by Jared Rubin
Posner, Richard A. (1980), ‘A Theory of Primitive Society, with Special Reference to Law’, Journal of Law and Economics, 23, 1–53.
Priest, Claire (2006), ‘Creating an American Property Law: Alienability and its Limits in American History’, Harvard Law Review, 120 (2), 385–458.
Putnam, Robert D. (1993), Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
Quataert, Donald (2000), The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Quinn, Stephen (2001), ‘The Glorious Revolution’s Effect on English Private Finance: A Microhistory, 1680–1705’, Journal of Economic History, 61 (3), 593–615.
Rahman, Fazlur (1964), ‘Ribā and Interest’, Islamic Studies, 3, 1–43.
Ray, Nicholas D. (1997), ‘The Medieval Islamic System of Credit and Banking: Legal and Historical Considerations’, Arab Law Quarterly, 12, 43–90.
Razi, G. Hossein (1990), ‘Legitimacy, Religion, and Nationalism in the Middle East’, American Political Science Review, 84 (1), 69–91.
Reed, Clyde G. and Bekar, Cliff T. (2003), ‘Religious Prohibitions Against Usury’, Explorations in Economic History, 40, 347–68.
Robinson, Francis (1993), ‘Technology and Religious Change: Islam and the Impact of Print’, Modern Asian Studies, 27 (1), 229–51.
Rodinson, Maxime (1973), Islam and Capitalism (Austin: University of Texas Press).
Rodrik, Dani, Subramanian, Arvind, and Trebbi, Francesco (2004), ‘Institutions Rule: The Primacy of Institutions Over Geography and Integration in Economic Development’, Journal of Economic Growth, 9, 131–65.
Romer, Paul M. (1986), ‘Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth’, Journal of Political Economy, 94 (5), 1002–37.
Rubin, Jared (2009), ‘Social Insurance, Commitment, and the Origin of Law: An Economic Theory of the Emergence of Interest Bans’, Journal of Law and Economics, 52 (4), 761–77.
Rubin, Jared (2010), ‘Bills of Exchange, Interest Bans, and Impersonal Exchange in Islam and Christianity’, Explorations in Economic History, 47 (2), 213–27.
Rubin, Jared (2011), ‘Institutions, the Rise of Commerce, and the Persistence of Laws: Interest Restrictions in Islam & Christianity’, Economic Journal, 557, 1310–39.
Rubin, Jared (2012), ‘Trade and Commerce’, in Gerhard Bowering et al. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
Rubin, Jared (2014a), ‘Centralized Institutions and Cascades’, Journal of Comparative Economics, 42 (2), 340–57.
Rubin, Jared (2014b), ‘Printing and Protestants: An Empirical Test of the Role of Printing in the Reformation’, Review of Economics & Statistics, 96 (2), 270–86.
Sachs, Jeffrey D. (2001), ‘Tropical Underdevelopment’, NBER Working Paper 8119.
Said, Edward (1978), Orientalism (New York: Pantheon Books).
Sardar, Ziauddin (1993), ‘Paper, Printing, and Compact Disks: The Making and Unmaking of Islamic Culture’, Media, Culture & Society, 15, 43–59.
Savage-Smith, Emilie (2003), ‘Islam’, in R. Porter (ed.), The Cambridge History of Science. Vol. 4. Eighteenth-Century Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Sazak, Selim Can (2014), ‘Good Riddance to Sykes-Picot’, The National Interest,
Schachner, Nathan (1962), The Mediaeval Universities (New York: A.S. Barnes).
Schacht, Joseph (1964), An Introduction to Islamic Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Schacht, Joseph (1995), ‘Ribā’, in C.E. Bosworth et al. (eds.), The Encyclopaedia of Islam: New Edition (Leiden: Brill).
Schacht, Joseph (2006), ‘Hiyal’, Encyclopaedia of Islam Online Edition (2nd edn.).
Scribner, R.W. (1989), ‘Oral Culture and the Transmission of Reformation Ideas’, in Helga Robinson-Hammerstein (ed.), The Transmission of Ideas in the Lutheran Reformation (Dublin: Irish Academic Press).
Simpson, Lesley Byrd (1956), ‘The Cortes of Castile’, The Americas, 12 (3), 223–33.
Sokoloff, Kenneth L. and Engerman, Stanley L. (2000), ‘History Lessons: Institutions, Factor Endowments, and Paths of Development in the New World’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14 (3), 217–32.
