29. Ahmed and Marwan and other detainees (#2), series of interviews by author, Villawood Detention Centre, Sydney, February 8, 2016.
30. Ibid.
31. These declassified government documents were obtained through Human Rights Watch.
32. Ginny Stein, “The Journey of the 19th Syrian—What Happened to the Asylum-seeker the Australian Government Convinced to Return to A War Zone?,” Lateline, January 10, 2015, http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2015/s4323692.htm;“The 19th Syrian: The Asylum-seeker Convinced to Return to a War Zone,” ABC News, October 1, 2015, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015–10–01/the-asylum-seeker-the-government-convinced-to-return-to-syria/6816336l.
33. “Australia’s ‘19th Syrian’ Injured in Shelling Back Home While His Father Is Killed in the Same Attack.”
34. Alison Smale and Melissa Eddy, “Angela Merkel Accepts Responsibility for Party’s Losses in Berlin Election,” New York Times, September 19, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/20/world/europe/berlin-elections-merkel.html.
35. Ralf Neukirch and Christian Reiermann, “Germany’s Divided Conservatives: Merkel Critics Deal a Blow to Chancellor,” Spiegel Online, December 9, 2016, http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/merkel-under-fire-from-critics-within-the-cdu-a-1125213.html.
36. Jens Spahn, interview by author, Berlin, July 7, 2016.
37. Ralf Neukirch, “The Chancellor’s Eroding Power: Merkel Adversary Jens Spahn on the Rise,” Spiegel Online, December 1, 2016, http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/jens-spahn-emerging-as-conservative-adversary-to-merkela-1123652.html.
38. Janosch Delcker, “The Young, Gay, Conservative German Chancellor-in-Waiting,” Politico, May 12, 2016, http://www.politico.eu/article/jens-spahn-the-young-gay-conservative-german-chancellor-in-waiting-jens-spahn-cdu-csu-angela-merkel-germany/.
39. Neukirch, “The Chancellor’s Eroding Power.”
40. Jens Spahn, interview by author, Berlin, July 7, 2016.
41. “AfD’s Unlikely Duo: Alexander Gauland and Alice Weidel,” Deutsche Welle, April 24, 2017, http://www.dw.com/en/afds-unlikely-duo-alexander-gauland-and-alice-weidel/a-38563247.
42. Philipp Lengsfeld, interview by author, Berlin, July 8, 2016.
43. “Knud Wollenberger: Stasi Agent Who Spied on His Own Family,” Independent, March 13, 2012, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/knud-wollenberger-stasi-agent-who-spied-on-his-own-family-7563068.html.
44. Philipp Lengsfeld, interview by author, Berlin, July 8, 2016; the source of the final quote wishes to remain anonymous.
45. Philipp Lengsfeld, interview by author, Berlin, July 8, 2016.
46. Ibid.
47. Jens Spahn, interview by author, Berlin, July 7, 2016.
48. Daniel Bax, “Porträt Aydan Özoguz: Hanseatisch, Nüchtern, Erfolgreich,” Die Tageszeitung, October 20, 2011, http://www.taz.de/!5109453/.
49. “Germany and Europe, World Questions,” BBC World Service, http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03snhvd.
50. Philipp Lengsfeld, interview by author, Berlin, July 8, 2016.
51. Jens Spahn, interview by author, Berlin, July 7, 2016.
52. Robin Alexander, interview by author, Berlin, March 8, 2016.
53. Philipp Lengsfeld, interview by author, Berlin, July 8, 2016.
54. Christian Schmidt, interview by author, Berlin, May 3, 2016.
55. Ibid. The AfD is considering expelling Höcke. At the time of writing, he is still a member and the state leader in Thuringia.
56. Ibid.
57. Robin Alexander, interview by author, Berlin, March 8, 2016.
58. He ended up founding a new party, ALFA, which has yet to gain much traction.
59. Christian Schmidt, interview by author, Berlin, May 3, 2016.
60. Alexander Gauland, interview by author, Potsdam, May 4, 2016; infographic cited on Philipp Lengsfeld’s Twitter feed, posted September 18, 2016, https://twitter.com/plengsfeld/status/777754695007952896.
61. Alexander Gauland, interview by author, Potsdam, May 4, 2016.
62. “Landtag Brandenburg: Im Boateng-Trikot Neben AfD-Fraktionschef Alexander Gauland,” Die Welt, June 8, 2016, https://www.welt.de/sport/fussball/article156070435/Im-Boateng-Trikot-neben-AfD-Fraktionschef-Gauland.html.
