MacIntosh, J. J. “Locke and Boyle on Miracles and God’s Existence.” In Hunter, ed., Robert Boyle Reconsidered.
Manuel, Frank. A Portrait of Isaac Newton. Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1968.
———. The Changing of the Gods. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England for Brown University Press, 1983.
Mazur, Joseph. The Motion Paradox. New York: Dutton, 2007.
McGuire, J. E., and P. M. Rattansi. “Newton and the ‘Pipes of Pan.’ ” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 21, no. 2 (December 1966), pp. 108–43.
McNeill, William. Plagues and Peoples. New York: Doubleday, 1976.
Merton, Robert. On the Shoulders of Giants. New York: Free Press, 1965.
———. “Priorities in Scientific Discovery: A Chapter in the Sociology of Science.” American Sociological Review 22, no. 6 (December 1957), pp. 635–59.
Merz, John Theodore. Leibniz. New York: Hacker, 1948.
Miller, Perry. “The End of the World.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., vol. 8, no. 2 (April 1951), pp. 172–91.
Moote, A. Lloyd, and Dorothy Moote. The Great Plague. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.
Nadler, Steven. The Best of All Possible Worlds: A Story of Philosophers, God, and Evil. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2008.
Nahin, Paul. When Least Is Best: How Mathematicians Discovered Many Clever Ways to Make Things as Small (or as Large) as Possible. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.
Newman, James, ed. The World of Mathematics. 4 vols. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1956.
Nicolson, Marjorie. “The Telescope and Imagination,” “The ‘New Astronomy’ and English Imagination,” “The Scientific Background of Swift’s Voyage to Laputa” (with Nora Mohler), and “The Microscope and English Imagination.” Separate essays reprinted in Marjorie Nicolson, Science and Imagination. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1962.
Nicolson, Marjorie, and Nora Mohler. “Swift’s ‘Flying Island’ in the Voyage to Laputa.” Annals of Science 2, no. 4 (January 1937), pp. 405–30.
Pepys, Samuel. The Diary of Samuel Pepys. http://www.pepysdiary.com.
Pesic, Peter. “Secrets, Symbols, and Systems: Parallels Between Cryptanalysis and Algebra, 1580–1700.” In Hunter, ed., Robert Boyle Reconsidered.
Picard, Liza. Restoration London. New York: Avon, 1997.
Porter, Roy. The Creation of the Modern World. New York: Norton, 2000.
———. English Society in the Eighteenth Century. New York: Penguin, 1982.
Pourciau, Bruce. “Reading the Master: Newton and the Birth of Celestial Mechanics.” American Mathematical Monthly 104, no. 1 (January 1997), pp. 1–19.
Rattansi, Piyo. “Newton and the Wisdom of the Ancients.” In Fauvel et al., eds., Let Newton Be!
Redwood, John. Reason, Ridicule, and Religion: The Age of Enlightenment in England 1660–1750. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976.
Rees, Martin. Just Six Numbers: The Deep Forces That Shape the Universe. New York: Basic Books, 2001.
Roche, John. “Newton’s Principia.” In Fauvel et al., eds., Let Newton Be!
Rogers, G. A. J. “Newton and the Guaranteeing God.” In Force and Popkin, eds., Newton and Religion.
Rossi, Paolo. The Birth of Modern Science. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
———. Logic and the Art of Memory: The Quest for a Universal Language. New York: Continuum, 2006.
Rota, Gian-Carlo. Indiscrete Thoughts. Boston: Birkhauser, 2008.
Russell, Bertrand. The Scientific Outlook. New York: Norton, 1962.
Schaffer, Simon. “Somewhat Divine.” London Review of Books, November 16, 2000.
Seife, Charles. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea. New York: Penguin, 2000.
Shapin, Steven. “Of Gods and Kings: Natural Philosophy and Politics in the Leibniz-Clarke Disputes.” Isis 72, no. 2 (June 1981), pp. 187–215.
———. “One Peculiar Nut.” London Review of Books, January 23, 2003. (This is an essay on Descartes.)
———. “Rough Trade.” London Review of Books, March 6, 2003. (This is an essay on Robert Hooke.)
———. “The House of Experiment in Seventeenth-Century England.” Isis 79, no. 3 (September, 1988), pp. 373–404.
———. A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth Century England. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
———. The Scientific Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
Smith, Virginia. Clean: A History of Personal Hygiene and Purity. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Smolinski, Reiner. “The Logic of Millennial Thought: Sir Isaac Newton Among His Contemporaries.” In Force and Popkin, eds., Newton and Religion.
