abee ab. Robert White Gauss, b. Jan. 8, 1921, m. Oct. 3, 1953, at Harlingen, Texas, Bonita Little, b. July 25, 1927, dau. of Homer D. and May (Matthews) Little. Live in Port Arthur, Texas.
abef ca. Theodore Worthington Gauss, Jr, b. July 12, 1914, at Colorado Springs.
abef cb. Robert Parker Gauss, b. June 16, 1918, at Colorado Springs.
abef cc. William Wharton Gauss, b. Feb. 4, 1926, at Colorado Springs, m. Joan Hollabaugh Apr. 26, 1952.
abeh ba. William Henry Gauss, b. Oct. 29, 1913, at St. Louis, m. (1) Jan. 9, 1933, Rachel Julia Chenoweth. b. Apr. 9, 1917, at Boston, Mass. dau. of Professor C. W. Chenoweth, head of Philosophy Department at University of Idaho, m. (2) Lorraine Boone, b. Oct. 9, 1919, at Hazard, Ky.
abeh bb. Joseph Henry Gauss, b. Aug. 24, 1915, at St. Louis, m. Dorothy Lenfest, b. Aug. 25, 1914, at Missoula, Mont.
abeh bc. Mary Louise Gauss, b. Sept. 18, 1920, at Akron, Ohio. m. Robert Driscoll, b. May 19, 1920, at Spokane, Wash.
abeh bd. Phyllis Caroline Gauss, b. Aug. 26, 1924, at Tomahawk, Wis. m. Loyd Skiles, b. March 16, 1924, at Denton, Tex.
abeh ca. Charles Frederick Gauss, b. Jan. 26, 1925, at St. Louis. Married; no children.
abeh cb. Marianne Gauss, b. July 8, 1928, Unmarried.
abeh da. Dorothy Marie Gauss, b. Apr. 20, 1914, at Odessa, Mo. m. Harry Carlson.
abeh db. Marjorie Gill Gauss, b. Aug. 6, 1920, at Parma, Idaho. m. Reed.
abeh ea. Andrew Hays Kean, Jr, b. May 20, 1922, at Bridgeport, Conn. m. Apr. 30, 1949, at Ardmore, Pa, Mary Kelso, dau. of Samuel Kennedy Kelso. Lives in Berkeley Heights, N.J.
abeh fa. Ellen Montgomery Schrader, b. Jan. 26, 1944, at St. Louis.
abeh fb. Martha Walker Schrader, b. Apr. 7, 1951, at Oak Park, 111.
abeh ga. Kathleen Garven, b. Apr. 10, 1948, at St. Louis.
abeh gb. George MacCloy Garven, b. Jan. 13, 1953, at St. Louis.
abeh gc. Robert Lee Garven, b. Apr. 21, 1954, at St. Louis.
Seventh Generation
aaba aba. Erika Böttger, b. 1930 at Brunswick, Germany.
abaa dca. Carl Ulrich Gauss, b. May 5, 1936, at Wendelheim (Kreis Alzey) Reinhessen, Germany. Last bearer of the Gauss name in Germany.
abaa dcb. Gudrun Gauss, b. Aug. 15, 1937, in Wendelheim, Germany.
abaa dcc. Rolf Gauss, 1939–1941, Was mentally deficient.
abda jaa. Nancy Elizabeth Wilson, b. July 25, 1950.
abda jab. Douglas Grant Wilson, b. May 27, 1953.
abea aaa. Adele Bullen Croninger, b. March 23, 1920, at St. Louis. Cancer research specialist at Washington University in St. Louis.
abea baa. Marie Louise Gartside, b. May 1, 1918, m. 1942, John Harris Bates.
abea bab. Dorothy Young Gartside, b. Feb. 24, 1921, m. 1942, Carl William Riesmeyer.
abea caa. Charles Wilgers Whitelaw II, b. Aug. 17, 1917.
abea cab. George p. Whitelaw III, b. 1919, Married.
abea daa. Randolph Annan Mayer, b. 1919, m. 1943, Isobel Janet Kronzer, b. 1918.
abea dab. Paul Robards Mayer, b. 1920, m. Mary Virginia Adsit, b. 1920.
abea dac. William Gauss Mayer, b. 1927, m. Tommye Eloise Watson, b. 1927.
abea dad. James Reade Mayer, b. 1923, m. Olive Maxine Bradley, b. 1923.