63. Alexander Gauland, interview by author, Potsdam, May 4, 2016.
64. Ibid.
16. CAMP OF THE SAINTS AT THE WHITE HOUSE
1. Robert Ménard, interview by author, Beziers, June 21, 2016. For his views closer to the election, see Anne-Sylvaine Chassany, “The French Town That Shows How Marine Le Pen Could Win,” Financial Times, April 10, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/309292d4-1a28-11e7-a266-12672483791a.
2. Robert Ménard, interview by author, Beziers, June 21, 2016.
3. Martin Thomas, Bob Moore, and L. J. Butler, Crises of Empire: Decolonization and Europe’s Imperial States (London: Bloomsbury, 2015); Andrew Hussey, The French Intifada: The Long War Between France and Its Arabs (London: Granta, 2015).
4. Robert Ménard, interview by author, Beziers, June 21, 2016.
5. Ibid.
6. Bruckner, The Tyranny of Guilt, 187.
7. Ibid., 41.
8. Robert Ménard, interview by author, Beziers, June 21, 2016.
9. Julien Rochedy, interview by author, Paris, June 29, 2016.
10. Ibid. All paragraphs above draw on this interview.
11. Zemmour, Le suicide français, 15–16.
12. “Éric Zemmour à “La Synagogue de La Victoire,” YouTube video, 14:16, posted by “Subversion 2.0,” June 11, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JGyJDNSmDNo.
13. Claude Askolovitch, “Zemmour En Kippa, Ou Le Prêcheur Pétainiste de La Synagogue de La Victoire,” Slate, June 23, 2016, http://www.slate.fr/story/119925/zemmour-kippa-precheur-petainiste.
14. Mark Lilla, The Shipwrecked Mind: On Political Reaction, Main ed. (New York: New York Review of Books, 2016), 116.
15. Zemmour, Le suicide français, 415–416.
16. Ibid., 430–432.
17. Ibid., 522–523.
18. To his credit, Finkielkraut does not stray into the territory of Vichy apologism.
19. Zemmour, Le suicide français, 526–527.
20. Julien Rochedy, interview by author, Paris, June 29, 2016.
21. Paul Blumenthal and J. M. Rieger, “This Stunningly Racist French Novel Is How Steve Bannon Explains The World,” Huffington Post, March 6, 2017, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/steve-bannon-camp-of-the-saints-immigration_us_58b75206e4b0284854b3dc03; Ben Mathis-Lilley, “Bannon, Adviser Behind Travel Ban, Is Fan of Novel About Feces-Eating, Dark-Skinned Immigrants Destroying White Society,” Slate, March 6, 2017, http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2017/03/06/steve_bannon_and_the_camp_of_the_saints.html.
22. Jean Raspail, interview by author, Paris, May 19, 2016.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Raspail, The Camp of the Saints, 69 and 80–81.
26. Ibid., 185.
27. Ibid., 112–113, 125, and 159.
28. Ibid., 211.
29. Jean Raspail, interview by author, Paris, May 19, 2016.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Amin Bagdouche, interview by author, Calais, April 8, 2016.
33. Jean Raspail, interview by author, Paris, May 19, 2016.
EPILOGUE
1. OSF, the philanthropic organization started by George Soros, also generously funded much of the research for this book.
2. Nate Cohn and Toni Monkovic, “How Did Donald Trump Win Over So Many Obama Voters?,” New York Times, November 14, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/15/upshot/how-did-trump-win-over-so-many-obama-voters.html;“Just How Many Obama 2012–Trump 2016 Voters Were There?,” Rasmussen Reports, November 14, 2016, http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/political_commentary/commentary_by_geoffrey_skelley/just_how_many_obama_2012_trump_2016_voters_were_there; David Weigel, “How Voters Who Heavily Supported Obama Switched over to Trump,” Washington Post, November
10, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-voters-who-heavily-supported-obama-switched-over-to-trump/2016/11/10/65019658-a77a-11e6-ba59-a7d93165c6d4_story.html.
3. Debbie Dingell, “I Said Clinton Was in Trouble with the Voters I Represent. Democrats Didn’t Listen,” Washington Post, November 10, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/i-said-clinton-was-in-trouble-with-the-voters-i-represent-democrats-didnt-listen/2016/11/10/0e9521a6-a796-11e6-ba59-a7d93165c6d4_story.html?utm_term=.18a427f617a5.
4. Manuela Tobias and Nolan D. McCaskill, “Bernie Sanders Wins Michigan in Stunning Upset,” Politico, March 8, 2016, http://politi.co/1Px65eS.
5. Jason Russell, “Top Michigan Dem Warned That Trump Would Be Competitive There,” Washington Examiner, November 11, 2016, http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/top-michigan-dem-warned-that-trump-would-be-competitive-there/article/2607183.
