The Role of Images in Astronomical Discovery
Page 41
astrometry, 63
The Carnegie Atlas of Galaxies, 242
Astronomical International Union, 195
The Color Atlas of Galaxies, 243
atlases of galaxies, 65, 188–189
The de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxies, 242, 243
A Revised Shapley–Ames Catalog of Bright
The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies, 241
Galaxies, 218–219
atlases, scientiic, x, 3
An Atlas of Local Group Galaxies, 255
as reference visual displays, 188–189
An Atlas of Selected Galaxies: With Illustrations of
atlas, origin of the word, 189
Photometric Analyses, 221
of anatomy, 38
270
© in this web service Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-1-108-41701-3 — Unveiling Galaxies
Jean-René Roy
Index
More Information
Index
271
of birds, 35
Carte du ciel, 64, 65, 93
Photographic Atlas of Auroral Forms, 192
Catalogue of One Thousand new Nebulae and
role of, 234
Clusters of Stars, 32
The International Cloud Atlas, 191
Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory, 224
Audubon, John James, 36
Champollion, Jean-François, 162
Chandra X-ray Observatory, 170
Baade, Walter, 115, 131–134, 145, 204, 208, 211,
Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan, 170
228
charge-coupled devices (CCDs), 86, 135, 168, 227,
on Shapley’s work, 124
229, 230, 250, 254
Babcock, Harold Delos, 173
Chéseaux, Jean-Philippe de, 22
Babcock, Horace Welcome, 173
Chrétien, Henri, 84
rotational curve of Andromeda, 179
Christensen, Lars L., 255
Bacon, Francis, 227, 252
cinematograph, 62
Baldwin, Mary, 32
circumnuclear ring, 145
Barnard, Edward Emerson, 136
citizen science, 231
baryonic matter, 175
Zooites, 245
Bayer, Johannes, 39
classiication of objects
Bean, Alan, 34, 61
in astronomy, 189
Bedke, John
clusters of galaxies, 10, 178, 254
Atlas of Galaxies Useful for Measuring the
Coma, 171, 180
Cosmological Distance Scale, 222
X-ray emission from, 179
The Carnegie Atlas of Galaxies, 227–228
gravitational lensing, 183
Bender, Ralf, 240
origin of concept, 176
Berra,Yogi,7
superclusters of galaxies, 102
Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm, 30
Virgo, 26, 177, 222, 237, 248
biasing, 97–98
X-ray emission from, 170
Birr Castle, 4, 44, 61, 75, 81, 83, 111, 141, 176, 193
Combes, Françoise, 237
operation mode, 53
comets, 22, 25, 42, 44, 109
photography and spectroscopy at, 55
Common, Andrew Ainslie, 63, 72, 73, 193
black-body radiation, 101, 158
Commonwealth Observatory, 199, 206
black holes, 146, 165, 170, 245
constellations, 3
Blakeley, Doris, 133
Canes Venatici, 4, 50
bolometer, 168
Cassiopeia 154
Bonaventura, Francesco, 170
Cepheus, 117
Bond, George Phillips, 33, 60, 63, 112
Cetus, 164
irst photometric measurements from photographic
Coma Berenices, 26
plates, 63
Cygnus, 154
observing Messier, 4, 48
Sagittarius, 108, 153
Bond, William Cranch, 33, 48, 63
Scorpio, 108
Book of the Constellations of the Fixed Stars,21
Construction of the Heavens,26
Brahe, Tycho, 21, 39
Cook, James, 35
Brashear, John A., 84
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 5
Braun, Karl Ferdinand, 153
corona, solar, 41
bremsstrahlung, 169, 171
correlators, 161, 163
Brussels Uccle Observatory, 64
