10.Ibid., 19.
11.Ibid., 18.
12.For further information on army wives of this period, see Veronica Bamfield, On the Strength: The Story of the British Army Wife (London, 1974); George Bell, Soldier’s Glory: Being Rough Notes of an Old Soldier (London, 1956), 61, 74–75; William Tomkinson, Diary of a Cavalry Officer in the Peninsular and Waterloo Campaign, 1809–1815 (1971); Lady de Lancey, A Week at Waterloo in June 1815 (London, 1906).
13.Lieutenant William Gratton, Adventures with the Connaught Rangers, 1809–1814 (London, 1902), 276.
14.ADM 101/102/4, entry for December 8, 1787.
15.ADM 101/102/6, entry for February 5, 1789.
16.ADM 36/11060.
17.Richardson, 139.
18.Ibid., 169.
19.Ibid., 173.
20.ADM 1/5295.
21.ADM 1/5294.
22.ADM 1/5302.
23.ADM 1/5348.
24.Most of the details for this summary of the mutiny on the Hermione are taken from Dudley Pope, The Black Ship (London, 1963), a fascinating and fully documented account of the events leading up to the mutiny and the subsequent fate of the ship and the mutineers.
25.ADM 6/332, 216–17, minutes of the meeting on August 2, 1803.
26.Henry Baynham, From the Lower Deck: The Old Navy, 1780–1840 (London, 1969), 27–28.
27.Ibid., 28.
28.ADM 36/14817, muster book of HMS Goliath, August 3 to November 30, 1798.
29.Commander W. B. Rowbotham, “The Naval General Service Medal, 1793–1840,” The Mariner’s Mirror, 23 (London, 1937), 366.
30.Daniel McKenzie’s name appears in two of the muster books of HMS Tremendous for the period covering the Battle of the Glorious First of June. In ADM 36/11658, his name is listed in the muster tables for February, March, and April 1794, as “Daniel McKenzie / Ab,” and again in the muster tables for June 12 to August 2, 1794. In ADM 36/11660, his name appears in the muster table for May 1 to June 30, 1794, with the additional information that he was twenty-seven when he joined the ship and was born in Plymouth.
31.Rowbotham, 366.
32.David Howarth, Trafalgar: The Nelson Touch (London, 1969; edition cited, 1972), 219; William Robinson, Jack Nastyface: Memoirs of a Seaman (Annapolis, Md., 1973), 57–61.
33.Baynham, 160.
34.Captain W. N. Glascock, Tales of a Tar (London, 1836).
35.Thomas Cochrane, tenth Earl of Dundonald, Admiral of the Red, The Autobiography of a Seaman, ed. Douglas Cochrane (London, 1890), 365.
36.Ibid., 482.
37.See J. H. Hubback and Edith C. Hubback, Jane Austen’s Sailor Brothers: Being the Adventures of Sir Frances Austen, GCB, Admiral of the Fleet and Rear-Admiral Charles Austen (London, 1906).
7. Seafaring Heroines
1.Most of the details for the story of Mary Patten are taken from Barbara Jagielski, “Mary Patten: Heroine of the High Seas,” in Sea Classics, August 1992, 65–71.
2.From an interview with Mary Patten published in the New York Daily Tribune, February 18, 1857, quoted in Jagielski, 70.
3.Jagielski, 70.
4.Letter from the Union Mutual Insurance Company, New York, February 18, 1857, quoted by Jagielski, 70.
5.Joan Druett, Hen Frigates: Wives of Merchant Captains Under Sail (New York, 1998), and “Those Female Journals,” in The Log of Mystic Seaport, Winter 1989, 115–25.
6.See Phillis Zauner, “Petticoats on the Poop Deck: Those Courageous Bluewater Women,” in The Compass: The Magazine of the Sea and Air LXV, 1995, 7; and Druett, Hen Frigates, 190–91.
7.Druett, Hen Frigates, 184.
8.Ibid., 39.
8. Whaling Wives
1.Letter from Nantucket dated September, 19, 1808, Nantucket Historical Society.
2.The Captain’s Best Mate: The Journal of Mary Chipman Lawrence on the Whaler Addison 1856–1860, ed. Stanton Garner (Hanover and London, 1966), xvi.
3.Ibid., xvi.
4.The Honolulu Friend, February 1, 1853.
5.Garner, 3.
6.Ibid., 25.
7.Ibid., 209.
8.Quoted by Haskell Springer, “The Captain’s Wife at Sea,” in Iron Men, Wooden Women: Gender and Seafaring in the Atlantic World, 1700–1920, ed. Margaret S. Creighton and Lisa Norling (Baltimore and London, 1996), 95.
9.She Was a Sister Sailor: The Whaling Journal of Mary Brewster, 1845–1851, ed. Joan Druett (Mystic, Conn., 1992), 18.