6. The Le Pen percentage is from the city of Calais; the Trump figure is from Monroe County, the epicentre of the Downriver region Dingell refers to.
7. Nick Cohen, What’s Left?: How the Left Lost Its Way, updated ed. (London: Harper Perennial, 2007), 196.
8. Robert P. Jones, “Trump Crowds See the Passing of White Christian America,” New York Times, August 9, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/08/09/what-is-with-those-crowds-at-trump-rallies/trump-crowds-see-the-passing-on-white-christian-america.
9. Arjun Appadurai, Fear of Small Numbers: An Essay on the Geography of Anger (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006).
10. Robert P. Jones, “The Eclipse of White Christian America,” Atlantic, July 12, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/07/the-eclipse-of-white-christian-america/490724/.
11. J. D. Vance, Hillbilly Elegy: A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis (New York: Harper, 2016).
12. Rod Dreher, “Trump: Tribune of Poor White People,” American Conservative, July 22, 2016, http://www.theamericanconservative.com/dreher/trump-us-politics-poor-whites/.
13. Power transition theory holds that in international politics, rising great powers and declining hegemons are more likely to go to war at moments of transition either because the declining power preemptively attacks to defend its dominance or the rising power goes to war against a world order it seeks to replace. See A. F. K. Organski, World Politics (New York: Knopf, 1968); See also Graham Allison, Destined for War, (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017).
14. Vance, Hillbilly Elegy, 191. The appeal is also stylistic. As Vance marvels, “No one seems to understand why conventional blunders do nothing to Trump. But in a lot of ways, what elites see as blunders people back home see as someone who—finally—conducts themselves in a relatable way. He shoots from the hip; he’s not constantly afraid of offending someone; he’ll get angry about politics; he’ll call someone a liar or a fraud. This is how a lot of people in the white working class actually talk about politics.”
15. Emma Green, “It Was Cultural Anxiety That Drove White, Working-Class Voters to Trump,” Atlantic, May 9, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/05/white-working-class-trump-cultural-anxiety/525771/; James Fallows, “Despair and Hope in Trump’s America,” Atlantic, February 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/01/despair-and-hope-in-the-age-of-trump/508799/.
16. Vance, Hillbilly Elegy, 192.
17. Christopher Hayes, Twilight of the Elites: America after Meritocracy (New York: Broadway Books, 2013), 21–23.
18. Catherine Fieschi, Marley Morris, and Lila Caballero, Recapturing the Reluctant Radical (London: Counterpoint, 2012).
19. Hayes, Twilight of the Elites, 23–25.
20. “Seulement Un Tiers Des Militants de La France Insoumise Choisit Macron,” Le Huffington Post, May 2, 2017, http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2017/05/02/resultats-de-la-consultation-de-melenchon-un-tiers-de-la-france_a_22065289/.
21. “Pourquoi Faire Barrage À Marine Le Pen Est Une Nécessité,” L’Humanité, May 4, 2017, http://www.humanite.fr/pourquoi-faire-barrage-marine-le-pen-est-une-necessite-635601.
22. “Le Vote Blanc N’a Jamais Été Aussi Élevé,” Le Huffington Post, May 7, 2017, http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2017/05/07/vote-blanc-record-aux-resultats-de-lelection-presidentielle-201_a_22074048/.
23. Tristan Quinault Maupoil, “Les jeunes plébiscitent Le Pen et Mélenchon, les cadres votent Macron,” Le Figaro, April 24, 2017.
24. Ronald Inglehart et al., “How Development Leads to Democracy,” Foreign Affairs, March 1, 2009, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2009–03–01/how-development-leads-democracy.
25. Roberto S. Foa and Yascha Mounk, “The Democratic Disconnect,” Journal of Democracy 27, no. 3 (July 2016): 5–17.
26. Amanda Taub, “How Stable Are Democracies? ‘Warning Signs Are Flashing Red,’” New York Times, November 29, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/29/world/americas/western-liberal-democracy.html.
27. Ronald Inglehart, “The Danger of Deconsolidation: How Much Should We Worry?,” Journal of Democracy 27, no. 3 (July 2016): 18–23.
28. For Caldwell, multicultural societies only function if everyone is “disarmed” in a cultural sense. It is a clever reformulation of Max Weber’s classic theory of the nation-state—the idea that a state is defined by its monopoly on the legitimate use of violence. A modern state should, Caldwell argues, have a monopoly on the moral order. “Any fervently espoused religion threatens that monopoly, as surely as a private militia threatened the old nation state,” he contends, and “Muslims are distinguished by their refusal to submit to this spiritual disarmament.” The problem, as we have seen from French beaches to butcher shops, is that the ostensibly secular state has not, in many places, retreated to a neutral stance even if it professes to do so. See Christopher Caldwell, Reflections on the Revolution in Europe: Immigration, Islam and the West (London: Penguin, 2010), 255.