Snobelen, Stephen. “Lust, Pride and Ambition: Isaac Newton and the Devil.” In James Force and Sarah Hutton, eds., Newton and Newtonianism: New Studies. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer, 2004, pp. 155–81.
Stayer, Marcia Sweet, ed. Newton’s Dream. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
Stewart, Ian. Nature’s Numbers. New York: Basic Books, 1995.
Stewart, Matthew. The Courtier and the Heretic: Leibniz, Spinoza, and the Fate of God in the Modern World. New York: Norton, 2006.
Stillwell, John. Mathematics and Its History. New York: Springer, 1989.
Stone, Lawrence. The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500–1800. New York: Penguin, 1979.
Struik, Dirk. A Concise History of Mathematics. New York: Dover, 1948.
Tamny, Martin. “Newton, Creation, and Perception.” Isis 70, no. 1 (March 1979), pp. 48–58.
Thomas, Keith. Man and the Natural World. New York: Pantheon, 1983.
———. Religion and the Decline of Magic. New York: Scribner’s, 1971.
Tillyard, E. M. W. The Elizabethan World Picture. New York: Vintage, 1961.
Tinniswood, Adrian. His Invention So Fertile: A Life of Christopher Wren. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Tomalin, Claire. Samuel Pepys. New York: Knopf, 2002.
Weber, Eugen. Apocalypses: Prophecies, Cults and Millennial Beliefs Through the Ages. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000.
Weinberg, Steven. “Newton’s Dream.” In Stayer, ed., Newton’s Dream.
Westfall, Richard S. Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
———. “Newton and the Scientific Revolution.” In Stayer, ed., Newton’s Dream.
———. Science and Religion in Seventeenth-Century England. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1973.
———. “Short-Writing and the State of Newton’s Conscience, 1662 (1).” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 18, no. 1 (June 1963), pp. 10–16.
White, Michael. Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer. Reading, MA: Perseus, 1997.
Whitehead, Alfred North. Science and the Modern World. New York: Free Press, 1925.
Whiteside, D. T. “Isaac Newton: Birth of a Mathematician.” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 19, no. 1 (June 1964), pp. 53–62.
——— ed. The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton. Vol. 1, 1664–1666. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1967.
Wiener, Philip. “Leibniz’s Project of a Public Exhibition of Scientific Inventions.” Journal of the History of Ideas 1, no. 2 (April 1940), pp. 232–40.
Wigner, Eugene. “The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences.” Communications in Pure and Applied Mathematics 13, no. 1 (February 1960), pp. 1–14.
Wilson, Curtis. “Newton’s Orbit Problem: A Historian’s Response.” College Mathematics Journal 25, no. 3 (May 1994), pp. 193–200.
Wisan, Winifred. “Galileo and God’s Creation.” Isis 77, no. 3 (September 1986), pp. 473–86.
Illustration Credits
Page 1 © Trustees of the Portsmouth Estate. Reproduced by kind permission of the Tenth Earl of Portsmouth. Photo by Jeremy Whitaker.
Page 2 Courtesy of the Governors of Christ�
��s Hospital.
Page 3 Top: Public domain
Bottom: Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum, Braunschweig. Kunstmuseum des Landes Niedersachsen. Museumsfoto: B. P. Keiser.
Page 4 Top: Detail from the Bayeux Tapestry—11th Century. By special permission of Bayeux.
Bottom: Public domain.
Page 5 All public domain.
Page 6 Top: Portrait of Samuel Pepys (1633–1703) 1666 (oil on canvas) by John Hayls (fl.1651–76). National Portrait Gallery, London, UK/The Bridgeman Art Library.
Bottom: © Museum of London.
Page 7 Top: © CORBIS.
Bottom: Bull and bear baiting (woodcut) (b&w photo) by English School.
Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library.
Page 8 Top: Public domain.
Bottom left: SSPL/Science Museum/Getty Images.
Bottom right: Wellcome Library, London.
Page 9 All public domain.
Page 10 All public domain.
Page 11 Public domain.
Page 12 Top: Portrait of Galileo Galilei (1564–1642), astronomer and physicist (drawing), by Ottavio Mario Leoni (c.1578–1630). Biblioteca Marucelliana, Florence, Italy/The Bridgeman Art Library.