abea dae. Robert Lewis Mayer, b. 1925, m. Aino.
abea dca. Martha Annan, b. 1937.
abea eaa. Georgia Tenney Smith, b. June 14, 1922.
abea eab. Janet Merriam Smith, b. Feb. 25, 1924, m. 1947, Robert K. Weaver, b. 1921.
abea eac: Carolyn Smith, b. Oct. 3, 1929, m. Burke.
abea ead. Austin Tenney Smith, b. Feb. 13, 1933.
abea eae. Joan Tenney, b. Oct. 5, 1926.
abef cca. Robert Parker Gauss, b. Nov. 14, 1954.
abeh baa. Bradford William Gauss, b. Apr. 19, 1934, at Moscow, Idaho.
abeh bab. Jo Ann Gauss, b. Oct. 13, 1936, at Moscow, Idaho.
abeh bac. Curtis Henry Gauss, b. Sept. 2, 1938, at Moscow, Idaho.
abeh bad. Sandra Jane Gauss, b. March 27, 1940, at Moscow, Idaho.
abeh bae. Sharon Marsha Conley Gauss, b. May 26, 1943, at Huntington, W. Va.
abeh bba. Joseph Charles Gauss, b. July 3, 1941, at Ft. Benning, Ga.
abeh bbb. Michael Gauss, b. Feb. 23, 1948, at Erie, Pa.
abeh bca. Daniel Robert Driscoll, b. Jan. 9, 1945, at Moscow, Idaho.
abeh bcb. Robert Wallace Driscoll, b. May 30, 1947, at Moscow, Idaho.
abeh bed. Harry Michael Driscoll, b. Feb. 19, 1951, at Moscow, Idaho.
abeh bda. Lynn Elizabeth Skiles, b. Oct. 21, 1947, at Spokane, Wash.
abeh bdb. Susan Leigh Skiles, b. Aug. 22, 1952, at Moscow, Idaho.
abeh daa. Paul William Carlson, b. Sept. 4, 1941, at Youngstown, Ohio.
abeh dba. Judy Ann Reed, b. Dec. 6, 1947, at Cleveland, Ohio.
abeh dbb. Barbara Reed, b. March 13, 1950, at Cleveland, Ohio.
abeh dbe. Katherine Reed, b. Apr. 30, 1953, at Cleveland, Ohio.
aheh eaa. Richard Andrew Kean, b. Sept. 23, 1950, at North Plainfield, N.J.
abeh eab. Elizabeth Kean, b. Nov. 30, 1952, at Berkeley Heights, N.J.
Eighth Generation
abea baaa. Carolyn Lamereaux Bates, b. 1944.
abea baab. Stewart Elkin-Harris Bates, b. 1947.
abea baae. Cynthia Louise Bates, b. 1948.
abea baba. William Duncan Riesmeyer, b. 1946.
abea daaa. Randolph Annan Mayer, Jr.
abea daab. Janet Mayer, b. 1946.
abea daba. Paul Robards Mayer, Jr, b. 1948.
abea daea. Carolyn Eloise Mayer, b. 1947.
abea daeb. Jeannie Mayer.
abea daee. Carl Guion Mayer, b. July 16, 1954.
abea dada. James Mayer, Jr.
abea daea. Robert Mayer, Jr.
abea eaba. Kenneth Andrew Weaver, b. Oct. 17, 1951.
abea eaea. Richard Lawrence Burke, b. Oct. 3, 1953.
Appendix F — Chronology of the Life of Carl F. Gauss
1777 April 30, born in Brunswick.
1784 Enters St. Katharine’s School in Brunswick.
1786 Enters Büttner’s arithmetic class. Büttner ordered him a textbook from Hamburg.
1787 Friendship with Bartels. They study the binomial theorem and infinite series together.
1788 Bartels leaves the Büttner school. Gauss enters second class of the “gymnasium.” Exhibits great talent in languages.
1790 Enters the senior class of the “gymnasium.”
1791 Presented at court to the Duke of Brunswick. Minister of state Geheimrat Feronçe von Rotenkreuz presents him a table of logarithms.
1792 February 18, enters the Collegium Carolinum, supported by the Duke of Brunswick. Perfects himself in ancient and modern languages. Studies the works of Newton, Euler, and Lagrange.
1795 March, discovered by induction the fundamental theorem for quadratic residues (already published by Legendre in 1785).
