25. Billy Bob Williams, interview by Holstein.
26. Billy Bob Williams, interview by Nelson, January 25, 2014.
27. Ibid.
28. Tony Byrne, interview by Nelson.
29. Billy Bob Williams, interview by Nelson.
30. Billy Bob Williams, interview by Holstein.
31. Ibid.
32. Stanley Nelson, “Bloody ’64: Klan Suspected in Murders, Assaults, Bombings,” Concordia Sentinel, September 2, 2008, A2.
33. “$5,000 Reward,” Natchez Democrat, September 16, 1967, A1.
34. “State Workers Arrest Four Here in Year Old A-B,” Natchez Democrat, October 23, 1964, A1.
35. “McKeithen Is Winner in Upset Election,” Natchez Democrat, January 12, 1964, A1.
36. J. T. Robinson testimony, 157–59.
37. Billy Bob Williams, interview by Nelson.
38. Ernest Henry Avants, interview by FBI Special Agent Timothy Casey, October 23, 1964, and John Williams Barber by Special Agent Robin O. Cotton, October 24, 1964, FBI Civil Unrest, Ernest Avants file 157-HQ-3701, NARA.
39. Ibid. Also arrested were Frank Hyman Thurman (age twenty-nine) and James Kenneth Greer (thirty-one), both employees, along with the Avants, of International Paper, and milk route salesman John William Barber (age thirty-two).
40. “A Report on Equal Rights Protection in the South,” 50–51.
41. List of Items Obtained from Home of M. W. (Jack) Seale, Adams County Sheriff’s Office, Deputy David Blough for Sheriff Odell Anders, October 23, 1964, FBI Civil Unrest, Myron Wayne “Jack” Seale file 157-HQ-3769, NARA.
42. MHSP, Discovery of Dynamite by Sheriff Odell Anders, report, October 26, 1964, McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg.
43. MHSP Investigator Ford O’Neal, Report to FBI Special Agents William F. Dukes and Thompson Berry Webb, October 20, 1964, FBI Civil Unrest, Ernest Parker file 157-HQ-3437, NARA.
44. “Arrest Ed Fuller in April Shooting,” Natchez Democrat, October 27, 1964, A1.
45. “Whiskey Sales and Gambling in Natchez to Be Halted Tonight,” Natchez Democrat, October 29, 1964, A1.
46. MHSP Investigator Gwin Cole Report, Natchez, November 13, 1964, Mississippi Sovereignty Commission, Mississippi Department of Archives and History (MDAH) Digital Collections, Jackson.
47. William T. “Billy” Ferrell to Governor Paul Johnson, Western Union telegram, December 28, 1964.
48. Gwin Cole Report, 1964.
49. John Sullivan to Donald T. Appell, memo on Paul Foster, U.S. House of Representatives Committee on House Un-American Activities, undated, NARA, Washington, DC; “Protest Action Highway Patrol,” Natchez Democrat, November 1, 1964, A1.
50. Doyle, “Natchez Situation.”
51. Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections, uselectionatlas.org.
52. Ibid.
7. “THE COLORED PEOPLE OF CONCORDIA PARISH”
1. Stanley Nelson, “Covering the Klan in the Natchez Region,” Concordia Sentinel, July 25, 2007, A1.
2. Ibid.
3. Stanley Nelson, “FBI Agents Recall Klan Violence, Vices,” Concordia Sentinel, May 28, 2008, A1.
4. John Herbers, “Burning of a Negro Arouses Louisiana,” New York Times, December 24, 1964, A1.
5. John Howard Griffin, “Journal of a Trip South,” Ramparts, Christmas 1963, 35–42.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Louisiana in 1878, Report of the United States Senate Committee to Inquire into Alleged Frauds and Violence in the Elections of 1878, Concordia and Tensas Parishes (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1879), 1:169–378, 2:763–78.
10. John Roy Lynch, Reminiscences of an Active Life: The Autobiography of John Roy Lynch (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), 1970, 63.
