287
argue, however, that in saying this, Seneca is simply trying to distinguish Stoic joy from related mental states. When, for example, he tells Lucilius not to assume that “he who laughs has joy” (Ad Lucilium, XXIII.3) he is distinguishing joy from elation: A person can be elated and can therefore laugh, even though he is not experiencing joy—think, for example, about someone who gains a state of elation by using crystal meth.
9. Tacitus, 15.71.
10. Strabo, 10.5.3.
11. Seneca, “To Helvia,” VI.4.
12. New York Times Index (1973), 929.
13. Lutz, 15, 16.
14. Musonius, “Lectures,” 8.9.
15. Musonius, “Sayings,” 49.3.
16. Epictetus, “Discourses,” III.xxiii.29.
17. Musonius, “Lectures,” 3.1.
18. Long, 10.
19. Arnold, 120.
20. Long, 108.
21. Epictetus, “Discourses,” II.xvii.29–31.
22. Epictetus, “Discourses,” III.xxiii.30.
23. Long, 91.
24. Epictetus, “Discourses,” I.xv.2–3.
25. Long, 146.
26. Epictetus, “Discourses,” I.i.11–12.
27. Epictetus, “Discourses,” I.xxiv.1–2.
28. Seneca, “On Providence,” I. 6, II.2, III.2.
29. Marcus, II.1.
30. Julius Capitolinus, sec. 2.
31. Birley, 37–38.
32. Julius Capitolinus, sec. 2.
33. Marcus, I.8, I.7.
34. Marcus, VII.67.
35. Birley, 104.
36. Julius Capitolinus, sec. 7.
37. Julius Capitolinus, secs. 10, 11.
38. Cassius Dio, 72.33.
39. Birley, 160.
40. Quoted in Birley, 11.
41. Lecky, 292.
42. Marcus, III.6.
288
Notes to Pages 59–86
43. Birley, 179, 182, 191, 196, 183.
44. Julius Capitolinus, sec. 12.
45. Birley, 149, 158; Julius Capitolinus, sec. 11; Birley, 205.
46. Marcus, VII.61.
47. Cassius Dio, 72.36, 72.34.
48. Julius Capitolinus, sec. 28.
49. Birley, 209.
50. Cassius Dio, 72.35.
Four
1. Seneca, “To Marcia,” IX.5.
2. Seneca, “On Tranquillity,” XI.6.
3. Epictetus, “Discourses,” IV.v.27.
4. Frederick and Loewenstein, 302, 313.
5. Veyne, 178 n 38. This technique has also been called premeditation of evils (76).
6. Seneca, “To Marcia,” I.7, IX.2, X.3.
7. Epictetus, “Discourses,” II.xxiv.86, 88.
8. Marcus, XI.34.
9. Epictetus, “Discourses,” III.xxiv.86–88.
10. Epictetus, Handbook, 21.
11. Seneca, Ad Lucilium, XII.8, XCIII.6, LXI.1–2.
12. Marcus, X.34.
13. Stockdale, 18–19.
14. Seneca, “On Tranquillity,” XI.10.
15. Epictetus, Handbook, 26.
16. Marcus, VII.27.
17. Seneca, “On the Happy Life,” III.3.
18. Seneca, “On the Happy Life,” III.4.
19. Seneca, “To Marcia,” XXI.1.
20. Marcus, X.34, VI.15.
Five
1. Epictetus, Handbook, 29, 48.
2. Epictetus, “Discourses,” III.xv.12.
3. Epictetus, “Discourses,” III.xxiv.17.
4. For more on this point, see my On Desire: Why We Want What We Want.
Notes to Pages 86–118
289
5. Epictetus, Handbook, 14, 19.
6. Epictetus, Handbook, 1.
7. Epictetus, Handbook, 2, 1.
8. Epictetus, Handbook, 14.
9. Marcus, XI.16, VII.2, XII.22.
10. Marcus, X.32, VIII.29, VIII.8, V.5.
11. Marcus, VIII.17.
Six
1. Seneca, “On Providence,” V. 8.
2. Epictetus, Handbook, 17, 8.
3. Marcus, II.16, X.25, VI.39, III.4, III.16, X.6, III.4, III.16.
4. As the supreme god, Zeus had it in his power to override the decisions of the Fates but usually chose not to do so for pragmatic reasons. In the Iliad (16.440–49), for example, Homer describes an episode in which Zeus complains to Hera that Sarpedon is fated to be slain by Patroclus.
Zeus is considering interfering with events in order to save Sarpedon’s life. Hera implores him not to do this, since it would result in the other gods also interfering with earthly events, which would in turn create great discord among them.