Bottom: Gal. 48, fol. 28r, Firenze, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale. Reproduced by kind permission of the Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, Italy/Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Firenze. This image cannot be reproduced in any form without the authorization of the Library, the owners of the copyright.
Page 13 Top: Pythagoras (c.580–500 BC) discovering the consonances of the octave, from “Theorica Musicae” by Franchino Gaffurio, first published in 1480, from 'Revue de l’Histoire du Theatre,' 1959 (engraving) (b/w photo) by French School (20th century). Bibliothèque des Arts Decoratifs, Paris, France/Archives Charmet/The Bridgeman Art Library.
Bottom: Pythagoras (c.580–500 BC), Greek philosopher and mathematician, Roman copy of Greek original (marble) by Pinacoteca Capitolina, Palazzo Conservatori, Rome, Italy/Index/The Bridgeman Art Library.
Page 14 Top: Public domain.
Bottom: Telescope belonging to Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727), 1671 by English School.
Royal Society, London, UK/The Bridgeman Art Library.
Page 15 Top: Portrait of Edmond Halley, c.1687 (oil on canvas) by Thomas Murray (1663–1734).
Royal Society, London, UK/The Bridgeman Art Library.
Bottom: Wellcome Library, London.
Page 16 © Werner Forman/CORBIS.
Index
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific passage, please use the search feature of your e-book reader.
ABC of Relativity (Russell), 297
abstraction, 192, 195–99, 196, 219, 222, 230, 246, 305, 342n 195, 342n 198
acceleration, 93, 96, 209, 254–56
Aczel, Amir, 138n
Adler, Alfred W., 267
Agassiz, Louis, 128
Albert of Saxony, 202–3
alchemy, 6, 54–56
chemistry and, 55–56
Newton and, 48, 55–56, 72, 278
“philosopher’s stone,” 55, 252
Alfonso the Wise, 62
America’s founding fathers, 315–16
Anne, Queen of England, 262
Archimedes, 42, 187, 190, 252, 283n, 284
Aristotle, 45, 62, 92, 94, 96, 174, 189, 190
Earth as immobile, 98–99, 172, 174
Galileo refutes, 93, 172, 187, 188
worldview, 197–98
astrology, xv, 17, 64, 145, 146, 147, 156, 165, 227, 228
astronomy, xv, 89, 111, 112. See also moon; planets; stars; sun; universe
birth of modern, 156, 339n 145
Copernicus and, xiii, 97–102, 112
Galileo and, xiii, 102, 105–6, 112–13
gravitational theory and, 315
Kepler and, xiii, 145–61
Tycho Brahe and, 106–7, 106n, 159–61, 159n
Aubrey, John, 65n, 78n
Augustine, St., 63–64, 130, 130n
Bacon, Francis, 65, 65n, 144
Baker, Henry, 336n 120
Barrow, Isaac, 343n 226
Barzun, Jacques, 38
Beethoven, Ludwig von, 231
Bellarmine, Cardinal, 113
Biagioli, Mario, 334n 98
Bible
Boyle’s study of, 18
as code or cipher, 18, 35
creation, date of, 128
date of doomsday, 13–14, 14n, 18
earth-centered universe of, 97
fear of critical investigation and, 89
mysteries as divine, 63
Newton’s study of, 18, 35, 48, 231–32, 274, 311, 325n 18
binomial theorem, 228, 228n
Bohr, Niels, 229, 302, 349n 302
Bolyai, Johann, 39n
Boorstin, Daniel, 62, 260
Boyle, Robert, 4, 18, 30, 50, 51, 56, 68, 83, 242
applied technology and, 84
argument against secrecy, 67
dead men and hangings, 53, 54
experiment on pet dog, 80
experiments at the Royal Society, 59–60, 81
Boyle’s law, 56
Bronowski, Jacob, 125
Brown, Gregory, 346n 262
Bruno, Giordano, 314
Bunyan, John, 343n 226
Butler, Samuel, 86–87
calculus, 221–22, 223, 241–52
acceleration and, 254–56
derivation of word, 223
forerunners of, 226
impact of discoveries, 258
integration, 229
