards, 19 July 1906, in Ravel Reader, 83.
3. Proust to Reynaldo Hahn, [second half of August 1907], in Proust, Selected Letters, 2:324.
4. Martin Shaw, Up to Now, 59–60.
5. Isadora Duncan, My Life, 170.
6. Duncan to Craig, in Steegmuller, “Your Isadora,” 128–29.
7. See Isadora Duncan, My Life, for her unforgettable account of the birth. “I suppose that, perhaps with the exception of being pinned underneath a railway train,” she wrote, “nothing could possibly resemble what I suffered” (My Life, 171). Her companion, Kathleen Bruce Scott, later wrote that “the cries and sights of a slaughter-house could not be more terrible” (Self-Portrait of an Artist, 64).
8. Scott, Self-Portrait of an Artist, 60–61. Kathleen Bruce later married the Antarctic explorer Captain Robert Scott, and upon his death was granted the rank of Lady Scott. When her second husband, Edward Hilton Young, was made Baron Kennet, she became Lady Kennet.
9. Duncan to Craig, in Steegmuller, “Your Isadora,” 142.
10. Scott, Self-Portrait of an Artist, 63.
11. Kurth, Isadora, 198.
12. Olivier, Loving Picasso, 170.
13. Olivier, Loving Picasso, 137, 139.
14. Olivier, Loving Picasso, 141.
15. Olivier, Loving Picasso, 154.
16. Picasso appears to have smoked opium from around 1904 to mid-1908 (Richardson, Picasso: The Prodigy, 312, 324–25).
17. Olivier, Loving Picasso, 174.
18. Olivier, Loving Picasso, 178.
19. Lalo quoted in Ravel, Ravel Reader, 79n1.
20. Ravel to Pierre Lalo, 5 February 1906, in Ravel Reader, 79.
21. Marnold quoted in Ravel, Ravel Reader, 81n1.
22. Orenstein, Ravel, 51. See also 51n11.
23. Claude Debussy to Louis Laloy, 8 March 1907, in Ravel, Ravel Reader, 87.
24. Lalo quoted in Ravel, Ravel Reader, 89n2.
25. Ravel to the editor of Le Temps, late March [printed in Le Temps on 9 April 1907], in Ravel Reader, 88–89.
26. Lalo quoted in Ravel, Ravel Reader, 89n3. In this article Lalo quoted part of Ravel’s 5 February 1906 letter to him (see above), in which Ravel had compared Jeux d’eau favorably with Debussy’s early piano works.
27. Laloy, La musique retrouvée, 166–67.
28. Ravel, “Regarding Claude Debussy’s Images,” reprinted from Les Cahiers d’aujourd’hui (February 1913), in Ravel Reader, 367–68.
29. Debussy to Louis Laloy, 10 March 1906, in Debussy Letters, 167.
30. Debussy to Raoul Bardac, 24 and 25 February 1906, in Debussy Letters, 166.
31. See McAuliffe, Dawn of the Belle Epoque, 172–73.
32. Mugnier, 1 and 2 February 1906, in Journal, 157–58.
33. Burns, Dreyfus, 313–14.
34. Among these, Abbé Mugnier wrote: “It is the reparation of a huge judicial error” (14 July 1906, in Journal, 160), while Marcel Proust read the newspaper accounts of the ceremony with “tears in [his] eyes” (Proust to Madame Straus, 21 July 1906, in Proust, Selected Letters, 2:222).
35. Butler, Rodin, 390.
36. Butler, Rodin, 378.
37. It is now in the gardens of the Musée Rodin.
38. Helene von Nostitz, Dialogues with Rodin, 62. He also wrote her: “I am tired and yet I cannot withdraw from the burden which I carry” (72).
39. See Richardson, Life of Picasso: The Prodigy, 413.
40. Leo Stein, Appreciation, 171.
41. Gertrude Stein, Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 53.
42. Richardson, Life of Picasso: The Prodigy, 417.
43. Leo Stein, Appreciation, 174.
44. Gertrude Stein, Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 53, 57. Picasso made her a gift of the work, which now hangs in New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art.