5. Marcus, II.14, III.10.
6. Seneca, “On the Happy Life,” III.3.
Seven
1. Seneca, Ad Lucilium, XVIII.5–6.
2. Seneca, Ad Lucilium, XVIII.9.
3. Musonius, Lectures, 19.2–3, 6.4.
4. Musonius, Lectures, 6.5.
5. Seneca, “On the Happy Life,” XIV.2.
6. Dio Chrysostom, “The Eighth Discourse,” 389, 391.
7. Marcus, II.2, V.26, VII.55.
8. Epictetus, Handbook, 34.
9. Seneca, “On the Happy Life,” X.3.
10. Musonius, Lectures, 7.1.
11. Seneca, “On Anger,” II.13.
12. Epictetus, Handbook, 34.
13. Epictetus, Handbook, 34.
14. Seneca, Ad Lucilium, XVIII.10.
290
Notes to Pages 119–137
Eight
1. Seneca, “On Anger,” III.36.
2. Seneca, “On Anger,” III.36–37.
3. Epictetus, “Discourses,” IV.xii.19.
4. Marcus, III.11, V.11, X.37.
5. Epictetus, Handbook, 46, 13.
6. Epictetus, Handbook, 48.
7. Quoted in Plutarch, “Progress in Virtue,” 12.
8. Epictetus, Handbook, 50, 47, 46.
9. Seneca, Ad Lucilium, XXVI.5.
10. Seneca, “On the Happy Life,” XVII.3.
11. Epictetus, Handbook, 33.
12. Marcus, V.9.
13. Marcus, XII.6.
Nine
1. Seneca, “On the Happy Life,” II.4.
2. Marcus, VIII.19–20, X.8.
3. Musonius, Lectures, 14.3.
4. Marcus, V.16, VI.44.
5. Marcus, III.4, IV.3, II.1, VII.5, V.20.
6. Marcus, V.6, IV.32, VI.22, V.1.
7. Marcus, XI.9, VI.39.
8. Marcus, II.1, V.10, XI.15.
9. Marcus, IX.3, X.36, X.19.
10. Lecky, 250.
11. Marcus, V.6, IX.12.
12. Marcus, VIII.7, V.34, VII.28, XII.3, VI.40, VIII.26.
Ten
1. Epictetus, Handbook, 33.
2. Seneca, “On Tranquillity,” VII.4.
3. Epictetus, Handbook, 33.
4. Seneca, “On Tranquillity,” VII. 6.
5. Johnson, s.v. “seeksorrow.”
6. Epictetus, Handbook, 33.
7. Marcus, XI.18, X.30, XI.18.
8. Marcus, III.4.
9. Marcus, IX.42, VII.63, XII.12, IV.6, X.42.
Notes to Pages 138–157
291
10. Marcus, XII.16.
11. Marcus, XI.18.
12. Marcus, XI.9, XI.13, VII.65, VI.6.
13. Musonius, Lectures, 12.2.
14. Epictetus, Handbook, 33.
15. Marcus, XI.16, VI.13.
16. Bodhi, 83–85.
17. Epicurus, 8.
18. Musonius, Lectures, 14.1–2, 13A.2.
19. Musonius, Lectures, 15A.4.
Eleven
1. Musonius, Lectures, 10.1.
2. Seneca, “On Firmness,” X.2.
3. Seneca, “On Firmness,” XVI.4.
4. Epictetus, Handbook, 42.
5. Seneca, “On Firmness,” XII.1–2.
6. Marcus, VII.26.
7. Epictetus, Handbook, 20, 30.
8. Epictetus, Handbook, 5.
&nb
sp; 9. Seneca, “On Anger,” III.38.
10. Seneca, “On Anger,” III.11. Other sources claim it was Diogenes the Cynic, not Socrates, who was responsible for the helmet joke.