10.Joan Druett, “Those Female Journals,” in The Log of Mystic Seaport, Winter 1989, 117.
11.Journal of Henrietta Deblois, November 20, 1856, quoted by Druett, She Was a Sister Sailor, 6.
12.Springer, 96.
13.Ibid., 113.
14.Druett, She Was a Sister Sailor, 22.
15.Springer, 110.
16.Druett, She Was a Sister Sailor, 39.
17.Lisa Norling, “Ahab’s Wife: Women and the American Whaling Industry, 1820–1870,” in Iron Men, Wooden Women, 78.
18.Ibid., 76.
19.Ruth Wallis Herndon, “The Domestic Cost of Seafaring,” in Iron Men, Wooden Women, 63.
20.Norling, 80.
21.Ibid.
22.Ibid., 82.
23.Letter dated November 5, 1871, Nantucket Historical Society.
24.Letter from Captain George Allen to his sister Hannah Marie Smith, August 29, 1859, Nantucket Historical Society.
25.Margaret S. Creighton, “Women and Men in American Whaling, 1830–1870,” in International Journal of Maritime History IV, June 1992, 212.
26.Norling, 86.
27.Ibid.
28.Baynham, 89.
29.Norling, 89.
9. Men Without Women
1.All the details of the account of the court-martial of George Newton and Thomas Finley are taken from the transcript of the proceedings in ADM 1/5300.
2.ADM 1/5383.
3.ADM 1/5294.
4.ADM 12/086/28.
5.All the courts-martial for 1800 are listed in ADM 12/086/28. This gives the name of the accused, his ship, the charges, and the punishment.
6.A Selection from the Public and Private Correspondence of Vice-Admiral Lord Collingwood, ed. G. L. Newnham Collingwood (London, 1829), 19.
7.Letter written from HMS Barfleur, at Torbay, October 4, 1800, in Collingwood, 80.
8.Letter written from HMS Dreadnought, off Cádiz, August 21, 1805, in Collingwood, 109.
9.Letter written from HMS Queen, off Cartagena, December 16, 1805, in Collingwood, 165.
10.Letter written from Portsmouth, January 30, 1755, in Spinney, 113.
11.Spinney, 113.
12.Letter dated July 22, 1755, in Spinney, 117.
13.Letter dated July 21, 1748, Admiral’s Wife: Being the Life and Letters of the Hon. Mrs. Edward Boscawen from 1719 to 1761, ed. Cecil Aspinall-Oglander (London, 1940), 96.
14.Letter written from HMS Torbay, at sea, May 3, 1755, “Boscawen’s Letters to His Wife, 1755–1756,” ed. Peter Kemp, in The Naval Miscellany IV (1952), 177.
15.Letter written from HMS Torbay, at sea, May 7, 1755, in Kemp, 180.
16.Letter written from HMS Torbay, at sea, April 22, 1755, in Kemp, 175.
17.Letter written from HMS Invincible, at sea, May 31, 1756, in Kemp, 215.
18.The spelling has been modernized here. The original (quoted by Peter Kemp in his The British Sailor, 76) is “i am and so is every Man of us resolved either to lose our lifes or conker our enemys. true british spirit revives and by G-d we will support our King and contry so long as a drap of blood remains.”
19.Baynham, 95.
20.Nevens, 81.
10. Women and Water, Sirens and Mermaids
1.Letter written from HMS Ocean, August 9, 1808. The Private Correspondence of Admiral Lord Collingwood, ed. Edward Hughes (Navy Records Society, London, 1957), 251.
2.Linda Greenlaw, The Hungry Ocean: A Swordboat Captain’s Journey (London, 1999), 137.
3.Nelson to Adm
iral Jervis, 1801, Memoirs of Admiral the Right Honourable the Earl of St. Vincent 2, ed. J. S. Tucker (London, 1844), 120.
4.The Natural History of Pliny V, translated with notes by J. Bostock and H. T. Riley (London, 1855), 304.
5.Margarita Russell, Visions of the Sea: Hendrick C. Vroom and the Origins of Dutch Marine Painting (Leiden, Netherlands, 1983), 65–68; and Sylvia Rogers, The Symbolism of Ship Launching in the Royal Navy (D.Phil. thesis, Oxford), 531–37. There is a copy in the Caird Library, National Maritime Museum, London.
6.Sigmund Freud: Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, eds. James Strachey and Angela Richards (London, 1973; edition cited, 1991), 194.
7.Hans Soop, The Power and the Glory: The Sculptures of the Warship Wasa (Stockholm, 1986).
8.P. N. Thomas, British Figurehead and Ship Carvers (Wolverhampton, U.K., 1995), 66.
9.Thomas, 76.
10.Giancarlo Costa, Figureheads: Carving on Ships from Ancient Times to the Twentieth Century, translated from the Italian by Brian Dolley (Lymington, U.K., 1981).