Corwin, Harold G. Jr., 229
bulge, 237
cosmic ilaments, 178
Bunsen, Robert, 20
cosmic microwave background, 101
Buta, Ronald
cosmic rays, 137
commenting on The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies, 208
Crick, Francis, 11
galaxies in the infrared, 256
Crossley, Edward, 72
The de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxies, 228
Crowborough Observatory (Isaac Roberts), 68, 70
Byzantium, 2
Curtis, Heber Doust, 4, 5, 48, 73, 93, 97, 107–108,
121, 145, 198
California Institute of Technology, 86, 211
inding “novae” in galaxies, 82, 116
Canadian Astronomy Data Centre, 251
on categories of “nebulae”, 190
Cape Photographic Durchmusterung, 64
on dark lanes, 136
Carrington, Richard, 41
on spirals, 194
© in this web service Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-1-108-41701-3 — Unveiling Galaxies
Jean-René Roy
Index
More Information
272
Index
Daguerre, Louis, 62
Faber, Sandra, 237
daguerreotype, 62, 63
Fabricius, Johannes, 40
of the Moon, 63
Fath, Edward Arthur, 164
dark energy, 252
Fermi, Enrico, 137
dark matter, 6, 87, 135, 172, 174–183, 252
Field, Mary, Countess of Rosse, 44
gravitational lensing, 182–183
Foucault, Léon, 77
Darwin, Charles, 20, 35, 36, 38, 107
Fourier analysis, 161–163
de Martin, Davide, 255
applied to images of galaxies, 221
de Vaucouleurs, Antoinette, 205–206, 228
Fourier, Jean-Baptiste Joseph, 162
de Vaucouleurs, Gérard, 190, 191, 198, 199, 204,
Franklin, Rosalind, 11
205–206, 208, 215, 224, 243, 248
Fraunhofer, Joseph von, 113
classiication of galaxies, 199–201
Freedman, Wendy, 238, 242
main contributions to galaxy classiication, 201
Freeman, Kenneth, 181
on irregulars, 197
Freudianism, 107
The de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxies, 228–229
Friedmann, Alexander Alexandrovitch, 125
Descartes, René, 28
creation out of nothing, 127
digital universe, 250–251
Digitized Sky Survey, 65
galaxies
distance scale, extragalactic, 222
as working objects, 244
DNA, discovery of, 11
barred spirals, 75
Doppler effect, 116
formation of, 145–146
double stars, 24, 116
origin of, 245
Draper, Henry, 62, 63, 73
categories of, 141
Draper, John William, 62
cD galaxies, 203
drawing and sketching, 34, 249
central bulge, 145, 197
composite ictions, 36
computer s
imulations of, 147, 238
drive for resolvability, 52
discovery process, 19, 107
in anatomy, 38
distance to Andromeda, 121
in modern astronomy, 86–89
distances to (early determinations), 81,
of “nebulae”, 42–43
117
of Andromeda, 42, 48
dust lanes in, 48, 136
of the Moon, 40
ellipticals, 142, 196, 237
of splashing liquid drops, 60
deinition of ellipticity, 196
of the Sun, 40
dwarf, 146
Dreyer, John Louis Emil, 32
formation of, 142–143, 239
dust, interstellar, 114, 136–139
giant, 203
heating of, 137
locculent, grand design, 219
gas and dust content, 141–142
Earle, Augustus, 35
halo, 145
Eastman Kodak, 86
irregulars, 146, 197, 208, 245
Easton, Conelis, 136
kinematics related to morphology, 191
Eddington, Arthur Stanley, 126, 175
lenticulars, 196, 197, 208, 210, 240,
Einstein, Albert, 124, 152
242
Elmegreen, Bruce Gordon, 219
Magellanic, 196, 208
Elmegreen, Debra Meloy, 219
magnetic ields in, 137
eponymy, 109