11. Eric Foner, Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction” (New York: Vintage, 2008), 160.
12. Mississippi Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in Mississippi from Interviews with Former Slaves, Federal Writers’ Project, 1936–1938 (Applewood Books, published in cooperation with the Library of Congress), 34.
13. “White League Violence: The Political Murders in Tensas Parish,” New York Times, January 9, 1879.
14. “Louisiana in 1878.”
15. Robert Dabney Calhoun, “A History of Concordia Parish (1768–1931),” rpr. from Louisiana Historical Quarterly, January 1932, p. 143.
16. “White League Violence.”
17. Herbers, “Burning of a Negro,” A1.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Stanley Nelson, “Morris’ Murder Reported from Texas to Connecticut,” Concordia Sentinel, September 26, 2007, A1.
22. “FBI Reportedly Probing Louisiana Burning,” Victoria Advocate, FBI Civil Unrest, Frank Morris file 157-HQ-2311, NARA; Herbers, “Burning of a Negro,” A1.
23. Stanley Nelson, “A Father’s Grief: Who Killed Sullivan Morris’ Son in 1964?” Concordia Sentinel, October 12, 2011, A9.
24. Ibid.
25. Stanley Nelson, “Morris Was a ‘Special Friend,” Concordia Sentinel, June 13, 2007, A10.
26. Nelson, “A Father’s Grief,” A9.
27. Ibid.
28. George Wilson, interview by FBI Special Agents Donald J. McGorty, Elmer Litchfield and William Quackenbush, December 19, 1964, February 3, 1965, FBI Civil Unrest, Frank Morris file 157-HQ-2311, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), College Park, MD.
29. Lloyd F. Love, interview by Special Agent Thomas McGuinness Jr., February 3, 1965, FBI Civil Unrest, Frank Morris file 157-HQ-2311, NARA.
30. “A Tribute to Mr. Pasternack,” Concordia Sentinel, August 9, 1963, 5.
31. Love, interview by McGuinness.
32. Father August Thompson and Father John Gayer, interviews by FBI Special Agent Donald J. McGorty, December 16 and 19, 1964, FBI Civil Unrest, Frank Morris file 157-HQ-2311, NARA.
33. Stanley Nelson, “Morris Knew His Attackers,” Concordia Sentinel, June 6, 2007, A1.
34. Burlington County, NJ, NAACP to U.S. Senator Clifford Case, December 21, 1964, FBI Civil Unrest, Frank Morris file 157-HQ-2311, NARA.
35. Al Rosen Memo, Civil Rights Division, U.S. Justice Department, January 21, 1965, FBI Civil Unrest, Frank Morris file 157-HQ-2311, NARA.
36. Della Mae Smith, interview by FBI Special Agents Thomas McGuinness Jr. and William Quackenbush, January 29, 1965, FBI Civil Unrest, Frank Morris file 157-HQ-2311, NARA.
37. Ibid.
38. George Sewell and Thomas Sidney Loftin Jr., interviews by Special Agents Donald R. Belmont, Donald J. McGorty and McInnis L. Ward, January 25, 1965, February 4, 1965, FBI Civil Unrest, Frank Morris file 157-HQ-2311, NARA.
39. Stanley Nelson, “Five Retired FBI Agents Still Unsure,” Concordia Sentinel, November 4, 2009, A8.
40. Paige Fitzgerald, Frank Morris Case Closed Letter, undated (2014), U.S. Department of Justice.
41. Stanley Nelson, “Whose Finger Was Found in Shoe Shop Rubble?” Concordia Sentinel, July 4, 2012, A9.
42. Stanley Nelson, “Eyewitness Forced to Leave Ferriday,” Concordia Sentinel, July 18, 2007, A1.
43. John Lee Jr., interview by FBI Special Agents Thomas McGuinness Jr. and William Quackenbush, February 2, 1965, FBI Civil Unrest, Frank Morris file 157-HQ-2311, NARA.
44. W. H. Harp Jr., interview by FBI Special Agents Donald Belmont and McInnis Ward, February 4, 1965, FBI Civil Unrest, Frank Morris file 157-HQ-2311, NARA.
