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[Index omitted.]
Notes
[←1]
I am grateful to Menso Folkerts for his expert opinion on the generally high quality of Dunnington’s account of German history, which is largely endorsed by Bühler in his more recent book.
[←2]
I am very happy to acknowledge here the contributions that were sent in by many members of the list on history of mathematics maintained by Julio Gonzalez Cabillon, and to thank him in particular for the way he has so expertly and convivially managed his valuable task.
[←3]
Renowned theologian and Orientalist who was a son-in-law of Gauss.
[←4]
The name is also common in Württemberg, where it may have no connection with the Hanoverian branch.
[←5]
Destroyed in an air raid October 15, 1944,
[←6]
Remer’s Arithmetica or Hemeling’s Arithmetisches kleines Rechenbuch.
[←7]
Bartels was born in Brunswick on August 12, 1769, and entered the Collegium Carolinum in 1788; he became professor of mathematics at Reichenau in Switzerland, later at the University of Kasan in Russia, and finally at Dorpat, where he died on December 19, 1836, while retired on a pension. His daughter married the astronomer Otto Struve. He published essays on the theory of functions (1822), an essay on the analytic geometry of space in the St. Petersburg Academy Reports (1831), lectures on mathematical analysis (Vol. I, 1833). Besides this, he translated Bailly’s History of Astronomy into German.
[←8]
Eberhard August Wilhelm Zimmermann (1743–1815) had been full professor of mathematics, physics, and natural history at the Collegium Carolinum since 1766, He had resumed his lectures in 1789 after two years’ traveling in England, France, and Italy. This was a short time after Bartels had entered the Carolineum. In 1786 Zimmermann received the title of councilor and in 1796 was raised to the nobility by the emperor; in 1802 he was appointed privy councilor by the Duke, Carl Wilhelm Ferdinand. Zimmermann was highly respected as a scholar and writer, and stood well in the Duke’s home. He was a man of attractive nature, lovable, possessed of insight and great humanity.
[←9]
Schulze, Sammlung von Tafeln.
[←10]
Duke Friedrich Wilhelm fell at Quatre Bras on June 16, 1815.
[←11]
Heinrich Mack published two of Gauss’ letters to Zimmermann; these are dated November 22, 1797, and December 24, 1797. P. Zimmermann published three other of Gauss’ letters to Zimmermann, dated October 19, 1796, May 20, 1796, and November 16, 1803, in the Grimme Natalis Co. Braunschweiger Monatsschrift (1921) , pp. 753 et seq.
[←12]
R. S. Woodward, “The Century’s Progress in Applied Mathematics,” Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 2d series, Vol. VI, No. 4 (N. Y, 1900), pp. 149–50,
[←13]
Heyne was born on September 25, 1729, and died on July 14, 1812, The biography of him by Arnold Heeren, the historian, his son-in-law, appeared in 1813, For a good impersonal account see that by Friedrich Leo (1901).
[←14]
Abraham Gotthelf Kästner was born at Leipzig on September 27, 1719, became docent (1739), and professor (1746) of mathematics at the university there. He went to Göttingen in 1756 as professor and died there June 30, 1800, His Geschichte
der Mathematik (4 vols.; Göttingen, 1796–1800) was the first work on this subject by a prominent author. He wrote also on equations, geometry, hydrodynamics, and various other branches. His works and memoirs are by no means brilliant and his career, as a whole, was rather mediocre.
[←15]
On the back of the monument’s base was a seventeen-pointed star, because the stonemason Howaldt said that a polygon of seventeen sides would be mistaken by everyone for a circle.
This reminds one of the tomb of Archimedes, which bore the figure of a sphere inscribed in a cylinder. Cicero found the tomb buried under rubbish when he was in Syracuse. Jacques Bernoulli, from his study of the logarithmic spiral r = aθ, directed that this curve should be engraved on his tombstone with the words eadem mutata resurgo, and we are told that the visitor to the cloisters at Basel may still see the rude attempt of the stonecutter to carry out his wish.
Gauss’ companion, Bolyai, said that no monument should stand over his grave, only an apple tree, in memory of the three apples: the two of Eve and Paris, which made hell out of earth, and that of Sir Isaac Newton, which elevated the earth again into the circle of heavenly bodies.
[←16]
The Russian mentioned in this letter was Count Murawjeff, envoy in Nether-Saxony.
[←17]
Franz Karl von Stamford’ (1742–1807) was successively an officer in the Brunswick, Prussian, and Dutch Service. He wrote An Attempt to Present the Fundamentals of the Differential and Integral Calculus, Without Introducing the Idea of Infinitesimals (Berlin, 1784). He received an ambassador’s post in Berlin and Gauss’ hopes again were not fulfilled. Several other disappointments of this kind occurred as to similar offers.
Carl Friedrich Gauss, Titan of Science_A Study of His Life and Work Page 56