Sombart, Werner (1967 [1913]), Luxury and Capitalism (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press).
Spenkuch, Jörg L. (2016), ‘Religion and Work: Micro Evidence from Contemporary Germany’, Northwestern University working paper.
Spitz, Lewis S. (1985), The Protestant Reformation, 1517–1559 (New York: Harper & Row).
Stark, Rodney (1996), The Rise of Christianity (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
Stark, Rodney and Bainbridge, William Sims (1985), The Future of Religion: Secularization, Revival, and Cult Formation (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press).
Stasavage, David (2014), ‘Was Weber Right? The Role of Urban Autonomy in Europe’s Rise’, American Political Science Review, 108 (2), 337–54.
Sussman, Nathan and Yafeh, Yishay (2006), ‘Institutional Reforms, Financial Development, and Sovereign Debt: Britain 1690–1790’, Journal of Economic History, 66 (4), 906–35.
Swetz, Frank J. (1987), Capitalism & Arithmetic: The New Math of the 15th Century (La Salle: Open Court).
Tabellini, Guido (2010), ‘Culture and Institutions: Economic Development in the Regions of Europe’, Journal of the European Economic Association, 8 (4), 677–716.
Tawney, Richard H. (1926 [1954]), Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (New York: Mentor).
Tekiner, Efdaleddin (1916), ‘Memâlik-i Osmaniye’de Tıbâatim Kıdemi’, Türk Tarih Encümeni Dergisi, 7, 242–49.
Tierney, Brian (1988), The Crisis of Church and State 1050–1300 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press).
Tierney, Brian and Painter, Sidney (1992), Western Europe in the Middle Ages, 300–1475, 5th edn. (New York: McGraw-Hill).
Tilly, Charles (1975), ‘Reflections on the History of European State-Making’, in Charles Tilly (ed.), The Formation of States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press), 3–83.
Tilly, Charles (1990), Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1990 (Oxford: Blackwell).
Turchin, Peter, Hall, Thomas D., and Adams, Jonathan M. (2006), ‘East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States’, Journal of World-Systems Research, 12 (2), 219–29.
Udovitch, Abraham L. (1970), Partnership and Profit in Medieval Islam (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
Udovitch, Abraham L. (1975), ‘Reflections on the Institutions of Credits and Banking in the Medieval Islamic Near East’, Studia Islamica, 41, 5–21.
Udovitch, Abraham L. (1979), ‘Bankers without Banks: Commerce, Banking, and Society in the Islamic World of the Middle Ages’, in Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies (ed.), The Dawn of Modern Banking (New Haven: Yale University Press), 255–73.
United Nations Development Program (2014), ‘Human Development Report’.
Usher, Abbott Payson (1914), ‘The Origin of the Bill of Exchange’, Journal of Political Economy, 22, 566–76.
van Bavel, Bas (2003), ‘Early Proto-Industrialization in the Low Countries? The Importance and Nature of Market-Oriented Non-Agricultural Activities on the Countryside in Flanders and Holland, c. 1250–1570’, Revue belge de philology et d’histoire, 81 (4), 1109–65.
van Bavel, Bas, Buringh, Eltjo, and Dijkman, Jessica (2015), ‘Immovable Capital Goods in Medieval Muslim Lands: Why Water-Mills and Building Cranes Went Missing’, Utrecht University Working Paper.
van Gelderen, Martin (1992), The Political Thought of the Dutch Revolt, 1555–1590 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
van Zanden, Jan Luiten (2002a), ‘The ‘Revolt of the Early Modernists’ and the ‘First Modern Economy’: An Assessment’, Economic History Review, 55 (4), 619–41.
van Zanden, Jan Luiten (2002b), ‘Taking the Measure of the Early Modern Economy: Historical Natio
nal Accounts for Holland in 1510/14’, European Review of Economic History, 6, 131–63.
van Zanden, Jan Luiten (2009), The Long Road to the Industrial Revolution: The European Economy in a Global Perspective, 1000–1800, eds. Maarten Prak and Jan Luiten van Zanden (Global Economic History Series; Leiden: Brill).
van Zanden, Jan Luiten, Buringh, Eltjo, and Bosker, Maarten (2012), ‘The Rise and Decline of European Parliaments, 1188–1789’, Economic History Review, 65 (3), 835–61.
van Zanden, Jan Luiten and Prak, Maarten (2006), ‘Towards an Economic Interpretation of Citizenship: The Dutch Republic between Medieval Communes and Modern Nation-States’, European Review of Economic History, 10, 111–45.
van Zanden, Jan Luiten, Zuijderduijn, Jaco, and de Moor, Tine (2012), ‘Small is Beautiful: The Efficiency of Credit Markets in Late Medieval Holland’, European Review of Economic History, 16, 3–22.
von Grunebaum, Gustave E. (1966), Medieval Islam: A Study in Cultural Orientation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
Wallis, John Joseph and North, Douglass C. (2014), ‘Leviathan Denied: Rules, Governments, and Social Dynamics’, Mimeo.