11.Thomas, 40.
12.For a more detailed discussion of the image of Britannia, see Marina Warner, Monuments and Maidens: The Allegory of the Female Form (London, 1985; edition cited, 1996), 45–49.
13.Among the books consulted on the subject of sirens and mermaids, the following proved most useful: Angelo S. Rappoport, Superstitions of Sailors (London, 1928); F. S. Bassett, Legends and Superstitions of the Sea and Sailors in All Lands and at All Times (Chicago and New York, 1885); Helen King, “Half-human Creatures,” in Mythical Beasts, ed. John Cherry (London, 1995); Gwen Benwell and Arthur Waugh, Sea Enchantress: The Tale of the Mermaid and Her Kin (London, 1961); Beatrice Phillpotts, Mermaids (London, 1980).
14.Quoted by Benwell and Waugh, 42.
15.Benwell and Waugh, 95.
16.Ibid., 96.
17.Ibid., 97.
18.See Beatrice Phillpotts’s book, Mermaids, for an excellent selection of paintings, woodcuts, and book illustrations of sirens and mermaids.
11. A Wife in Every Port
1.The details of Hervey’s life are taken from: M. J. R. Holmes, Augustus Hervey, a Naval Casanova (Edinburgh and Cambridge, 1996); August Hervey’s Journal: Being the Intimate Account of the Life of a Captain in the Royal Navy Ashore and Afloat, 1746–1759, ed. David Erskine (London, 1953); Obituary of Augustus Hervey in the Gentleman’s Magazine 53 (1783), 1007; and the entries for Hervey and for Elizabeth Chudleigh in the Dictionary of National Biography (London).
2.Holmes, 71.
3.Quoted by Erskine in his Introduction to Augustus Hervey’s Journal.
4.Hervey’s Journal, 76.
5.Ibid., 101.
6.Ibid., 190.
7.Mrs. Nesbitt’s origins are obscure: “This lady, whose origin may be traced to a wheelbarrow, made acquaintance to Mr. Nesbitt, a worthy young gentleman then in partnerships in the banking business. . . .” Town and Country, January 1775, 9.
8.Holmes, 238.
9.David Proctor, Music of the Sea (London, 1992), 78.
10.PROB 11/960 f. 383.
11.ADM 6/332.
12.See Commander Charles N. Robinson, The British Tar in Fact and Fiction: The Poetry, Pathos and Humour of the Sailor’s Life (London and New York, 1909). This fascinating book contains a rich selection of illustrations after contemporary woodcuts and engravings, as well as many examples of nautical songs and ballads.
13.Naval Songs and Ballads, ed. C. H. Firth (Navy Records Society, London, 1908), 143–44.
14.Ramblin’ Jack: The Journal of Captain John Cremer, 1700–1774, ed. R. Reynell Bellamy (London, 1936), 131.
15.ADM 101/102/11.
16.Edward Thompson, A Sailor’s Letters, Written to His Select Friends in England During His Voyages and Travels in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, from the Year 1754 to 1759 2 (London, 1767), 24.
17.George Robertson, The Discovery of Tahiti: A Journal of the Second Voyage of HMS Dolphin Round the World . . . Written by Her Master George Robertson, ed. Hugh Carrington, (London, 1948), 136.
18.Ibid., 166.
19.See J. C. Beaglehole, The Life of Captain James Cook (London, 1974), 172.
20.Patrick O’Brian, Joseph Banks, a Life (London, 1987; edition cited, Chicago, 1997), 91.
21.Lynne Withey, Voyages of Discovery: Captain Cook and the Exploration of the Pacific (London, 1987), 102.
22.David Lewis, From Maui to Cook: The Discovery and Settlement of the Pacific (Sydney, 1977), 161.
23.Richard Hough, Captain Bligh and Mr. Christian: The Men and the Mutiny (London, 1972; edition cited, London, 1988), 196.
24.Brian W. Scott, “Pitcairn: What Happened,” in Mutiny on the Bounty, 1789–1989 (catalogue of exhibition held at the National Maritime Museum, London, 1989), 131.
12. Two Naval Heroes and Their Women
1.The details for the life of John Paul Jones are taken from Samuel Eliot Morison, John Paul Jones: A Sailor’s Biography (Boston, 1959), which contains a very comprehensive bibliography; William Gilkerson, The Ships of John Paul Jones (Annapolis, Md., 1987); and G. W. Allen, A Naval History of the American Revolution (Boston, 1913).
2.Morison, 250.
3.Ibid., 280.
4.Ibid., 286. The original letter was written in French.
5.Ibid., 347.
6.Ibid., 376.