45. Gertrude Stein, Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 63.
46. Gertrude Stein, Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 64.
47. Wineapple, Sister Brother, 234, 269.
48. Gertrude Stein, Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 50.
49. Lacouture, De Gaulle: The Rebel, 9.
50. See chapter 2, note 30, for Gabriel Voisin’s argument on behalf of Clément Ader.
51. In early 1916 Proust asked a female friend, “Do you know . . . whether for his dressing-gowns Fortuny ever used as motifs those coupled birds . . . which are so recurrent on the Byzantine capitals in St. Mark’s. And do you also know whether there are pictures in Venice . . . showing cloaks or dresses from which Fortuny drew (or might have drawn) inspiration” (Proust to Madame de Madrazo, 6 February 1916, in Proust, Selected Letters, 3:335).
52. Isadora Duncan, My Life, 181.
53. Duncan to Craig, 19 December [1906], in Steegmuller, “Your Isadora,” 168.
54. Isadora Duncan, My Life, 181.
55. Quinn, Marie Curie, 219.
56. Quinn, Marie Curie, 231.
57. Marie [Curie] to Bronya, 1899, in Eve Curie, Madame Curie, 172.
58. Quinn, Marie Curie, 231.
9 Winds of Change (1907)
Selected sources for this chapter: Scheijen, Diaghilev; Hilary Spurling, Matisse the Master, A Life of Henri Matisse: The Conquest of Colour, 1909–1954 (New York: Knopf, 2007); Debussy, Debussy Letters; Lockspeiser, Debussy, vol. 2; Nichols, Life of Debussy; Carter, Marcel Proust; Proust, Selected Letters, vol. 2; Monet, Monet by Himself; Wildenstein, Monet, or the Triumph of Impressionism, vol. 1; Mayeur and Rebérioux, Third Republic from Its Origins to the Great War; Matisse, Mati
sse on Art; Barr, Matisse; Spurling, Unknown Matisse; Richardson, Life of Picasso: The Prodigy; John Richardson, A Life of Picasso: The Cubist Rebel, 1907–1916 (New York: Knopf, 2012); Olivier, Loving Picasso; Olivier, Picasso and His Friends; Flanner, Men and Monuments; Danchev, Georges Braque; Pierre Assouline, An Artful Life: A Biography of D. H. Kahnweiler, 1884–1979, trans. Charles Ruas (New York: G. Weidenfeld, 1990); Gertrude Stein, Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas; Leo Stein, Appreciation; Wineapple, Sister Brother; Brinnin, Third Rose; Meryle Secrest, Modigliani: A Life (New York: Knopf, 2011); Orledge, Satie Remembered; Butler, Rodin; Kurth, Isadora; Isadora Duncan, My Life; Steegmuller, “Your Isadora”; Quinn, Marie Curie; Eve Curie, Madame Curie; Mugnier, Journal; Reynolds, André Citroën; Rhodes, Louis Renault; Jules Bertaut, Paris, 1870–1935, trans. R. Millar, ed. John Bell (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1936); Brandon, Ugly Beauty; Cocteau, Souvenir Portraits; Steele, Paris Fashion; Osma, Mariano Fortuny; Poiret, King of Fashion; Barillé, Coty; Kessler, Journey to the Abyss; Murphy, Military Aircraft; Voisin, Men, Women and 10,000 Kites.
1. According to the London impresario Charles B. Cochran, quoted in Spurling, Matisse the Master, 229.
2. Scheijen, Diaghilev, 122.
3. Diaghilev to Benois, 1897, in Scheijen, Diaghilev, 80. Although Diaghilev also wrote: “If I should fail at all—O then the wounds will reopen and everything will be set down against me” (80).
4. Diaghilev to Benois, 16 October 1905, in Scheijen, Diaghilev, 137.
5. Scheijen, Diaghilev, 159.
6. Debussy to Sylvain Dupuis, 8 January 1907; Debussy to Jacques Durand, 7 January 1907; Debussy to Louis Laloy, 23 January 1907; all in Debussy Letters, 174–76.
7. See chapter 8.
8. Proust to Lucien Daudet, early February 1907, Proust, Selected Letters, 2:252.
9. Anna de Noailles to Proust, 18 June 1907, Proust, Selected Letters, 2:293n1. She had referred to a review by Proust that included this passage.
10. Monet to Gustav Geffroy, 8 February 1907, in Monet, Monet by Himself, 197. Olympia was transferred to the Louvre, where it hung in the Salle des Etats opposite Ingres’ Odalisque. It now hangs, with other treasures of Impressionist art, in the Musée d’Orsay.
