ENDNOTES
Author's Note
1 Shunryu Suzuki, Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind: Informal Talks on Zen Meditation and Practice (New York: Weatherhill, 1989).
Introduction
1. Allan Schinkel, “Pork Production Costs: Farrow to Finish Production,” Animal Sciences 443: Swine Management (2000), accessed December 1, 2011, http://www.ansc.purdue.edu.
2. The loss per animal of $20 to $90 is for larger and more efficient producers—that is, those raising 100 or more head of cattle. Smaller producers' losses are even higher, ranging from $184 to $305 per animal. Sara D. Short, “Characteristics and Production Costs of U.S. Cow-Calf Operations,” USDA Statistical Bulletin 17, no. 947–3 (2001), accessed December 1, 2011, http://www.ers.usda.gov.
3. See chapter 5.
4. Christopher Chantrill, “Government Spending Details,” US Government Spending (2012), accessed July 10, 2012, http://www.usgovernmentspending.com.
5. The 2013 farm bill (not yet passed as of this writing) seeks to discontinue such direct payments. Michael Grunwald, “Why Our Farm Policy is Failing,” Time Magazine (November 2, 2007).
6. Boris Worm et al., “Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services,” Science 314, no. 5800 (2006): 787–90.
7. Jeff Herman, “Saving U.S. Dietary Advice from Conflicts of Interest,” Food & Drug Law Journal 65 (2010): 285–326.
8. See chapter 4.
9. See chapter 4.
10. Robert Goodland and Jeff Anhang, “Livestock and Climate Change: What if the Key Actors in Climate Change Are . . . Cows, Pigs and Chickens?” World Watch (November/December 2009): 10–19, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.worldwatch.org.
11. Herbert T. Buxton and Dana W. Kolpin, “Fact Sheet FS-027-02, Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams,” US Geological Survey (2002), accessed October 24, 2011, http://toxics.usgs.gov.
12. See chapter 7.
13. Will Tuttle, The World Peace Diet: Eating for Spiritual Health and Social Harmony (New York: Lantern Books, 2005), xv.
14. Excluding the tiny state of Luxembourg, population 500,000, which apparently eats more meat per capita than we do but is too small to be statistically significant.
15. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “U.S. Obesity Trends,” accessed December 27, 2011, http://www.cdc.gov; World Cancer Research Fund International, “Data Comparing More and Less Developed Countries,” accessed December 27, 2011, http://www.wcrf.org; American Cancer Society, “Cancer Facts and Figures 2011,” accessed December 27, 2011, http://www.cancer.org; National Cancer Institute, “Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results,” accessed December 27, 2011, http://seer.cancer.gov; World Diabetes Foundation, “Diabetes Facts,” accessed December 27, 2011, http://www.worlddiabetesfoundation.org; American Diabetes Association, “Diabetes Statistics,” accessed December 27, 2011, http://www.diabetes.org.
16. World Health Organization, “The World Health Report” (2000), accessed February 29, 2012, http://www.who.int.
17. See Appendix B.
18. See chapter 5.
19. See chapter 6.
20. Joe L. Outlaw et al., “Structure of the U.S. Dairy Farm Sector,” Dairy Markets and Policy: Issues and Options (March 1996), accessed September 19, 2012, http://aede.osu.edu; US Department of Agriculture, “Overview of the United States Dairy Industry” (2010), accessed September 19, 2012, http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu.
21. Farm Forward, “Factory Farming,” accessed October 25, 2012, http://www.farmforward.com.
22. USDA Economic Research Service, “USDA Long-term Projection” (2007), accessed November 10, 2011, http://www.ers.usda.gov.
23. US Department of Agriculture, “Red Meat, Poultry, and Fish (Boneless Weight): Per Capita Availability” (2012), accessed September 19, 2012, http://www.ers.usda.gov.
24. National Center for Health Statistics, “Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity and Extreme Obesity Among Adults: United States, Trends 1976–80 through 2005–2006,” Health E-Stats (December 2008).
25. Ibid.
26. Stephen Ansolabehere, John de Figueiredo, and James M. Snyder Jr., “Why Is There So Little Money in U.S. Politics?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 17, no. 1 (2003): 105–130; Center for Responsive Politics, “Money Wins Presidency and 9 of 10 Congressional Races in Priciest U.S. Election Ever” (2008), accessed July 10, 2012, http://www.opensecrets.org.
27. US Senate Office of Public Records, “Lobbying Disclosure Act Databases,” accessed May 5, 2012, http://www.senate.gov.