45. Edna Brown, interview by FBI Special Agents Elmer B. Litchfield and William Quackenbush, February 14, 1965, FBI Civil Unrest, Frank Morris file 157-HQ-2311, NARA.
46. Girlfriend (name redacted), interview by FBI Special Agents Elmer B. Litchfield and William Quackenbush, February 1, 1965, Frank Morris Civil Unrest, Frank Morris file 157-HQ-2311, NARA.
47. Lee, interview by McGuinness and Quackenbush.
48. Agnes Scott, interview by FBI
Special Agent Elmer B. Litchfield and William Quackenbush, February 9, 1965, FBI Civil Unrest, Frank Morris file 157-HQ-2311, NARA.
49. New Orleans Bureau to FBI Director, FBI Teletype, February 20, 1965, FBI Civil Unrest, Frank Morris file 157-HQ-2311, NARA.
50. Mildred Garner Statement to FBI Special Agents Clarence G. Prospere and William Dent Jr., April 7, 1964, FBI Racial Violence, George Sewell file 44-HQ-24043, NARA.
51. Mildred Garner Report by FBI Special Agent Clarence G. Prospere, May 20, 1964, FBI Racial Violence, George Sewell file 44-HQ-24043, NARA.
52. Harp, interview by Belmont and Ward.
53. Ibid.
54. Stanley Nelson, “Evidence Points to DeLaughter as Engineer of Morris Arson,” Concordia Sentinel, November 30, 2011, A2.
55. Harp, interview by Belmont and Ward.
56. L. W. “Woodie” Davis, interview by FBI Special Agents Donald R. Belmont and McInnis Ward, February 5, 1965, FBI Civil Unrest, Frank Morris file 157-HQ-2311, NARA.
57. Smith, interview by McGuinness and Quackenbush.
58. Frank Morris, hospital interviews by FBI, December 16, 1964, FBI Civil Unrest, Frank Morris file 157-HQ-2311, NARA.
59. Frank DeLaughter, interview by FBI Special Agents Elmer B. Litchfield and William Quackenbush, February 5, 1965, FBI Civil Unrest, Frank Morris file 157-HQ-2311, NARA.
60. James K. Simolke, interview by FBI Special Agents Thomas A. McGuinness Jr. and William Quackenbush, January 29, 1965, FBI Civil Unrest, Frank Morris file 157-HQ-2311, NARA.
61. Harp, interview by Belmont and Ward.
62. Johnny Blunschi, interview by Stanley Nelson, July 3, 2013.
63. DeLaughter, interview by Litchfield and Quackenbush.
64. Ed Robinson, e-mail to Stanley Nelson, April 28, 2014.
65. W. C. Shoemaker, “Ex-Official Opposes Fed Police Force,” Daily News, February 1, 1965, A1.
66. “The Colored People of Concordia Parish,” letter to J. Edgar Hoover, April 10, 1965, FBI Civil Unrest, Frank Morris file 157-HQ-2311, NARA.
8. “WHY DO THEY HATE US SO?”
1. Jack D. L. Holmes, Gayoso: The Life of a Spanish Governor in the Mississippi Valley, 1789–1799 (Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 1965), 124, 149–50.
2. John Pfeifer, interview by Stanley Nelson, April 8, 2011.
3. Stanley Nelson, “‘Red’ Glover Was Lead Suspect in Jackson Murder,” Concordia Sentinel, September 2, 2009, A1.
4. FBI Special Agent Jack G. Wilson to Inspector Joseph Sullivan, May 31, 1967, FBI Civil Unrest, Red Glover file 157-JN-2444, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), College Park, MD.
5. Nelson, “‘Red’ Glover,” A1.
6. Ibid.
7. Betty Lou Watkins to SAC Roy K. Moore, FBI Steno, April 11, 1969, 21, FBI Civil Unrest, Red Glover file 157-JN-2444, NARA.
8. Nelson, “‘Red’ Glover,” A1.
9. Stanley Nelson, “Klansmen ‘Took Great Pride’ in Refining Bombing Skills,” Concordia Sentinel, January 21, 2009, A7.
10. FBI Special Agents James A. Wooten and Joseph G. Peggs, George Metcalfe Bombing Report, February 6, 1968, 1, FBI Civil Unrest, Wharlest Jackson file 44-JN-2044, NARA.