29. Ibid.
30. Jon Henley, “How Macron Calmed Whirlpool Workers Whipped up by Le Pen,” Guardian, April 27, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/27/how-macron-calmed-whirpool-workers-whipped-up-by-le-pen.
31. Tristan Quinault Maupoil, “Les jeunes plébiscitent Le Pen et Mélenchon, les cadres votent Macron,” Le Figaro, April 24, 2017, http://www.lefigaro.fr/elections/presidentielles/2017/04/24/35003–20170424ARTFIG00110-les-jeunes-plebiscitent-le-pen-et-melenchon-les-cadres-votent-macron.php
32. Paul Guyonnet, “La Retraite de Marion Maréchal-Le Pen Cacherait Un ‘calcul Démoniaque,’” Le Huffington Post, May 10, 2017, http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2017/05/10/la-retraite-de-marion-marechal-le-pen-cacherait-un-calcul-demon_a_22079096/.
33. Azar Gat, “The Other N-Word: Well-Meaning Westerners, Including Americans, Should Stop Suggesting That Nationalism Is Imaginary. It’s Real, Powerful, and Here to Stay,” Foreign Policy, April 21, 2017, https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/04/21/the-other-n-word-nationalism-trump-immigration/.
34. “The Problem of Nationalism,” Isaiah Berlin Virtual Library, accessed May 12, 2017, http://berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk/lists/nachlass/probnati.pdf. Berlin traces the idea to the eighteenth-century German philosopher Johann Gottfried von Herder.
35. “The Problem of Nationalism,” 3. See also Isaiah Berlin, “The Bent Twig,” Foreign Affairs, October 1, 1972, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1972–10–01/bent-twig.
36. “The Problem of Nationalism,” 19.
37. Mabel Berezin, Illiberal Politics in Neoliberal Times: Culture, Security and Populism in the New Europe, (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 256–257. This is an example of the sociologist Albert Hirschman’s classic theory of exit, voice, and loyalty. Those who do not have the luxury of protesting through exit seek other means.
38. Paul Scheffer, interview by author, Amsterdam, March 24, 2016.
39. See chapter 10 and Karen Stenner, The Authoritarian Dynamic (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
40. See Paul Collier, Exodus: Immigration and Multiculturalism in the 21st Century (London: Penguin, 2014). Collier makes a similar argument
citing different countries.
41. Ernst Cassirer, The Myth of the State (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), 286. Cassirer likened this process in Germany to “a serpent that tries to paralyze its victim before attacking them.… They were vanquished and subdued before they had realized what had actually happened.”
42. “Les Moments Marquants Du Débat Entre Emmanuel Macron et Marine Le Pen,” RTBF Info, May 4, 2017, https://www.rtbf.be/info/monde/detail_les-moments-marquants-du-debat-entre-emmanuel-macron-et-marine-le-pen?id=9597121 ;“Discours d’Emmanuel Macron Au Louvre,” En Marche!, May 3, 2017, http://en-marche.fr/article/emmanuel-macron-president-louvre-carrousel-discours.
43. Felix Marquardt, “Musulmans de France, Les Raisons D’un Malaise,” Le Journal de Dimanche, June 28, 2015, http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Musulmans-de-France-les-raisons-d-un-malaise-la-tribune-de-Felix-Marquardt-739954. Marquardt argues that to be a law-abiding Muslim in France is to be stuck between the far-right, hard-line secularists and Islamic fundamentalists—attacked from three sides.
44. A (FC) and others (FC) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department (Respondent), No. [2004] UKHL 56 (House of Lords, December 16, 2004). As the Dutch academic Cas Mudde warned after the Paris attacks of November 2015, “the real, long-term damage is not done by the terrorists, but by the counter-terrorists.” See, for example, Cas Mudde, “European Democracy after Paris,” openDemocracy, December 1, 2015, https://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/casmudde/european-democracy-after-paris.
45. “Katie Hopkins Reported to Police after ‘Final Solution’ Manchester Attack Tweet,” Guardian, May 23, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/may/23/manchester-attack-police-investigate-katie-hopkins-final-solution-tweet; Katie Hopkins, “You’re Right, Theresa. We Cannot Go On Like This,” Daily Mail, June 4, 2017, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/~/article-4570622/index.html; Allison Pearson of the Telegraph also took to Twitter to call for the “internment of thousands of terror suspects now to protect our children.” See Allison Pearson’s Twitter feed, posted May 23,2017, https://twitter.com/allisonpearson/status/866919296919904256?lang=en.
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