28. Melanie Joy, Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows: An Introduction to Carnism (San Francisco: Conari Press, 2010).
29. Henning Steinfeld, “The Livestock Revolution—A Global Veterinary Mission,” Veterinary Parasitology 125, nos. 1–2 (2004): 1–4.
30. Marta G. Rivera-Ferre, “Supply vs. Demand of Agri-Industrial Meat and Fish Products: A Chicken and Egg Paradigm?” International Journal of the Society of Agriculture & Food 16, no. 2 (2009): 90–105.
Chapter 1
1. Kentucky Cattlemen's Association, “US Federal Income Tax Return,” 2009, accessed April 25, 2012, http://www.guidestar.org.
2. David Shipman, “Industry Insight: Checkoff Programs Empower Business,” USDA Blog (2011), accessed December 31, 2011, http://blogs.usda.gov.
3. USDA Agricultural Marketing Service, “Benefits of Research & Promotion Boards (Checkoffs)” (2011), accessed October 27, 2012, http://www.ams.usda.gov.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Dairy Management, Inc., “Dairy Checkoff Highlights” (2011), accessed January 3, 2012, http://www.dairycheckoff.com.
7. Dairy figure includes both “dairy products” and “fluid milk.” Geoffrey S. Becker, “Federal Farm Promotion (‘Check-Off’) Programs,” Congressional Research Service Report for Congress (2008), accessed November 5, 2011, http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org.
8. Ibid.
9. Johanns v. Livestock Mktg. Ass'n (2005) 544 U.S. 550.
10. Ibid., 560–61.
11. In 2001, the US Supreme Court refused to compel dissenting mushroom farmers to support the majority message of the mushroom checkoff program. The court held the mushroom checkoff violated the First Amendment because it merely imposed marketing requirements with little other regulation and hence was “not part of a comprehensive statutory agricultural marketing program.” United States v. United Foods, Inc. (2001) 533 U.S. 405.
12. Chanjin Chung and Emilio Tostao, “Will the Voluntary Checkoff Program Be the Answer? An Analysis of Optimal Advertising and Free-Rider Problem in the U.S. Beef Industry,” Southern Agricultural Economics Association (2004), accessed May 3, 2012, http://ageconsearch.umn.edu.
13. USDA Agricultural Marketing Service, “Benefits of Research & Promotion Boards (Checkoffs)” (2011), accessed January 26, 2012, http://www.ams.usda.gov.
14. Ibid., 5; Becker, “Federal Farm Promotion (‘Check-Off’) Programs.”
15. Researchers use 0.77 as a typical multiplier to measure the effect on farm communities of an increase in jobs or income. Curtis Braschler et al., “Economic Base Multipliers and Community Growth,” University of Missouri Extension (1993), accessed January 26, 2012, http://extension.missouri.edu.
16. The dairy category, for which no data are given, is assumed to have the same return on invested funds as fluid milk. USDA Agricultural Marketing Service, “Benefits of Research & Promotion Boards (Checkoffs)” (2011); Geoffrey S. Becker, “Federal Farm Promotion (‘Check-Off’) Programs.
17. Because the United States does not publish child-related cholesterol guidelines, the EFSA guidelines are used for this purpose. USDA Agricultural Research Service, “Nutrient Intakes from Food: Mean Amounts Consumed per Individual, One Day, 2005–2006” (2008), accessed January 26, 2012, http://www.ars.usda.gov; US Food and Drug Administration, “Calculate the Percent Daily Value for the Appropriate Nutrients,” accessed January 26, 2012, http://www.fda.gov; European Food Safety Autho
rity, “Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for Fats, Including Saturated Fatty Acids, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated Fatty Acids, Trans Fatty Acids, and Cholesterol,” EFSA Journal 8, no. 3 (2000): 30, accessed January 26, 2012, http://www.efsa.europa.eu.
18. American Heart Association, “Overweight in Children,” accessed January 26, 2012, http://www.heart.org.
19. Dairy Management, “Dairy Checkoff Highlights.”
20. US Department of Agriculture, “Benefits of Research & Promotion Boards.”
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. National Dairy Council, “Research,” The Dairy Connection, accessed September 20, 2011, at http://www.nationaldairycouncil.org.
24. According to the ASN website, sponsorship provides a corporation with “access to more than 12,000 scientists and practitioners.” American Society for Nutrition, “ASN Sustaining Members,” accessed September 20, 2011, at http://www.nutrition.org; American Dietetic Association, “2010 Annual Report,” accessed December 14, 2011, www.eatright.org.