7.The details of the lives of Nelson and Lady Hamilton are taken from Flora Fraser, Beloved Emma (London, 1986); George P. Naish, Nelson’s Letters to His Wife (London, 1958); David Howarth, Trafalgar: The Nelson Touch (London, 1969); Tom Pocock, Horatio Nelson (London, 1987); Tom Pocock, Nelson’s Women (London, 1999); Nelson: An Illustrated History, ed. Pieter van der Merwe (London, 1995); and Oliver Warner, A Portrait of Lord Nelson (London, 1958).
8.Fraser, 249.
9.Naish, 353.
10.Pocock, Horatio Nelson, 165.
11.Fraser, 220.
12.Warner, 168.
13.Ibid., 268–69.
14.Pocock, Nelson’s Women, 156.
15.Naish, 586.
16.Pocock, Nelson’s Women, 193.
17.Ibid., 214.
18.Ibid., 223.
19.Naish, 605–6.
20.Fraser, 326.
21.The friend was Lady Elizabeth Foster; see Pocock, Nelson’s Women, 227.
13. The Lighthouse Women
1.The details for Grace Darling’s story are taken from Constance Smedley, Grace Darling and Her Times (London, 1932); Richard Armstrong, Grace Darling, Maid and Myth (London, 1965); William Darling, The Journal of William Darling, Grace Darling’s Father (London, 1886); Grace Darling: Her True Story; from Unpublished Papers in the Possession of Her Family (London, 1880).
2.Darling, 19–20.
3.From a report in the Berwick & Kelso Warder, quoted by Armstrong, 136.
4.Armstrong, 99.
5.Ibid., 112.
6.Smedley, 76.
7.Grace Darling: Her True Story, 26.
8.Smedley, 76.
9.Elinor De Wire, Guardians of the Lights: The Men and Women of the U.S. Lighthouse Service (Sarasota, Fla., 1953), 189.
10.Mary Louise Clifford and J. Candace Clifford, Women Who Kept the Lights: An Illustrated History of Female Lighthouse Keepers (Williamsburg, Va., 1993), 26.
11.Ibid., 29.
12.Ibid., 128.
13.The details of the life of Ida Lewis are taken from Gilson Willets, “Fifty Years a Heroine of the Seas,” from an unknown publication of July 1907 in the archives of the Mariners’ Museum, Newport News, Va. (Lifesaving at Sea, 1850–1912); and from Elinor de Wire, Guardians of the Lights; Clifford and Clifford, Women Who Kept the Lights.
14.The journalist was George Brewerton, and his description is quoted in Clifford and Clifford, 91.
15.Ibid., 92.
16.Willets, 42.
14. The Sailors’ Return
1.Baynham, 93.
2.Ibid., 130.
3.
Christopher Lloyd, The British Seaman, 1200–1860 (London, 1968), 246.
4.Captain Anselm John Griffiths, Observations on Some Points of Seamanship (Cheltenham, U.K., 1824), 43–45.
5.ADM 101/90/1.
6.ADM 101/93/2.
7.Richardson, 17–18.
8.Nicholas Blake and Richard Lawrence, The Illustrated Companion to Nelson’s Navy (London, 2000), 94.
9.There is an excellent chapter on naval diseases with extensive quotations from Turnbull in Dudley Pope, Life in Nelson’s Navy (first published London 1981; edition cited, 1999), 131–48; see also Christopher Lloyd and Jack Coulter, Medicine and the Navy, 1200–1900 (Edinburgh and London, 1961).
10.Spavens, 111.
11.ADM 6/332.
12.Oliver Warner, The Glorious First of June (London, 1961), 163.
13.Christopher Lloyd, St. Vincent and Camperdown (London, 1963), 160.
14.Pope, 80.
15.Letter dated June 9, 1755, Aspinall-Oglander, 179–80.
16.Peter Linebaugh, The London Hanged: Crime and Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1991; edition cited, 1993), 140.
17.Firth, 140.
18.ADM 1/5125.
19.Spinney, 124.
20.Nantucket Historical Society.
21.Edgar March, Sailing Drifters (Newton Abbot, U.K., 1969), 255.
22.Caroline Fox and Francis Greenacre, Painting in Newlyn, 1830–1930 (catalogue of exhibition at the Barbican Art Gallery, London), 121.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
This is a selected list of books for further reading. References to the books and documents that I have consulted are given in the notes to each chapter.
Armstrong, Richard. Grace Darling: Maid and Myth (London, 1965).
Asbury, Herbert. The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld (London, 1934).
Aspinall-Oglander, Cecil, ed. Admiral’s Wife: Being the Life and Letters of The Hon. Mrs. Edward Boscawen from 1719–1761 (London, 1940).
Bamfield, Veronica. On the Strength: The Story of the British Army Wife (London, 1974).
Bassett, F. S. Legends and Superstitions of the Sea and Sailors in All Lands and at All Times (Chicago and New York, 1885).
Baynham, Henry. From the Lower Deck: The Old Navy, 1780–1840 (London, 1969).
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