October 11, leaves Brunswick.
October 15, registers as student in the University of Göttingen. Application of his method of least squares.
1796 March 30, discovers inscription of the regular polygon of seventeen sides in a circle.
April 8, proof that –1 is the quadratic residue of all primes of the form 4n + 1 and nonresidue of those of the form 4n + 3. First proof of the fundamental theorem for quadratic residues.
April 29, generalization of this theorem for composite numbers.
June 22, beginning of investigations on binary quadratic forms.
July 27, began the second proof of the fundamental theorem of quadratic residues.
1797 January 8, beginning of research on the lemniscates function.
February 4, second proof for the number 2 as quadratic residue or nonresidue.
July 22, theorem that the product of two integral rational functions of one variable with fractional coefficients and unity as coefficient of the highe
st degree is a function in which not all coefficients can be whole numbers.
October 1, discovery of the principles on which the proof of the fundamental theorem for rational algebraic functions is based.
1798 April, proof that the only possible character of classes of forms are all possible.
September 29, leaves the University of Göttingen. Returns to Brunswick and prepares his major work in the theory of numbers. Uses the University of Helmstedt library and works with Pfaff, in whose home he is a guest.
Autumn, beginning of research on the composition of binary quadratic forms.
1799 February 14, beginning of research on ternary quadratic forms.
July 16, receives doctor of philosophy degree, University of Helmstedt, in absentia. Dissertation contains first proof of the fundamental theorem of algebra. Later proofs in 1815, 1816, 1849.
1800 January, receives Legendre’s essay on the theory of numbers.
February 13, discovers that the number of simplest ternary quadratic forms is finite.
Spring, research on elliptic functions.
May, publishes formula for determining the date of Easter.
1801 January 1, Piazzi discovers Ceres.
September 29, publishes his Disquisitiones arithmeticae.
December, calculates first elliptic elements of Ceres.
1802 Summer, observations of Pallas.
September 5, offered the directorship of the St. Petersburg observatory.
1803 January 20, decides to remain in Brunswick.
Summer, visits Olbers in Bremen.
1804 Further work in astronomy.
1805 October 9, marries Johanna Osthoff.
1806 August 21, birth of his son Joseph.
1807 July 25, official call to the University of Göttingen. Accepts.
November 21, arrives in Göttingen with his family.
1808 February 29, birth of his daughter Minna.
April 14, death of his father.
Autumn, Schumacher goes to Göttingen to study under Gauss.
1809 Publication of Theoria motus, his major work in astronomy.
September 10, birth of his son Louis.
October 11, death of his wife.
1810 March 1, death of his son Louis.
August 4, marries Minna Waldeck.
Autumn, Gerling, Nicolai, Möbius, and Encke go to Göttingen in order to study under Gauss. Efforts to get him to accept a professorship in Berlin. Interest in optics.
1811 Summer, research on comets.
July 29, birth of his son Eugene.
1812 Memoir on hypergeometric series published.
1813 October 23, birth of his son Wilhelm.
1814 Publication of his memoir on a new method of approximate integration.
1815 New proof of the fundamental theorem of algebra.
1816 June 9, birth of his daughter Theresa.
September 17, moves into the new Göttingen observatory.
1817 His mother makes her home with him.
1818 Commissioned to survey the Kingdom of Hanover.
1819 Publication of memoir on method of least squares.
1820 Memoir on the new meridian circle at Göttingen.
1821 Invention of the heliotrope.
1822
to Geodetic survey of the Kingdom of Hanover.
1826
1827 Publication of memoir on the theory of curved surfaces.
1828 Attends scientific convention in Berlin. Guest of Alexander von Humboldt. Made full professor.
1829 Research on mechanics and fluids in a state of equilibrium.
1830 Son Eugene goes to America. Work on theory of capillarity.
1831 Weber appointed professor of physics in Göttingen.
Studies crystallography.
September 12, death of his wife.
1832 Research on magnetism and electricity.
1833 Easter, operation of the electromagnetic telegraph in collaboration with Weber. Publication of basic memoir on magnetism.
July, dean of the philosophical faculty for one year.
1834 August 31, death of Harding at the Göttingen observatory.
December 19, Goldschmidt appointed to position at the Göttingen observatory.
1835 Publication of memoir on magnetic observations.
1836 Invents the bifilar magnetometer.
Founding of the magnetic union.