25. American Dietetic Association, “American Dietetic Association Welcomes National Dairy Council as an ADA Partner in the Association's New Corporate Relations Sponsorship Program,” Press Release (March 7, 2007), accessed September 20, 2011, http://www.eatright.org.
26. Ibid.
27. Center for Science in the Public Interest, “Non-Profit Organizations Receiving Corporate Funding: American Heart Association,” Integrity in Science: A CSPI Project (2006), accessed September 20, 2011, at http://www.cspinet.org.
28. Joel Lexchin et al., “Pharmaceutical Industry Sponsorship and Research Outcome and Quality: Systematic Review,” British Medical Journal 326 (2003): 1167; Anastasia L. Misakian and Lisa A. Bero, “Publication Bias and Research on Passive Smoking,” Journal of the American Medical Association 280, no. 3 (1998): 303–4.
29. Lexchin et al., “Pharmaceutical Industry Sponsorship,” abstract.
30. Patty W. Siri-Tarino et al., “Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies Evaluating the Association of Saturated Fat with Cardiovascular Disease,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91, no. 3 (2010): 535–46.
31. See, for example, Rashmi Sinha et al., “Meat Intake and Mortality: A Prospective Study of Over Half a Million People,” Archives of Internal Medicine, 169, no. 6 (2009): 562–71; Teresa T. Fung et al., “Prospective Study of Major Dietary Patterns and Stroke Risk in Women,” Stroke 35 (2004): 2014–19; A. R. P. Walker, “Diet in the Prevention of Cancer: What Are the Chances of Avoidance?” The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 116, no. 6 (1996): 360–66; Romaina Iqbal, Sonia Anand, and Stephanie Ounpuu, “Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in 52 Countries: Results of the INTERHEART Study,” Circulation 118, no. 19 (2008): 1929–37.
32. See, for example, American Meat Institute, “Myth: Americans Eat Too Much Meat and Its Saturated Fat Content Leads to Heart Disease,” accessed October 4, 2011, http://www.meatmythcrushers.com.
33. See chapter 6, table 6.1.
34. Ibid.
35. T. Colin Campbell and Thomas M. Campbell, The China Study (Dallas: Ben-Bella Books, 2004), Kindle edition.
36. Ibid.
37. Siri-Tarino et al, “Association of Saturated Fat with Cardiovascular Disease,” 535, note 4.
38. Michael Wohlgenant et al., “Returns to Pork Producers from Marketing and Production Research,” The Research Committee on Commodity Promotion (2008), accessed January 4, 2012, http://commodity.dyson.cornell.edu.
39. Commodity Promotion and Evaluation, 7 U.S.C. § 7401(b)(7).
Chapter 2
1. Chris Welch, “Inaccurate ‘Swine’ Flu Label Hurts Industry, Pork Producers Say,” CNN Health (April 30, 2009), accessed April 19, 2012, http://articles.cnn.com.
2. Thomas H. Maugh II, “Swine Flu Danger Appears to Be Ebbing,” Los Angeles Times (March 19, 2010).
3. Caitlin Taylor, “Obama Administration: Out with the ‘Swine,’ In with the ‘H1N1 Virus,’” ABC News Political Punch (April 29, 2009), accessed September 15, 2011, http://abcnews.go.com.
4. Ibid.
5. Gavin J. D. Smith et al., “Origins and Evolutionary Genomics of the 2009 Swine-Origin H1N1 Influenza A Epidemic,” Nature 459 (2009): 1122–25.
6. PolitiFact.com, “Don't Call It Pink Slime, Georgia Official Says,” accessed April 20, 2012, http://www.politifact.com.
7. Ross Boettcher, “BPI Halts Production at Three Plants,” Omaha World Herald (March 26, 2012).
8. 2009 US Federal Income Tax Return for National Cattlemen's Beef Association; 2010 US Federal Income Tax Returns for National Pork Council, American Meat Institute, National Meat Association, National Chicken Council, National Turkey Federation, US Poultry and Egg Association, United Egg Association, National Milk Producers Federation, and Western United Dairymen, accessed April 25, 2012, http://www.guidestar.org.
9. US Poultry & Egg Association, “Economic Data,” accessed March 30, 2013, http://www.uspoultry.org.
10. Penton Media Inc., “Pork Checkoff Surveys Activist Groups' Influence on Children,” National Hog Farmer (January 4, 2008), accessed September 15, 2011, http://nationalhogfarmer.com.