main categories, xi
European Southern Observatory, 252
mergers of, 146
Ewen, Harold I., 166
number of, ix
expansion of the universe, 101
number of spirals (early estimate), 73
acceleration of, 129
pea galaxies, 245
discovery of, 124–129
radio galaxies, 165
Exposition du système du monde, 111
resolving stars in, 133
extinction, interstellar, 97, 114, 136
rotational curves, 179–181
reddening, 136
Seyfert types, 164, 207
eye, 60
signiicance of morphology, 204
evolution of, 6
spirals, 142, 194, 196, 237
spectral sensitivity, 151
as a function of redshift, 246
© in this web service Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-1-108-41701-3 — Unveiling Galaxies
Jean-René Roy
Index
More Information
Index
273
formation of, 143–145
general relativity, 125
subclasses, 197
Gentil, Guillaume le, 22
starburst, 142
gentlemanly specialists, 66
galaxies, classiication, 98–100, 188, 189–204
geological maps, 95
a brief history, 192–194
George III, King, 24
comparing schemes of, 246
Giacconi, Riccardo, 170
de Vaucouleurs’ revised system, 199–201
Gill, David, 64
from infrared images, 231
Ginzburgh, Vitaly, 158
Galaxy Morphology and Classiication, 253
globular clusters, 23, 248
Hubble sequence, 196–197
distribution of, 114
Hubble’s use of morphology, 190–191
Omega Centauri, 8
Hubble–Lundmark controversy, 194
Goodricke, John, 117
John Reynolds’ scheme, 194
Gould, John, 36
Kormendy and Bender’s revision, 240
Gould, Stephen Jay, 20
limitations of classiication schemes, 204
“grand amateurs”, 66, 71–72, 111
Morgan–Mayall spectral classiication, 201–203
gravitational lensing, 182–183
morphology as a criterion, 191, 192, 232
“Great Debate”, 107–108, 114
revival of, 245
“an historical romance”, 108
tuning fork, 196, 240
Great Famine, 45
galaxies, individual
Greber, Grote, 159
Andromeda, 21, 48, 63, 69, 70, 75, 83, 108, 109,
Greenstein, Jesse, 155
114, 116, 132, 204
Grubb, Howard, 66, 68
distance to (early determinations), 108
Grubb, Thomas, 66
rotational curve, 179
Grubb–Parsons Telescope Company, 66
spectrum of, 115
Guide to the Birds,36
Hickson compact group, 2
Magellanic Clouds, 21
Haeckel, Ernst, 3, 8, 191, 249
Messier 32, 48, 132
Hale, George Ellery, 71, 76, 77, 84, 173
Messier 33, 21, 53, 124, 204, 224
Halley, Edmund, 22
Messier 51, 4, 10, 50, 88, 143, 204
Harriot, Thomas, 21, 40
Messier 81, 81, 204, 211, 239
Harvard College Observatory, 33, 48, 83, 117–120,
Messier 82, 211, 239
187, 206, 251
Messier 87, 143
female “human computers”, 65
Messier 99, 53
photographic surveys, 65
Messier 101, 53, 81, 204, 214, 224, 256
Herlofson, Nicolai, 158
NGC 147, 133
Herschel, Alexander, 17, 23
NGC 185, 133, 134
Herschel, Caroline, 3, 17–18, 23, 42, 109, 132
NGC 205, 48, 132
searching for comets, 25
NGC 474, 147
Herschel, John, 4, 32, 44, 56, 92, 97, 101, 193
NGC 520, 211, 239
commenting on Earl of Rosse drawing of Messier,
NGC 1068, 196
7, 50
NGC 2403, 81
on the great “nebula” in Andromeda, 32
NGC 2685, 211
Herschel, William, 3, 10, 17, 19, 23–31, 42, 64, 71,
NGC 3115, 176
98, 109, 113, 132, 171, 176, 192
NGC 4449, 196
commenting on Andromeda Nebula and Messier, 7,
NGC 6822, 124
25
Pea Galaxy, 13
discovery of “infrared rays”, 152
Sculptor dwarf, 143
