champions of, 675n
critics of, 282
depressions under, 563
doctrine of, 689–691
economic calculation under, ch. 26, pp. 694–711
failure to refute theories of, 6
German pattern of, 319, 471, 687, 713–714, 752–753, 759
guild, 812–813
historical origin of, 685–689
labor and, 137
market and, 335, 672, 687, 701, 712
Marxism and, 260, 265, 267, 67In, 689–691
policy of, 74, 89, 183, 206, 240, 257, 259–260, 672–678; Part 5, pp. 685–711; 808
praxeological character of, 691–693
problem of, 90, 694–699
Russian pattern of, 713
taxation and, 733–734
theory of value and, 6, 206–207
war and, 821–828
writings about, 503 see also, Collectivism; Interventionism; Planning
Society
action within, ch. 7, pp. 119–142; Part 2, pp. 143–200
exchange within, ch. 10, pp. 195–200
Great, 168–169
holistic and metaphysical view of, 1, 145–153, 397
human, ch. 8, pp. 143–176
individual within, 143, 164–165, 178–179
liberal, 149, 283, 321
place of economics in, Part 7, pp. 858–881
socialist, ch. 25, pp. 685–693
“Utopian,” 2, 71, 72, 831
Sociology
instinct, 15
meaning of, 30n
of knowledge, 5, 84, 207, 584
Soil
conservation, 652–653
myth of, 640–641 see also, Land
Solvay, Ernest, 186
Sombart, Werner, 198n, 744n, 837
Sooner or later, 99, 102, 480, 490, 494
Sophocles, 617
Sorel, Georges, 171, 645, 808
Soul, 26, 175
Sovereignty
consumer, 270–272, 297, 308, 724
national, 682
Sozialpolitik, 320, 363–364, 829
Spann, Othmar, 679
Specialization, 69, 311, 620, 870
Speculating, 58, 112–113, 251, 253–254, 300, 324, 333, 454, 582 see also, Entrepreneurs; Investments; Profits and losses; Risktaking
Speenhamland system, 600n
Spencer, Herbert, 198n
Spending, public, 221, 226–229, 236, 242n, 734, 737, 770–771, 843–845, 846, 851; see also, Taxation
Spengler, Oswald, 645
Spinoza, Benedictus, 5
Stabilization, 220–229, 416 see also, Currency; Money
Stalin, Josef, 645
Stalinists, 152
Standard of living, 265, 314, 601, 665, 739, 740, 750, 860
State of rest
final, 246
plain, 245–246
State and society, 148, 149
Static method, 248–249
Statics, 248, 353
Statism, see, Nationalism
Stationary economy, 251–252, 256–257, 292
Statistics
average of, 60
economic, 30n, 218
of prices, 326–328, 347–349
Statolatry, 148, 226, 827, 828
Stirner, Max, 151
Stock exchange, 514–517, 790
Strigl, Richard, 262n, 642n
Strike, right to, 773
Subconscious, concept of, 12
Subjectivism, 3, 21, 57, 64, 94
Subsidies, 365, 600n, 654–656, 737, 738
Subsistence
supply of, 484
wages and, 600–606
Sulzbach, Walter, 83 5n
Superiority, racial, 90
Supply
control of, 357
demand and, 62, 222, 241, 324, 320, 355, 375, 385–388, 398–402, 756
labor, 136, 591, 606–613
monopoly of, 354, 280 see also, Money, relation; Money, supply
Surplus, consumer, 385
Surtax, 853
Sweden, prosperity in, 793n
Switzerland
currency devaluation in, 462
monopoly for cereals and, 388
National Bank of, 462, 463
“Sycophants,” 5, 9, 268
Synchronism, 102
Syndicalism and corporativism, 305; ch. 33, pp. 808–816
Synthetics, 826
T
Tariffs
for protectionism, 361–365, 738
infant industries argument, 505–507
leather, 742
outcome of, 742–749
prolabor legislation and, 313–314, 746–749
to divert production, 737 see also, Mercantilism; Nationalism; Protectionism
Tautology, 38
Taxation
ability-to-pay principle and, 731–732
amortization and, 640
burden of, 853
classes of, 734–735
confiscatory, 802–807
interference by, 227; ch. 28, pp. 730–735; 800
neutral, 730–731
objectives
fiscal, 733–734
nonfiscal, 733–744
price for government services, 738
progressive, 803–805, 851–854
socialism and, 733–734
surtax, 853
total, 731–733
Technicians, 300
Technology
backwardness of, 504–505
improvement in, 8, 391, 465, 504, 509, 615
influence of, 207, 292, 503
opportunity of, 526
Rumania and, 493
Russian, 5
task of, 93, 300, 345
unemployment and, 136–137, 768 see also, Entrepreneurs
Teleology, 23, 25
Temple, William, 67In
Temporal relation between actions, 102–104
Theocracy, 69, 150–157
Thinking
acting and, 24, 177, 584n
method of, 230–231
prelogical and logical, 34–38
satisfaction of, 584n see also, Action, human
Time, ch. 5, pp. 99–104
action in passing of, ch. 18, pp. 476–520
economization of, 101–102
element of, 247–248
factor of land utilization, 634–636
maturing, 476
past, present, and future, 100–101
praxeological character of, 99–100
preference, 480–487, 489n, 496–199
relation between actions, 102–104
waiting, 479, 490–492
working, 476 see also, Interests
Tirala, Lothar Gottlieb, 86n
Tooke, Thomas, 443
Tools and machinery, 768 see also, Technology
Torrens, Robert, 602
Total wealth, 218
Totalitarianism, 9, 113, 152–153, 265, 280, 562–563 see also, Collectivism; Socialism