Leibniz and, xiv, 43–44, 47, 241–52, 268
Leibniz’s notations, 268–69, 268n
Newton and, xiv, 225–32, 241–52, 268, 269
Newton-Leibniz feud, xiv, 259–70
revelations of, 256–58
Cambridge, England
Newton in, xiv, 5, 28, 48, 241, 271, 272, 278–80, 290, 320
plague in 1665 and, 28, 226
Stourbridge Fair at, 226–27, 343n 226
Candide (Voltaire), 235
Cardano, Girolamo, 66–67
Caroline, Princess of Wales, 262, 263–65
Cartesian coordinates, 194, 341n 193
Cassirer, Ernst, 236
cat piano, 79, 79–80
Celestial Mechanics (Laplace), 317
chain of being, 121–23
Chandrasekhan, Subrahmanyan, 132–33, 230–31, 285, 318–19, 331n 73
Charles I, xiv, 15
Charles II, 8, 15, 17, 30, 32, 58
charters the Royal Society, 83
grisly interest in anatomy, 78–79
microscope and, 116
science and, 83–84
circle, 40, 40, 43, 101, 136, 163, 164n, 166, 191, 192
planetary orbits and, 100–101, 147, 147, 148, 149–50, 150, 163–64, 164, 172, 275
Clarke, Samuel, 264–65, 311–12
clockwork universe, xvii, 18, 182–83, 274, 310, 311–13, 316
Coga, Arthur, 60–61
Cohen, I. Bernard, 74, 299
comets, 16–17, 40, 43, 75, 101, 294, 295, 302
Conduitt, John, 272
consciousness, 302
Copernicus, Nicolaus, xiii, 97–99, 101–2, 112, 113, 146, 150, 156, 160, 170, 171, 172
Cromwell, Oliver, 3, 38, 70n
Croone, William, 81–82
Crosby, Alfred, 192n
d’Alembert, Jean, 224
Dantzig, Tobias, 202
Darwin, Charles, 112, 127, 128, 256, 266, 302n
Daston, Lorraine, 63
Day of Doom, 11
day of judgment (apocalypse), 13–19
Revelation 11:3, 14n
timing of, 14–15, 14n, 19
Defense, The (Nabokov), 132
Descartes, René, xiii, xviii, 5, 42, 54, 79, 97, 190, 194–95, 200, 286
Cartesian coordinates, 194, 341n 193
coordinate geometry, xiii, 1
90–93, 226, 227, 228, 240
graphs, 191–92, 194, 200, 212–13, 213, 341n 193
negative/imaginary numbers and, 196
vacuums, 198n, 286
Dialogues (Plato), 200
Diderot, Denis, 45
Digby, Sir Kenelm, 50, 50n, 52
Dirac, Paul, 229–30, 295, 348n 295
Discourse on Method (Descartes), 194–95
disease, xv, xvi, 7–8, 9, 80n. See also plague
four “humors” and, 80–81
Donne, John, 11, 26, 71, 102
Earth. See also planets; universe
Aristotle’s immobile, 98–99, 172, 174
earth-centered universe, 91, 112, 113, 160, 176, 335n 112
four elements theory, 92
gravity and, 305
Greek understanding of, 92
hell, location within, 113
mathematical laws for, 93–94
right triangle of Earth, sun, moon, 138n
speed of, 175
as spinning and moving, 97–99, 101, 111, 112, 170, 172
Eddington, Arthur, 298
education, 42, 62, 69–70, 69n
Edward III, 27
Edwards, Jonathan, 11
Einstein, Albert, 39n, 88, 125, 132, 133, 169, 283, 304, 306, 338n 143
special relativity, 171–72, 229, 298
Elements of Newton’s Philosophy (Voltaire), 297
Elizabeth I, 37n, 78
ellipses, 40, 40, 163–65, 164, 164n, 166, 179, 275, 278
inverse-square laws and, 281–82, 282n
England in the seventeenth century
beheading of Charles I, xiv, 15
bulldog, 80
Civil War, xiii, xvi, 44
comets in 1664–1665, 16
crime and punishment, 53–54, 76–78, 78, 78n, 331n 78
Hanoverian claim to the throne, 261
as incurring God’s anger, 17
Newton-Leibniz feud, 259–70
plague (bubonic plague), xvi
practicality celebrated, 88
Puritan rule, 15
Restoration (of monarchy), 15
scientific rise in, 98
Euclid, 40, 135, 190, 227, 240, 298
five “Platonic solids” and, 152–53, 153, 339n 153
Euclid’s geometry, 40, 40
Evelyn, John, 32–33, 60
evolution, 127, 128, 266, 309
experimentation
on animals, 59, 79–82
blood transfusions, 60–61, 61, 81–82
on dogs, 80–82, 86
experimentation (cont.)
The Clockwork Universe Page 31