double-star program, 30
galaxies, interacting, 88, 146, 168, 238, 244,
drawings of “nebulae”, 42
254
on the greater Milky Way, 29
galaxies, peculiar, 204, 211–215, 218
on other “milky ways”, 28
Galaxy Zoo Project, 13, 239, 245
on planetary nebulae, 29
GALEX, 229
outline of the Milky Way, 95
Galilei, Galileo, 12, 21, 22, 39, 40, 42, 112
sketches of “nebulae”, 141
on resolving “nebulae”, 20
switching views on “nebulae”, 109
gamma rays, 152
hertz (Hz), unit of frequency, 153
General Catalogue of nebulae and clusters, 111
Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf, 152
© in this web service Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-1-108-41701-3 — Unveiling Galaxies
Jean-René Roy
Index
More Information
274
Index
hertzian waves, 152
true colours, 224
Hertzsprung–Russell diagrams, 10, 247
use of false colours, 101
Hevelius, Johannes, 40
images for the mind, 38, 93–95
Hewish, Antony, 154, 164
images, role of, 248–249
Hey,
James Stanley, 153
infrared emission, 146
Hickson, Paul Hickson, 254
discovery by Herschel, 152
Hipparchus, 22
mid-infrared, 137
Hipparcos Catalogue, 64
interference, of electromagnetic waves, 160
Historia naturalis palmarum,36
interferometer, 163
Hodge, Paul W., 255
interferometry
Hodges, William, 35
in optical astronomy, 164
Hodierna, Giovanni Batista, 42
International Astronomical Union, 187, 210
Holmberg, Eric, 197
interstellar chemistry, 139
Hoyle, Fred, 129
intracluster medium, 172, 179
Hubble law, 127
origin of the gas, 179
Hubble constant, 242
“island-universes”, 110, 111
Hubble Legacy Archive, 251
origin of the concept, 4
Hubble sequence, 196–197, 199
isophotal maps, 99, 217, 221, 225
physical origin, 230
isovelocity maps, 101
“tuning fork”, 210
Istanbul, 1
Hubble Space Telescope, x, 88, 146, 160, 164, 222,
241, 245, 251, 255
James Webb Space Telescope, 249
Hubble deep ields, 245
Jansky, Karl, 151, 153–155
Hubble, Edwin Powell, 5, 95, 97, 127, 164, 198, 210,
Janssen, Jules, 62
228, 232, 237
Jeans, James, 191
controversy with Lundmark, 195
Y scheme, 196
distance to Andromeda, 120–124
galaxy classiication scheme, 190–191
Kant, Immanuel, 4, 28, 109, 110
Hubble sequence, 196–197
Kapteyn, Jacobus Cornelius, 64, 97
summarizing galaxy shapes, 207
Kapteyn Universe, 64
“tuning fork”, 208
Keeler, James, 73, 97
using Cepheids as standard candles, 120
Keenan, Philip Childs, 201
Huggins, Margaret Lindsay, 113
Kellman, Edith, 201
Huggins, William, 63, 113
Kepler, Johannes, 21
Hulst, Konrad C. van de, 166
Kirchhoff, Gustav, 20
Humason, Milton Lassell, 5, 122, 127, 228
Klumpke, Dorothea, 70
Humboldt, Alexander von, 4, 26
Kodaira, Keiichi, 221, 225
Hunter, Samuel, 44
Kormendy, John, 240
Hutton, James, 26
Kuiper, Gerard, 155
Huygens, Christiaan, 40
Kunstformen der Natur, 249
Ichikawa, Shin-Ichi, 225
Lacaille, Nicolas Louis de, 23
Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics,
Laidlaw, Maude, 133
7
Lambert, Johann Heinrich, 109, 110
image intensiiers, 135
Laplace, Pierre Simon, 29, 111
images
Large Magellanic Cloud, 197
at radio wavelengths, 152, 164
sketch by John Herschel, 51
biasing effects, 97
Larousse Encyclopedia of Astronomy, 205
constellations as images, 3
Las Campanas Observatory, 218, 224