[←76]
When David Forbes (1828–1876), the mineralogist, chemist, and metallurgist of Edinburgh, visited Göttingen in the summer of 1837, Francis Baily gave him a letter of introduction to Gauss.
[←77]
Legendre, Abel, Jacobi, Dühring, Tait, and Halstead.
[←78]
He visited Gauss in August and September, 1825,
[←79]
“Imposture astronomique grossière du Chevalier d’Angos,” Correspondence Astronomique, IV (1820), 456,
[←80]
Mathematische Annalen, LI (1898).
[←81]
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, December 18, 1899,
[←82]
Graves, R. P, Life of Sir William Rowan Hamilton, III (1889), 311–312,
[←83]
Ernst Schering’s version of the anecdote mentions Pfaff instead of Bartels.
[←84]
It did not appear until 1880,
[←85]
This statement is not correct.
[←86]
Moritz A. Stern (1807–1894).
[←87]
The course met three hours a week.
[←88]
Adolf Theodor Kupffer (1792–1865) studied in 1820 in Göttingen, and went to St. Petersburg in 1828 as professor of mineralogy, and after 1840 physics. In 1843 he was made director of Russia’s Central Magnetic-Meteorological Institute.
[←89]
Probably he meant to write “Humboldt.”
[←90]
Edward Sabine (1783–1883), a British general, was the director of various sdentific expeditions and active in magnetic research.
[←91]
Humphrey Lloyd (1800–1881), professor of physics in the University of Dublin, was widely known for his work on conical refraction. He erected a magnetic observatory in Dublin.
[←92]
Karl August Steinheil (1801–1870) after 1832 was professor of mathematics and physics at the University of Munich.
[←93]
Schleiermacher held the title of Geheimrat and was on intimate terms with the Grand Duke.
[←94]
This book was dedicated to the spirit of Descartes.
[←95]
Wittstein published an important Gauss lecture which he delivered for the centenary in 1877,
[←96]
Kritische Geschichte der allgemeinen Prinzipien der Mechanik (2d ed, 1877).
[←97]
Accounts of the jubilee appeared in the London Athenaeum, the Astronomische Nachrichten, and in the Deutsche Reichszeitung, No. 162 (July 21, 1849), under the title Die Jubelfeier des Dr. Gauss in Göttingen.
[←98]
Friedrich Ludwig Heimbert Drude (1752–1840), director and teacher at St. Katharine’s School, Brunswick.
[←99]
Beer garden at the location of an old defense tower near Brunswick.
[←100]
Forest tavern at Riddagshausen east of Brunswick.
[←101]
J. J. Eschenburg (1743–1820), professor of literature and philosophy at the Collegium Carolinum; translator of Shakespeare.
[←102]
August Eschenburg (1823–1904), later a government official in Detmold.
[←103]
Gauss met Charles Babbage (1792–1871), the noted British mathematician, at the Berlin meeting in 1828, which 463 members attended.
[←104]
The Private Journal of Aaron Burr (Rochester, 1838; new ed. 1903).
[←105]
Heinrich Louis d’Arrest (1823–1875), astronomer in Berlin, later in Leipzig, and finally in Copenhagen.
[←106]
Probably in the Hotel zur Krone on Weenderstrasse.
[←107]
Actually his personal library contained 5,000 volumes.
[←108]
August Wilhelm Schlegel, the great Romantic writer, visited Gauss in 1813,
[←109]
On July 1, 1845, King Ernst August gave Gauss the title of Geheimer Hofrat.
[←110]
Fuss was a son-in-law of Euler.
[←111]
Johann Wilhelm Andreas Pfaff (1775–1835), younger brother of the better known J. F. Pfaff. From 1809 to 1816 he was professor of mathematics at the Real-Institut in Nuremberg, later in Würzburg and Erlangen.
[←112]
Georg Friedrich Parrot (1767–1853) after 1826 was in St. Petersburg as ordientliches Mitglied of the Academy of Sciences. He died in Helsinki.
[←113]
Olbers had informed Gauss that the university curator von Klinger was a difficult person for the Dorpat professors to deal with.
[←114]
Humboldt wanted Gauss to be director of a Polytechnic Institute to be founded in Berlin.
[←115]
Cf. the published Gauss-Schumacher correspondence, IV, 85–89.
[←116]
Collected Works, I, 442–443,
[←117]
Schumacher had English in mind.
[←118]
Theory of numbers.
[←119]
“Winter,” lines 217–222,
[←120]
Another time he said that the problem would be shabbily solved.
[←121]
Joseph Maria von Radowitz, Prussian general and secretary for foreign affairs.