11. Jack Mitchell, e-mail to Stanley Nelson, 2013.
12. Ibid.
13. U.S. Census, 1940.
14. George Metcalfe, interview by FBI Special Agents Joseph J. Ryan and John M Callahan, February 28, 1967, FBI Civil Unrest, Wharlest Jackson file 44-JN-2044, NARA.
15. Stanley Nelson, “Bomb That Injured Metcalfe Made with Primer Cord,” Concordia Sentinel, June 18, 2008, A1.
16. “NAACP Chapter Head Hurt by Bomb in Car,” Washington Post, August 28, 1965, A8.
17. Wooten and Peggs, Metcalfe Bombing Report, 1.
18. Ibid., 2.
19. Ibid., 3.
20. George P. Rawick, ed., The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography, 19 vols. (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1972-79), 5:236-246.
21. FBI Special Agents Benjamin F. Graves and Thomas Berry Webb, Informant #230-R Report, February 8, 1968, FBI Civil Unrest, Silver Dollar Group file 157-HQ-4717, NARA.
22. Informant JN T-3 Report to FBI, March 29, 1967, FBI Civil Unrest, Silver Dollar Group file 157-HQ-4717, NARA.
23. FBI New Orleans SDG Report, December 13, 1965, FBI Civil Unrest, Silver Dollar Group file 157-HQ-4717, NARA.
24. Stanley Nelson, “FBI Files Reveal Klansman Jack Seale Was Paid Informant,” Concordia Sentinel, November 11, 2009, A8.
25. Joyce Windham Investigation, FBI Special Agent Frank B. Watts, October 11, 14, 1967, FBI Civil Unrest, Joseph Edwards file 44-NO-2293, NARA.
26. Kenneth Norman Head, interview by FBI Special Agents Aloysius J. McFall and Gilbert Arps, March 17, 1969, FBI Civil Unrest, Kenneth Norman Head file 157-HQ-3435, NARA.
27. FBI Special Agent John D. Brady, Report to New Orleans Division, April 5, 1967, 5, FBI Civil Unrest, Silver Dollar Group file 157-HQ-4717, NARA.
28. Ferriday Patrolman Kenneth McKnight, interview by FBI Special Agents William E. Dent and John D. Brady, March 29, 1967, FBI Civil Unrest, Tommie Lee Jones file 157-HQ-3552, NARA.
29. Ferriday Town Clerk Vernell Cooper, interview by FBI Special Agents William E. Dent and John D. Brady, March 29, 1967, FBI Civil Unrest, Tommie Lee Jones file 157-HQ-3552, NARA.
30. FBI Special Agent Don J. McGorty, James Fredrick Lee Report, November 19, 1965, 6–7, FBI Civil Unrest, James Frederick Lee file 157-HQ-4490, NARA.
31. Wooten and Peggs, Metcalfe Bombing Report, 3–4.
32. Nelson, “Bomb That Injured Metcalfe,” A1.
33. Stanley Nelson, “Questions of Baptism and Faith Following Morris Murder,” Concordia Sentinel, January 6, 2010, A10.
34. Nelson, “Bomb That Injured Metcalfe,” A1.
35. “Natchez NAACP President Is Critically Hurt in Bombing,” Natchez Democrat, August 27, 1965, A1.
36. Nelson, “Bomb That Injured Metcalfe,” A1.
37. “FBI Agents Push Probe of Bombing,” Clarion-Ledger, August 29, 1965, A1.
38. FBI Inspector Joseph A. Sullivan to Justice Department Assistant Director Alex Rosen, Thumbnail Sketch of Metcalfe Bombing, June 16, 1967, 5–6, FBI Civil Unrest, Wharlest Jackson file 44-JN-2044, NARA.
39. “Dixie Rights Leader Hurt by Auto Bomb,” New York Tribune, August 28, 1965.