11. Betsy Booren, “Championing the Beef Industry,” accessed April 21, 2012, http://www.animal.ufl.edu.
12. Gallup, “Favorability: People in the News,” accessed January 29, 2013, http://www.gallup.com.
13. Booren, “Championing the Beef Industry.”
14. American Meat Institute, “Meat Mythcrushers,” accessed October 4, 2011, http://www.meatmythcrushers.com.
15. American Meat Institute, “Myth: Americans Eat Too Much Meat and Its Saturated Fat Content Leads to Heart Disease,” accessed October 4, 2011, http://www.meatmythcrushers.com.
16. US Department of Agriculture, “How Much Food from the Protein Foods Group is Needed Daily?” (2011), accessed April 21, 2012, http://www.choosemyplate.gov.
17. Ibid.; US Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, “Retail Food Commodity Intakes: Mean Amounts of Retail Commodities per Individual, 2001–2002” (2011).
18. PETA et al. v. Ross et al., Superior Court of the State of California, County of Sacramento, Case No. 34-2011-80000886 (2011), “Verified Petition for Writ of Mandate,” 9.
19. Ibid., exhibit A, 5–12.
20. Ibid., exhibit A, 6.
21. Ibid., exhibit A, 10.
22. Ibid., exhibit A, 5.
23. See, for example, S. A. Bingham et al., “Does Increased Endogenous Formation of N-nitroso Compounds in the Human Colon Explain the Association between Red Meat and Colon Cancer?” Carcinogenesis 17, no. 3 (1996): 515–23.
24. Randy Huffman, “Media Needs to Check Background of Pseudo-Medical Animal Rights Group and Cease Coverage of Alarmist and Unscientific Attack on Meat Products,” American Meat Institute Press Release (August 1, 2008), accessed September 20, 2011, http://www.meatami.com.
25. Stanley Cohen, States of Denial: Knowing About Atrocities and Suffering (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2001), 61.
26. J. Patrick Boyle, “Statement of the American Meat Institute on the Petition by Animal Rights and Labor Groups,” American Meat Institute Press Release (June 14, 2001), accessed September 20, 2011, http://www.meatami.com.
27. Cattlemen's Beef Board and National Cattlemen's Beef Association, “High Quality Protein Promotes Optimal Health,” accessed April 24, 2012, http://www.beefitswhatsfordinner.com.
28. Cattlemen's Beef Board and National Cattlemen's Beef Association, “Discover the Power of Protein in Lean Beef,” accessed April 24, 2012, http://www.beefitswhatsfordinner.com.
29. J. E. Morley et al., “Sarcopenia,” The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 137, no. 4 (2001): 231–43, abstract.
30. World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and United Nations University, “Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human Nutrition” (2007), accessed November 20, 2011, http://www.who.int.
32. US Department of Agriculture, “Content of Selected Protein (g) Foods per Common Measure, Sorted Alphabetically,” National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 24, accessed November 20, 2011, https://www.ars.usda.gov.
33. Ibid.
34. Janice Stanger, The Perfect Formula Diet (San Diego: Perfect Planet Solutions, 2009), 34.
35. U. D. Register and L. M. Sonnenberg, “The Vegetarian Diet. Scientific and Practical Considerations,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 62, no. 3 (1973): 253–61.
36. A 2011 poll by Harris Interactive found that 5 percent of adult Americans are vegetarian and half of these, or 2.5 percent, are vegan. The US Census Bureau advises that the US population is 313.4 million (as of April 25, 2012). The Vegetarian Resource Group, “How Many Adults Are Vegan in the U.S.?” (2011), accessed April 24, 2012, http://www.vrg.org; US Census Bureau, “U.S. and World Population Clocks” (2012), accessed April 25, 2012, http://www.census.gov.
37. See, for example, Campbell and Campbell, China Study.
38. National Academy of Sciences, Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2005): 662.
39. Cattlemen's Beef Board and National Cattlemen's Beef Association, “Powering Up with Protein,” accessed April 24, 2012, http://www.beefitswhatsfordinner.com.
40. Campbell and Campbell, China Study.
41. W. O. Atwater, “Foods: Nutritive Value and Cost,” Farmers' Bulletin 23 (1894): 18, accessed November 19, 2011, http://afrsweb.usda.gov.
42. H. H. Mitchell, “Carl von Voit,” Journal of Nutrition 13 (1937): 2–13, accessed November 19, 2011, http://jn.nutrition.org.
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