Watson, Andrew W. (1983), Agricultural Revolution in the Early Islamic World: The Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques 700–1100 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Watt, W. Montgomery (1988), Islamic Fundamentalism and Modernity (London: Routledge).
Weber, Max (1905 [2002]), The Protestant Ethic and the ‘Spirit’ of Capitalism (New York: Penguin).
Weber, Max (1922), Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (Berkeley: University of California Press).
Weber, Nicholas (1912), ‘Waldenses’, The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 15 (New York: Robert Appleton Company).
Weiss, Bernard (1978), ‘Interpretation in Islamic Law: The Theory of Ijtihad’, American Journal of Comparative Law, 26 (2), 199–212.
Wells, John and Wills, Douglas (2000), ‘Revolution, Restoration, and Debt Repudiation: The Jacobite Threat to England’s Institutions and Economic Growth’, Journal of Economic History, 60 (2), 418–41.
Westcott, Mark (2013), ‘Muslims and Minorities: Religion and City Growth in the Ottoman Empire’, Mimeo.
Wilhelm, Joseph (1910), ‘Jan Hus’, The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 7 (New York: Robert Appleton Company).
Williamson, Oliver E. (1985), The Economic Institutions of Capitalism (New York: Free Press).
Williamson, Oliver E. (2000), ‘The New Institutional Economics: Taking Stock, Looking Ahead’, Journal of Economic Literature, 38 (3), 595–613.
Wintrobe, Ronald (1998), The Political Economy of Dictatorship (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
World Bank (2014), World Development Indicators: GDP Per Capita (Current US$) (Washington, DC: World Bank).
Young, Cristobal (2009), ‘Religion and Economic Growth in Western Europe: 1500–2000’, Stanford University working paper.
Zilfi, Madeline C. (1988), The Politics of Piety: The Ottoman Ulema in the Postclassical Age (1600–1800) (Minneapolis: Bibliotheca Islamica).
Index
AALIMS. See Association for Analytic Learning about Islam and Muslim Societies
Abbasid Caliphate, 33, 108Europe and, 71, 233n49
legitimacy and, 59–60
safatij and, 94, 232n44, 233n49
size of, 4, 6, 7, 49, 50t; See also specific persons, topics
Abramitzky, Ran, xix–xx
Acemoglu, Daron, 18
Africa, 2, 8, 21, 65, 201, 213, 221n1
agriculture, 50, 63, 64, 159, 182f, 183, 243n25
al-Bukhari, Muhammad, 52
Alexander III (Pope), 84
Alexander the Great, 32, 49
Alfonso IX, 138
al-Jamali, Ali, 48
Allen, Robert, 211, 222n11, 236n4
al-Muntasir, 33
al-Qaeda, xiii
Anderson, Robert, 174
Aquinas, Thomas, 69
Arab Spring, 30, 216, 217
Arabic script, 105, 106, 109, 113, 142, 144, 198, 236n46
ASREC. See Association for the Study of Religion, Economics, and Culture
Assad, Bashar al, 216
Association for Analytic Learning about Islam and Muslim Societies (AALIMS), xviii
Association for the Study of Religion, Economics, and Culture (ASREC), xviii
authoritarian rule, xiii, 216, 217, 218, 220. See also specific rulers, topics
Baghdad, 4, 7, 94, 108
Balla, Eliana, 39, 191
banking, 5, 81bills of exchange, 2, 92–97, 204, 231n38, 234n58
Europe and, 92, 96, 179, 204 (see also specific states, topics)
interest and, 75–132 (see also interest)
Middle East and, 13, 75, 76, 81–82, 92–97, 230n10, 230n14, 234n58 (see also specific states, topics)
modern, 75, 81, 97
money and, 75–132 (see also money)
origins of, 5, 92, 204
safatij and, 94, 96–97, 234n58
Bayezid II, 82, 105, 192
Becker, Sascha, 120
Becket, Thomas á, 68
Belgium, 152, 159–160, 162, 165, 166–167, 170
Berman, Harold J., 69
bills of exchange, 92–97, 204, 234n58