40. Rep. Charles C. Diggs, Michigan, “Southern Justice Is Segregated,” Congressional Record, September 9, 1965.
41. “FBI Agents Pushing Probe of Bombing,” Clarion-Ledger, August 29, 1965, A1.
42. “NAACP Chapter Head Hurt by Bomb in Car,” Washington Post, August 28, 1965, A8.
43. “National Guardsmen in City As Aldermen Nix Demands,” Natchez Democrat, September 3, 1965, A1.
44. Interview with Vic Crawford, by Stanley Nelson, April 13, 2009.
45. Wooten and Peggs, James Frederick Lee Report, 9–10.
46. James Lee, interviews by FBI, August 11, September 3, and September 11, 1965, FBI Civil Unrest, James Frederick Lee file 157-HQ-4490, NARA.
47. “Over 100 Arrested in Natchez March,” Associated Press, October 4, 1965.
48. “Nobody Turn Me ’Round,” Time Magazine, October 15, 1965; Marge Baroni Collection, Archives & Special Collections, J.D. Williams Library, University of Mississippi.
49. “Negro Natchez Boycott Hurts White Merchants,” Jet, November 11, 1965.
50. “Negroes End Boycott at Natchez as City Agrees to Most of Their Demands,” Wall Street Journal, December 6, 1965, A6.
9. “CRIPPLED JOHNNY” AND THE ALCOHOLIC MECHANIC
1. FBI Special Agent Samuel N. Jennings, United Klans of America Mississippi Klonvocation Report, June 7, 1965, 1–27, FBI Civil Unrest, E. L. McDaniel file 157-HQ-2156, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), College Park, MD.
2. Ibid.
3. “The Present-Day Ku Klux Klan Movement Report,” Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., December 11, 1967 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Pr
inting Office, 1967), 19, 29, 37, 45, 46, 50.
4. Ibid.
5. FBI Special Agent John C. McCurnin II, UKA Natchez Rally and March Report, October 30, 1965, FBI Civil Unrest, E. L. McDaniel file 157-HQ-2156, NARA.
6. Dunbar Rowland, Encyclopedia of Mississippi History, 2 vols. (Madison, WI: Selwyn Bryant, 1907), 1:700.
7. Stanley Nelson, “Self-Defense: FBI Says Self-Defense Claim Cannot Be Disproved in 1965 Fayette Slaying,” Concordia Sentinel, March 6, 2013, A1; Joseph Shapiro, “Justice in the Segregated South: A New Look at an Old Killing,” National Public Radio, May 3, 2013.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Jasper Burchfield, interview by FBI, February 18, 1965, NARA.
12. FBI Special Agent Clarence Prospere, White Knights Informant Report, February 21, 1964, FBI Civil Unrest, Whites Knights file 157-HQ-1552, NARA.
13. Nelson, Concordia Sentinel, and Shapiro, NPR.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. John D. Sullivan to Donald J. Appell, House of Representatives Committee on Un-American Activities, September 21, 1965, NARA, Washington, DC.
24. Certificate of Death of Willie Earl Hodges, Coroner Dr. J. W. Hollingsworth, August 27, 1965, Mississippi State Board of Health, Office of Public Statistics, Jackson, Mississippi.
25. Stanley Nelson, “Seale, Avants Linked to 1965 Franklin County Murder,” Concordia Sentinel, June 9, 2010, A1.
26. Neva Hodges, interview by FBI Special Agents Benjamin F. Graves and Reesie L. Timmons, September 11, 1965, FBI Civil Unrest, Earl Hodges file 157-HQ-3830, NARA.
27. Ibid.
28. Special Agents Clarence Prospere and Frank Ford, White Knights Informant Report, September 15, 1964, 11, 12, FBI Civil Unrest, White Knights file 157-HQ-1552, NARA.
29. MHSP Investigator Donald Butler, interview by FBI Special Agent William F. Dukes, August 20, 1965, FBI Civil Unrest, Earl Hodges file 157-HQ-3830, NARA.
30. Rax Marshall, interview by FBI Special Agents Graves and Timmons, September 11, 1965, FBI Civil Unrest, Earl Hodges file 157-HQ-3830, NARA.
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