11. Wildenstein, Monet, or the Triumph of Impressionism, 1:353. During the 1890s, only three thousand people in France had incomes of more than a hundred thousand francs (Mayeur and Rebérioux, Third Republic from Its Origins to the Great War, 68).
12. From introduction to “Notes of a Painter,” in Matisse on Art, ed. Flam, 32.
13. Barr, Matisse, 38.
14. The painting would not acquire the name Les Demoiselles d’Avignon until 1916, when Picasso finally allowed the painting to be shown in public. Much to Picasso’s annoyance, André Salmon, who organized the 1916 show, substituted “demoiselles” (“damsels”) as a euphemism for “bordel” or “brothel” (Richardson, Life of Picasso: The Cubist Rebel, 18–19).
15. Leo Stein, Appreciation, 175. See also Richardson, Picasso: The Cubist Rebel, 45.
16. Flanner, Men and Monuments, 134. Similar reports of Braque’s response came from Fernande Olivier, André Salmon, and D. H. Kahnweiler (Danchev, Georges Braque, 52).
17. Assouline, Artful Life, 49.
18. John Richardson thinks this event, recalled by Fernande Olivier, was unlikely to have happened: “Apart from the unlikelihood of Matisse’s promoting the sale of paintings he had condemned by a rival he resented to a patron he wanted to keep to himself, there is no evidence that Shchukin was in Paris at this time, or that he began buying Picassos until 1909.” If it did happen, Richardson adds, it would have been at an earlier date, when “far from acquiring any Picassos, Shchukin was predictably horrified by what he saw, as Matisse doubtless hoped he would be” (Life of Picasso: The Cubist Rebel, 106).
19. Spurling, Unknown Matisse, 346.
20. Gertrude Stein, Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 68.
21. Gertrude Stein, Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 56.
22. Wineapple, Sister Brother, 212.
23. Matisse, Matisse on Art, 42.
24. Gertrude Stein, Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, 58.
25. Rodin worked in clay, not directly in stone.
26. Secrest, Modigliani, 129.
27. Kurth, Isadora, 213.
28. Duncan to Craig, [January 1907], in Steegmuller, “Your Isadora,” 185.
29. Isadora Duncan, My Life, 183.
30. Duncan to Craig, [September 1907], in Steegmuller, “Your Isadora,” 261.
31. Duncan to Craig, [5 September 1907], in Steegmuller, “Your Isadora,” 259n1.
32. Duncan to Craig, [November 1907], in Steegmuller, “Your Isadora,” 272.
33. Quinn, Marie Curie, 240.
34. Quinn, Marie Curie, 235.
35. That year, Andrew Carnegie bestowed a series of annual scholarships that made it possible for her to bring some novice assistants to the laboratory. According to Eve Curie, “They joined the assistants paid by the university and some benevolent volunteer workers” (Madame Curie, 275).
36. Quinn, Marie Curie, 243. She would be promoted to the titular professorship in 1908 (Eve Curie, Madame Curie, 274–75).
37. Eve Curie, Madame Curie, 275.
38. Mugnier, 17 June 1907, in Journal, 167.
39. Rhodes, Louis Renault, 41, 42, 48.
40. According to Jules Bertaut, “The first autobus plied between the Bourse and the Cours de la Reine on December 8th 1905, and the first regular service, Montmartre–St. Germain-des-Prés, dates from June 1906” (Bertaut, Paris, 1870–1935, 210).