11. Seneca, “On Firmness,” XVII.3.
12. Epictetus, Handbook, 33.
13. Musonius, Lectures, 10.2.
14. Seneca, “On Anger,” II.32.
15. Seneca, “On Firmness,” XIV.3.
16. Seneca, “On Firmness,” XVII.4.
17. Seneca, “On Firmness,” XII.3.
Twelve
1. Seneca, “To Polybius,” XVIII.4–5.
2. Seneca, “To Polybius,” XVIII.6.
3. Seneca, “To Polybius,” IV.3.
4. Seneca, “To Marcia,” XII.1.
5. Seneca, “To Polybius,” IV.2, XVIII.6.
6. Seneca, “To Polybius,” V.3, IX.2.
7. Seneca, “To Helvia,” IV.1, I.2.
8. Epictetus, Handbook, 16.
292
Notes to Pages 159–177
Thirteen
1. Seneca, “On Anger,” I.1, I.2, III.28.
2. Seneca, “On Anger,” I.12, I.10.
3. Seneca, “On Anger,” I.12–15, II.31.
4. Seneca, “On Anger,” II.14.
5. Seneca, “On Anger,” II.22, III.31.
6. Seneca, “On Anger,” II.25, III.35, II.25.
7. Seneca, “On Anger,” III.28, III.27.
8. Seneca, “On Anger,” III.33.
9. Marcus, IV.32.
10. Seneca, “On Anger,” III.26, III.13.
11. Bodhi, 32, 69.
12. Seneca, “On Anger,” III.42–43.
Fourteen
1. Epictetus, Handbook, 25.
2. Epictetus, Handbook, 23, 14.
3. Epictetus, Handbook, 50, 48.
4. Marcus, XII.4, III.4, VIII.1, IV.18.
5. Marcus, XI.13.
6. Marcus, IV.33, IV.19, VI.18, VIII.44.
7. Plutarch, “Cato the Younger,” VI.3.
Fifteen
1. Irvine, 31–43.
2. Seneca, “To Helvia,” X.6, X.10.
3. Musonius, Lectures, 17.5.
4. Epictetus, Handbook, 12.
5. Epictetus, “Discourses,” IV.ix.2–3.
6. Musonius, Sayings, 50.
7. Musonius, Lectures, 18A.5.
8. No, I did not make this meal up; at the time of this writing, it could have been ordered at a famous restaurant in Beverly Hills.
9. Musonius, Lectures, 18A.2–3, 18B.5.
10. Musonius, Lectures, 18A.6, 18B.3.
11. Musonius, Lectures, 19.5, 20.3.
12. Seneca, Ad Lucilium, XVI.8–9.
13. Seneca, Ad Lucilium, XC.19.
Notes to Pages 178–200
293
14. Musonius, Lectures, 20.5, 20.7.
15. Seneca, Ad Lucilium, XC.16.
16. Seneca, “On Tranquillity,” VIII.9, IX.2–3.
17. Seneca, Ad Lucilium, V.5.
18. Epictetus, Handbook, 33, 39.
19. Epictetus, Handbook, 24, 44.
20. Seneca, Ad Lucilium, CVIII.11.
21. Lao Tzu, XXXIII.
22. Seneca, Ad Lucilium, V.5.
23. Seneca, “On the Happy Life,” XXIII.1, XX.3, XXVI.1.
24. Carus, 72–74.
Sixteen
1. Tacitus, 16.21.
2. Epictetus, “Discourses,” I.i.31–32.
3. Seneca, “To Helvia,” V.6, VI.1, VI.4.
4. Seneca, “To Helvia,” VIII.3, XI.5.
5. Musonius, Lectures, 9.10.
6. Musonius, Lectures, 9.2.
7. Musonius, Lectures, 9.4.
8. Diogenes Laertius, “Diogenes,” VI.49.
Seventeen
1. Seneca, Ad Lucilium, XII.4–6.
2. Quoted in Plato, Republic, bk. 1.
3. Seneca, Ad Lucilium, XXVI.2.
4. Seneca, Ad Lucilium, XII.9.
5. Musonius, Lectures, 17.3.
Eighteen
1. Musonius, Lectures, 17.4.
2. Musonius, Lectures, 17.4.
3. Seneca, “On Tranquillity,” XIV.4–10.
4. Seneca, Ad Lucilium, XXVI.6.
5. Diogenes Laertius, “Zeno,” VII.28, 31; Diogenes Laertius, “Cleanthes,” VII.176.
6. Musonius, Sayings, 28, 35.
7. Musonius, Sayings, 29.
294
Notes to Pages 203–244
Nineteen
1. Musonius, Lectures, 7.1–2.
2. Epictetus, Handbook, 22.
3. Epictetus, Handbook, 46.
4. Marcus, IV.49.
5. Seneca, Ad Lucilium, CXXIII.3.
6. Seneca, “On Tranquillity,” II.4.
7. Epictetus, Handbook, 51.
Twenty
1. Lecky, 249.
2. Lecky, 255.
3. Clarke, 133.
4. Marcus, VII.31.
5. Descartes, 16–17.
6. Quoted in Richardson, 4.
7. Richardson, 4.
8. Thoreau, 172.
9. Quoted in Richardson, 4.
10. Richardson, 1.
11. Nussbaum, 4.
12. Sommers and Satel, 180.
13. Furedi, 19.
14. Furedi, 19.
15. Furedi, 16.
16. Sommers and Satel, 136.
17. Sommers and Satel, 133–34.
18. Quoted in Sommers and Satel, 133.
19. Sommers and Satel, 134.
20. Sommers and Satel, 7.
21. Seneca, Ad Lucilium, LXXVIII.14.
Twenty-One
1. Jeffreys, 9–10, 12.
2. Jeffreys, 15, 17–18, 39, 230.
3. Hadot, 83 n. 18.
4. Seneca, “On the Happy Life,” III.2.
Notes to Pages 256–279
295
Twenty-Two
1. Seneca, “On Anger,” II.32.
2. Seneca, “On Anger,” III.33.
3. Seneca, “On Tranquillity,” XV.3.
4. Epictetus, Handbook, 48.
5. Epictetus, Handbook, 34.
6. Seneca, Ad Lucilium, LXXVIII.14.
7. Veyne, 112.
8. Seneca, “On Firmness,” IX.4.
9. Seneca, Ad Lucilium, XXVI.5.
10. Seneca, Ad Lucilium, XII.4–5.
11. Seneca, “On Tranquillity,” I.8–9.
12. Marcus, VII.2.
* * *
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