Trade
agreements, 797
ancient, 761
barriers, 274
cycle, 204; ch. 20, pp. 535–583; 788
domestic and foreign, 322, 452–453
free, 81–84, 743
interest, credit expansion and, ch. 20, pp. 535–583
international, 160, 392, 446, 737, 741, 820, 824, 828
marks, 361, 377
migration and, 622, 820, 821, 828
money and, 446, 452, 455, 473–75, 498
Swiss, 388 see also, Foreign exchange; Protectionism; Tariffs
Traditionalism, 191–192, 311
Transvaluation of values, 170, 172
Trial and error, 700–701
Trotsky, Leon, 71n, 277n
Trotskyists, 152
Truman Administration, 812
Truth, 24, 28, 467
U
Ultimate given, 17–18, 20–21, 25, 28, 49–50
Uncertainty, ch. 6, pp. 105–118; 249
&nbs
p; Underconsumption, 298–299, 579
Understanding, 49–58, 61, 68, 87–89, 112, 115, 118
Unemployment
catallactic, 576–577, 595–598
effects of, 770
frictional, 597–598
institutional, 364, 598, 605, 611, 664–772, 783–784, 786–787
technological, 136–137, 768 see also, Depressions; Malinvestments
Unions, see, Labor, unions
United Nations, 366, 683–684, 821
United States
Civil War, 825
credit expansion and, 568
laborers of, 675n
lend-lease and, 475
surtax policy of, 853n
war production and, 821
Universalism, 42, 44–45, 145–153
Universities, economics and, 868–872
Use-value, 121
Utilitarian philosophy, 15, 21, 148, 175
Utility, marginal, 119–127, 632
“Utopians,” 2, 70, 72, 831
V
Valuation (Value judgments)
appraisement and, 87, 96, 328–332
change of, 222
conflicts and, 315, 686
consumer and, 328
dictators and, 113, 647
economics and, 2, 10, 21, 206, 295, 356, 485, 879–881
equal, 480
history and, 47, 56
market, 384
measuring, 121–122, 205
money, 405, 406, 408, 425–427
objective use, 21, 120, 127
of wealth, 710
philosophical, 14, 18, 95
prices and, 97, 202–206, 328, 390, 632
saving and, 530
scale of, 94–96, 102–103
socialism and, 206–207
subjective, 3, 21, 51, 120, 124, 243, 328–332, 392, 632
theory of, 2, 63, 96, 119–127, 205, 206, 351, 485, 602
time preference and, 480–487, 489n, 496–499
without calculation, ch. 11, pp. 201–212 see also, Action, human; Ideology; Meaning; Understanding; World view
Value
flight into real, 547
paradox of, 63, 121
transvaluation of, 170, 172
Vassals, 197, 817, 835
Vested interests, 269, 276, 334, 848
Volkswirtschaft, 319–323, 396, 513, 518, 633
Voltaire, Francois-Marie, 662
Voting, 76, 150, 153, 193, 271, 647n
W
Wages
determination of, 271, 739, 783
iron law of, 20n, 601, 739
labor and, 589–593, 673
purchasing power argument of, 298–299
rates
expansion of production and, 298, 768
fixing, 811–812
gross and net, 598–600
historical explanation and regression theorem compared, 606
just price and, 620, 721, 722
market effect of, 619–620
minimum, 763–773
Prussian Historical School and, 603
real, 364, 546, 605
rise in, 550
subsistence and, 600–606
theory of, 601–606, 612, 672
work and, ch. 21, pp. 584–630
Waiting time, 490–496
Wallace, Henry, 236
Walras, Léon, 121
Want-satisfaction, 243, 389, 393, 408, 415, 476, 478, 481, 484, 496, 525, 672, 674 see also, Action, human; Valuation
War
autarky and, 824–826
capitalism and, 824
causes of, 498–499, 680, 819–821, 827–828
Civil, American, 825
detrimental, 175
economics of, ch. 34, pp. 817–823
foreign trade and, 175, 662, 820, 824, 828
futility of, 827–828
history and, 645–646
interventionism and, 821
limited, 818
loans, 228–229
market economy and, 821–824
migration and, 820, 821, 828
peace and, 147–148, 680–684
production, 821
profits, 823
socialism and, 821–828
substitutes, 825
total, 168–169, 817–821
Wealth
constancy of, 511
changes in, 518n
division of, 293
evaluated, 310
income and inequality of, 285–286, 731–732, 836–847
total, 218
value of, 710 see also, Capitalism; Money; Saving
Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, 272n, 618, 814n
Weber, Max, 30n, 126
Weber-Fechner law of psychophysics, 125–127
Welfare principle versus market principle, ch. 35, pp. 829–850
Wells, Herbert George, 662n
Wertfreiheit, 47–8, 877–880
West versus East, 84, 495, 665, 836
Whately, Richard, 3n, 532n
Wicksell, Knut, 486
Wicksteed, Philip Henry, 103n
Wiese, Leopold, 169n
Wieser, Friedrich, 205, 207n
Wilson, Woodrow, 820
Wirtschaftliche Staatswissenschaften, 62, 603, 755–756
Work
of animals and slaves, 624–631
wages and, ch. 21, pp. 584–630 see also, Hours of work; Labor
World Council of Churches, 671n
World government, 682 see also, International organization
World view
ideology and, 178–187
panmechanistic, 25
Wren, Sir Christopher, 850
Y
Young, Allyn, 523n, 734n
Young, Arthur, 617
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Human Action: A Treatise on Economics Page 129