[←122]
Daniel 12:1–3, Job 19:25, Psalms 17:15, 49:15–16, 16:9–11, Ecclesiastes 12:7, Isaiah 26:19, Ezekiel 37:5 et seq.. Wisdom of Solomon, 3:1 et seq, II Maccabees.
[←123]
This remark refers to an earlier conversation between Gauss and Wagner on the applicability of mathematics to psychology, where Gauss said: “I scarcely believe that in psychology data are present which can be mathematically evaluated. But one cannot know this with certainty, without having made the experiment. God alone is in possession of the mathematical bases of psychic phenomena.” Gauss viewed unfavorably the work of his colleague Herbart, Fechner, and several other philosophers in this area.
[←124]
John Davy, Sir Humphry’s brother, actually edited the book; the German translation (4 vols.; Leipzig, 1840) was by Dr. C. Neubert. Wagner wrote the introduction. See Vol. 3, pp. 308, 311, for Gauss references.
[←125]
His name was not mentioned in Davy’s book.
[←126]
Wolff used the word gleichwichtige.
[←127]
What the Romans called hircum mulcere.
[←128]
August Förster (1822–1865), professor of pathological anatomy.
[←129]
Konrad Heinrich Fuchs (1803–1855), professor of pathology.
[←130]
Jakob Henle (1809–1885), professor of anatomy and physiology.
[←131]
It was in the possession of his hysician, Magendies.
[←132]
A reference to Gauss’ golden jubilee of the doctorate, July 16, 1849,
[←133]
On the bridge a bronze celestial globe exhibits the planetoid Ceres.
[←134]
The German government had an extensive Gauss-Weber exhibit at the Chicago World’s Fair of 1893.
[←135]
The gaussage (whatever the unit may be) is the line integral of magnetic force around any closed curve.
[←136]
Presidential Address, Proceedings of the London Math. Soc, VIII, 18,
[←137]
M. Marie, Histoire des sciences mathematiques et physiques, t. II (Paris, 1887), 110,
[←138]
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Report of Council read February 8, 1856, Vol. XVI, No. 4, pp. 80–83,
[←139]
F. Klein, Vorlesungen über die Entwicklung der Mathematik, Tell I (Berlin: Julius Springer, 1926), 62,
[←140]
Berliner Abhandlungen, 1893, p. 4,
[←141]
/> British Association Report, 1869, Notices and Abstracts, p. 7,
[←142]
Denkrede auf C. F. Gauss, Festrede Göttingen Univ. April 30, 1877, pp. 3–4
[←143]
Ludolf Dissen (1784–1837), professor of classical philology in Göttingen.
[←144]
Rektoratsrede, Berlin Univ, August 3, 1869, pp. 8–9,
[←145]
Jahresbericht, Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung, VIII (1899), 108,
[←146]
J. Bertrand, Éloges académiques (Nouvelle série; Paris, 1902), p. 314,
[←147]
The last sentence gives Einstein’s reaction to Gauss’ views on spiritual matters and a spiritual order, as set forth in Chapter XXII.
[←148]
This was the highest honor conferred by the Kingdom of Prussia and later by the German Empire.
[←149]
Since the University of Helmstedt no longer existed.
[←150]
In the spring of 1827 he prefixed the name Carl.
[←151]
He ended twenty years’ service as a first lieutenant.
[←152]
He received the title Oberbaurath in 1856; in later years he was superintendent of the special department of telegraphs.
[←153]
Joseph served as administrator of his father’s estate.
[←154]
Belämmert would be translated “belambed,” but it sounds approximately like “belemmert,” meaning encumbered or befouled.
[←155]
See Chapter XVI.
[←156]
In later years in America he spoke French fluently and was sometimes mistaken for a Frenchman.
[←157]
Senator Dammert.
[←158]
He was under Lieutenant Kingsbury.
[←159]
April 19, 1836,
[←160]
See Chapter XXII.
[←161]
He read the New Testament in the original.
[←162]
Actually he spent most of this period at Fort Pierre, South Dakota.
[←163]
See Chapter XXI.
[←164]
See Chapter XXIII.
[←165]
At Waisenhaus 271 and Karnlastrasse 4,
[←166]
Collected Works, V (1877), 315–316,
[←167]
Ibid, 25–26,
[←168]
This hope of Gauss was never realized.
[←169]
One who has superficial knowledge of a subject.
[←170]
In Helmstedt, 1799–1800,
[←171]
Collected Works, V (1877), 121,
[←172]
Frau von Wolzogen, Literarischer Nachlass, I (Leipzig, 1848), 445,
[←173]
For its prehistory see Schlesinger’s essay and for the later history of this important equation Gray [2000].
[←174]
See Gauss’s unpublished notes of 1809, Werke X.l, 343 for a mention of this special case.
Carl Friedrich Gauss, Titan of Science_A Study of His Life and Work Page 58