41. Rhodes, Louis Renault, 50.
42. Rhodes, Louis Renault, 55.
43. Cocteau, Souvenir Portraits, 65, 67.
44. Poiret, King of Fashion, 76.
45. Kessler, 26 November 1907, in Journey to the Abyss, 429.
46. Voisin, Men, Women and 10,000 Kites, 143.
47. Kessler, 8 July 1907, in Journey to the Abyss, 419.
10 Unfinished Business (1908)
Selected sources for this chapter: Brown, Zola; Josephson, Zola and His Time; Burns, Dreyfus; Debussy, Debussy Letters; Nichols, Life of Debussy; Ravel, Ravel Reader; Orenstein, Ravel; Scheijen, Diaghilev; Gold and Fizdale, Misia; Sert, Misia and the Muses; Spurling, Unknown Matisse; Barr, Matisse; Flanner, Men and Monuments; Butler, Rodin; Champigneulle, Rodin; Proust, Selected Letters, vols. 1 and 2; Carter, Marcel Proust; William C. Carter, The Proustian Quest (New York: New York University Press, 1992); Marcel Proust, Swann’s Way (Vol. 1, In Search of Lost Time), trans. Lydia Davis (New York: Viking, 2003); Marcel Proust, Sodom and Gomorrah (Vol. 4, In Search of Lost Time), trans. John Sturrock (New York: Viking, 2002); P. F. Prestwich, The Translation of Memories: Recollections of the Young Proust (London: Peter Owen, 1999); Jane Bennett and William Connolly, “The Crumpled Handkerchief,” in Time and History in Deleuze and Serres, ed. Bernd Herzogenrath (New York: Continuum, 2012); Frank Arntzenius, Space, Time, and Stuff (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012); Sara Danius, The Senses of Modernism: Technology, Perception, and Aesthetics (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2002); Kessler, Journey to the Abyss; Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith, The Rebirth of European Aviation, 1902–1908: A Study of the Wright Brothers’ Influence (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1974); Voisin, Men, Women, and 10,000 Kites; Murphy, Military Aircraft; Harp, Marketing Michelin; Donnet, La saga Michelin; Berton and Ossadzow, Fulgence Bienvenüe; Gérard Roland, Stations de metro, d’Abbesses à Wagram (Clermont-Ferrand, France: Christine Bonneton, 2008); Descouturelle, Mignard, and Rodriguez, Le Métropolitain d’Hector Guimard; Brandon, Ugly Beauty; Barillé, Coty; Gertrude Stein, Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas; Wineapple, Sister Brother; Richardson, Life of Picasso: The Cubist Rebel; Roger Shattuck, The Banquet Years: The Origins of the Avant Garde in France, 1885 to World War I; Alfred Jarry, Henri Rousseau, Erik Satie, Gui
llaume Apollinaire (New York: Vintage, 1968); Olivier, Picasso and His Friends; Watson, Georges Clemenceau; Mayeur and Rebérioux, Third Republic from Its Origins to the Great War; Lenard R. Berlanstein, The Working People of Paris, 1871–1914 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984); John M. Merriman, The Dynamite Club: How a Bombing in Fin-de-Siècle Paris Ignited the Age of Modern Terror (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009); Winock, La Belle Epoque; Timothy Shaw, World of Escoffier; Peter M. Wolf, Eugène Hénard and the Beginning of Urbanism in Paris, 1900–1914 (The Hague: International Federation for Housing and Planning; Paris, Centre de recherche d’urbanisme, 1968); Mugnier, Journal; Lacouture, De Gaulle: The Rebel.
1. Josephson, Zola and His Time, 517.
2. This defense won him an acquittal, thanks to the jury’s decision that it had been a crime of passion committed in devotion to France.
3. See Debussy to Louis Laloy, 10 September 1906, in Debussy Letters, 173.
4. Debussy to Victor Segalen, 15 January 1908, in Debussy Letters, 186.
5. Debussy to Paul-Jean Toulet, 22 January 1908, in Debussy Letters, 187.
6. Ravel to Ralph Vaughan Williams, 3 March 1908, in Ravel Reader, 93.
7. Ralph Vaughan Williams’s recollections, in Ravel, Ravel Reader, 94n1.
8. Ravel to Ida Godebska, 9 March 1908, in Ravel Reader, 94.
9. Orenstein, Ravel, 58.
10. Ravel to Cipa Godebski, 26 March 1908, in Ravel Reader, 95.
11. Ravel to Ida Godebska, 22 May or 5 June 1908, in Ravel Reader, 96 and 97n5.
12. Barr, Matisse, 118.
13. Butler, Rodin, 457, 469.
14. Butler, Rodin, 458.
15. A la recherche du temps perdu was originally translated into English as Remembrance of Things Past, but recently has been more closely translated as In Search of Lost Time.
16. Proust to Antoine Bibesco, 20 December 1902, in Proust, Selected Letters, 1:284.
17. Carter, Marcel Proust, 358, 362.
18. Proust to Maurice Barrès, 13, 14, or 15 March 1904, in Proust, Selected Letters, 2:33–34.
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