1837 September, centenary jubilee of the University of Göttingen. Humboldt his house guest.
October 29, son Wilhelm goes to America.
December, son-in-law Ewald exiled.
1838 Receives the Copley Medal from Royal Society of London.
Daughter Minna moves to Tübingen.
May 30, first grandchild born, near St. Charles, Missouri.
Studies Russian.
1839 April 18, death of his mother.
December 6, becomes secretary of the Royal Society of Göttingen.
1840 Studies Sanskrit.
Publishes Atlas of Terrestrial Magnetism.
August 12, daughter Minna dies.
Work on theory of the potential.
1841 July, dean of philosophical faculty for one year.
Publishes proof of Legendre’s theorem in spherical trigonometry.
1842 May, son Joseph Gauss participates in fighting the great fire in Hamburg.
1843 Publication of memoir in geodesy (also 1846).
1844 Publishes elliptic elements of the orbit of Faye’s comet.
1845 January, Goldschmidt appointed associate professor at the observatory.
Research on comets.
July, dean of the philosophical faculty for one year.
Lightning destroys Gauss-Weber telegraph line.
1846 Publication of second memoir on geodesy. Riemann studies under him.
1848 Observations of Neptune and Iris.
Revolution in Germany. Gauss favors the conservatives.
1849 July 16, celebration of the golden jubilee of his attaining the doctorate. Last proof of the fundamental theorem of algebra.
July 26, Lindenau visits Gauss.
1850 Dedekind and Moritz Cantor study under Gauss.
1851 February 15, Goldschmidt dies.
Last regular astronomical observations.
Klinkerfues studies under him.
1852 Ernst Schering and Alfred Enneper study under him.
1853 Observations of Psyche.
Investigates table rapping.
1854 June 16, visits railway construction between Göttingen and Kassel.
July 31, attends opening of railroad at Göttingen.
August 7, death of his brother Georg Heinrich.
1855 February 23, his death.
February 26, his burial.
Appendix G — Books Borrowed by Gauss From the University of Göttingen Library During His Student Years
In the winter semester of 1795–1796 Professor Arnold Heeren signed for Gauss since he originally planned to study philology. His local address is indicated thus: “at the home of Blum, Weenderstrasse.” Records of the library are missing for the summer semester of 1796, For the winter semester of 1796–1797 and the following semesters Professor Lichtenberg signed for him. His local address is indicated thus: “at the home of the widow Vollbaum.” Some of these entries are illegible.
Winter Semester, 1795–1796
1795
Oct.
18
Richardson, Clarissa, Vols. I & II
24
Lambert, Beiträge zum Gebrauch der Mathematik (3 vols, Berlin, 1765–1772)
25
Lucian, Opera, Vol. I
30
Sahlstadt, Svensk grammatika
Nov.
5
Lucian, Opera, Vols. II, III, IV
12
Memorie della Società italia
na, Vol. I
14
Lalande, Astronomie, Vol. I
20
Lalande, Astronomie, Vols. II & III
Dec.
1
Leipziger Magazin zur Naturkunde (3 vols.; Funck, Leske, Hindenburg)
16
Cicero, De Officiis, Vols. Ill & IV
20
Miscellanea Taurinensia, Vols. I-III
21
Robertson, History of Charles V, Vol. I
24
Lesage, Gil Blas, Vols. I, III, IV
31
Lucian, Opera, Vols. VIII-IX
1796
Jan.
7
Hasselquist, Resa till heliga land
22
Nouvelles Mémoires de l’Académie de Berlin, I-IV (1770–1774, Lagrange)
Sparrmann, Resa . . .
25
Richardson, Clarissa, Vol. IV
27
Lange, Deutsche Sprachlehre, Vols. I, II
28
Klemnos (?), Underjorske resa
Feb.
9
Mémoires de l’Académie de Berlin, V-VII (1775–1777)
12
Sahm (?), Forsög om folkens . . . 2 vols.
15
Kalm, Resa till Norra America, Vols. I, II
24
Mémoires de l’Académie de Berlin, 1779–1781, 1783
Mar.
2
Kalm, Resa till Norra America, Vol. III
Winter Semester, 1796–1797
1796
Nov.
1
Hell, Ephemeriden 1796
Carl Friedrich Gauss, Titan of Science_A Study of His Life and Work Page 44