Black Death, 149, 151, 181
Blaydes, L., 223n18
Boniface VIII, 70
Bosker, Maarten, 137
Bouazizi, Mohamed, 217
Bourgeois Dignity (McCloskey), 20
Buringh, Eltjo, 100, 115, 137
Calvinism, 15, 159
capitalism, 16, 21, 119, 120
Carolingian Empire, 64, 83
Catholicism: anti-usury and, 91canon law, 68–70
commerce and, 91, 189, 205
deposition, 69, 70
Dictatus Papae, 69
economic elites and, 189
economics and, 205
England and, 155
fragmentation and, 116
Holy Roman Empire (see Holy Roman Empire)
Inquisition, 173
interest and, 84–85, 90–91 (see also interest)
Islam and, 121, 206
Lateran Councils, 84, 87;
legitimacy and, xv, 23, 52, 54, 62–72, 141, 153, 202, 204, 207 (see also legitimation)
medieval period, 54, 63, 64
monasteries, 115
Netherlands and, 162
Ottomans and, 114, 115
papal coronation, 64
parliaments and, 139
political elites and, 67
printing and, 104, 114, 115, 124, 135, 218 (see also printing)
property and, 154
Protestants and, 47, 119, 120, 121, 205 (see Protestants)
secular rulers, 91, 114
Spain and, 15, 169–200, 214 (see also Spain)
universities and, 114; See also Christianity; specific persons, topics
causal connection, 10, 16, 20–22, 120, 123, 131–133, 236n1, 236n2, 244n21
censorship, 104, 217
Chaney, Eric, 34, 223n18
charismatic rulers, 31, 56
Charlemagne, 64, 83
Charles I (of England), 29, 157
Charles V (of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire), 128, 161, 174, 175, 176, 183
Chaudhary, Latika, xvii
China, 215, 221n7, 224n26
Christianity, 4, 42, 46banking and, 93–97, 204, 234n58 (see also banking)
capitalism and, 16, 119, 120 (see also capitalism)
Catholicism (see Catholicism)
census and, 85, 87
Christian rulers, 91 (see also specific rulers, topics)
church/state, 22, 54, 67, 68
conservatism and, 203 (see also conservatism)
Constantine and, 53, 62, 227n12, 231n23
divergence and, 24 (see also divergence)
early history, 52–54, 63
economics and, 13, 205 (see also economics)
formation of, 202
history, 53
Ho
ly Roman Empire (see Holy Roman Empire)
institutions in, 12, 238n28 (see also institutions)
interest and, 83–92, 97, 231n23
Islam and, 5, 12, 13, 54, 238n28
legitimation and, xv, 23, 52, 54, 62–71, 141, 202, 204 (see also legitimation)
medieval period, 54, 63, 64
montes and, 88
Nicaean Council, 83
origins of, 52
papal coronation, 64
poverty and, 227n9
printing and, 218, 219
Protestants (see Protestants)
rebellion and, 54
religious elites, 48, 49, 52, 89 (see also religious elites)
Roman Empire and, 52, 53, 62–71
societas and, 85, 87
trade and, 50
usury and, 230n21; See also specific groups, persons, topics
cities. See urbanization
citizenry, 28citizenship, 162
freedom and, 214
ideology and, 39
institutions and (see institutions)
legitimation and, 30
media and, 218
military, 33
propagation and, 38, 41
property and, 199
reform and, 40–41
religious authority and, 42, 43, 55, 56f, 59, 89
taxes, 186, 189
City of God, The (Augustine), 53
Clark, Gregory, 21
Clement III, 68
Clovis, 63
coercive agents, 11, 31, 33, 34f, 69, 223n17
Cognac, League of, 47
colonialism, xiii, 6, 19, 21, 22, 159, 169, 179, 219
Commercial Revolution, 65, 71, 90, 212
conservatism, 11Christianity and, 203
divergence and, 10, 11 (see also divergence)
economics and, 11
fundamentalism, xv
history and, 10
incentives and, 12, 21
Islam and, 61, 203
law and, 61
mysticism and, 10
religious elite and, 61
stagnation and, 11
Constantine, 53, 62, 227n12, 231n23
Cosgel, Metin, xviii, 105, 109, 142, 244n64
currency. See money
David, Paul, 226n22
de Vries, Jan, 163
democracy, 215, 216. See also parliaments